Salivary cortisol and depression in public sector employees: Cross-sectional and short term follow-up findings

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Volumn 41, Issue , 2014, Pages 63-74

  Vammen, Marianne Agergaard ^a   Mikkelsen, Sigurd ^a   Hansen, Åse Marie ^b,c   Grynderup, Matias Brødsgaard ^d   Andersen, Johan Hviid ^e   Bonde, Jens Peter ^a   Buttenschøn, Henriette Nørmølle ^d   Kolstad, Henrik Albert ^d   Kærgaard, Anette ^e   Kærlev, Linda ^f   Mors, Ole ^d   Rugulies, Reiner ^c   Thomsen, Jane Frølund ^a  

^a BISPEBJERG HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^c NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE FOR THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT   (Denmark)

^d AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^e HERNING HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^f ODENSE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Cortisol; Depression; Depressive symptoms; Mental health

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

ADULT; AGE; AGED; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; BURNOUT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EDUCATION; EMPLOYEE; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INCOME; INTERVIEW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; SALIVA LEVEL; SELF REPORT; SEX; STRESS; SYMPTOM; YOUNG ADULT; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; METABOLISM; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; SALIVA; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ADULT; AGED; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PUBLIC SECTOR; SALIVA; SELF REPORT; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84893381050     PISSN: 03064530     EISSN: 18733360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.006     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Adam E.K., Doane L.D., Zinbarg R.E., Mineka S., Craske M.G., Griffith J.W. Prospective prediction of major depressive disorder from cortisol awakening responses in adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010, 35(6):921-931.
2. Ahrens T., Deuschle M., Krumm B., van der Pompe G., den Boer J.A., Lederbogen F. Pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic nervous system responses to stress in women remitted from recurrent major depression. Psychosom. Med. 2008, 70(4):461-467.
3. Andersen I., Thielen K., Nygaard E., Diderichsen F. Social inequality in the prevalence of depressive disorders. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2009, 63(7):575-581.
4. Bhagwagar Z., Hafizi S., Cowen P.J. Increase in concentration of waking salivary cortisol in recovered patients with depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 2003, 160(10):1890-1891.
5. Bremmer M.A., Deeg D.J., Beekman A.T., Penninx B.W., Lips P., Hoogendijk W.J. Major depression in late life is associated with both hypo- and hypercortisolemia. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 62(5):479-486.
6. Brown E.S., Varghese F.P., McEwen B.S. Association of depression with medical illness: does cortisol play a role?. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 55(1):1-9.
7. Brugha T., Bebbington P., Tennant C., Hurry J. The list of threatening experiences: a subset of 12 life event categories with considerable long-term contextual threat. Psychol. Med. 1985, 15(1):189-194.
8. Burcusa S.L., Iacono W.G. Risk for recurrence in depression. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2007, 27(8):959-985.
9. Burke H.M., Fernald L.C., Gertler P.J., Adler N.E. Depressive symptoms are associated with blunted cortisol stress responses in very low-income women. Psychosom. Med. 2005, 67(2):211-216.
10. Chang C.K., Hayes R.D., Broadbent M., Fernandes A.C., Lee W., Hotopf M., Stewart R. All-cause mortality among people with serious mental illness (SMI), substance use disorders, and depressive disorders in southeast London: a cohort study. BMC Psychiatry 2010, 10(1):77.
11. Christensen K.S., Fink P., Toft T., Frostholm L., Ornbol E., Olesen F. A brief case-finding questionnaire for common mental disorders: the CMDQ. Fam. Pract. 2005, 22(4):448-457.
12. Cowen P.J. Cortisol, serotonin and depression: all stressed out?. Br. J. Psychiatry 2002, 180(2):99-100.
13. Ellenbogen M.A., Hodgins S., Linnen A.M., Ostiguy C.S. Elevated daytime cortisol levels: a biomarker of subsequent major affective disorder?. J. Affect. Disord. 2011, 132(1-2):265-269.
14. Eysenck H.J., Eysenck S.B.G. Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire 1975, Hodder & Stoughton, London.
15. Garde A.H., Hansen M., Nikolajsen T.B. An inter-laboratory comparison for determination of cortisol in saliva. Accredit. Qual. Assur. 2003, 8(1):16-20.
16. Goodyer I.M., Croudace T., Dudbridge F., Ban M., Herbert J. Polymorphisms in BDNF (Val66Met) and 5-HTTLPR, morning cortisol and subsequent depression in at-risk adolescents. Br. J. Psychiatry 2010, 197(5):365-371.
17. Goodyer I.M., Herbert J., Tamplin A., Altham P.M. Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents. Br. J. Psychiatry 2000, 177:499-504.
18. Grynderup M.B., Kolstad H.A., Mikkelsen S., Andersen J.H., Bonde J.P., Buttenschon H.N., Kaergaard A., Kaerlev L., Rugulies R., Thomsen J.F., Vammen M.A., Mors O., Hansen A.M. A two-year follow-up study of salivary cortisol concentration and the risk of depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013, 38(10):2042-2050.
19. Halligan S.L., Herbert J., Goodyer I., Murray L. Disturbances in morning cortisol secretion in association with maternal postnatal depression predict subsequent depressive symptomatology in adolescents. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 62(1):40-46.
20. Hammen C. Stress and depression. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2005, 1:293-319.
21. Hansen A.M., Garde A.H., Christensen J.M., Eller N.H., Netterstrom B. Evaluation of a radioimmunoassay and establishment of a reference interval for salivary cortisol in healthy subjects in Denmark. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 2003, 63(4):303-310.
22. Hansen A.M., Thomsen J.F., Kaergaard A., Kolstad H.A., Kaerlev L., Mors O., Rugulies R., Bonde J.P., Andersen J.H., Mikkelsen S. Salivary cortisol and sleep problems among civil servants. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 37(7):1086-1095.
23. Harris T.O., Borsanyi S., Messari S., Stanford K., Cleary S.E., Shiers H.M., Brown G.W., Herbert J. Morning cortisol as a risk factor for subsequent major depressive disorder in adult women. Br. J. Psychiatry 2000, 177:505-510.
24. Hellhammer D.H., Wust S., Kudielka B.M. Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34(2):163-171.
25. Herbert J. Cortisol and depression: three questions for psychiatry. Psychol. Med. 2012, 1-21.
26. Heuser I., Deuschle M., Luppa P., Schweiger U., Standhardt H., Weber B. Increased diurnal plasma concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone in depressed patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 83(9):3130-3133.
27. Holsboer F., Lauer C.J., Schreiber W., Krieg J.C. Altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation in healthy subjects at high familial risk for affective disorders. Neuroendocrinology 1995, 62:340-347.
28. Kaerlev L., Kolstad H.A., Hansen A.M., Thomsen J.F., Kaergaard A., Rugulies R., Mikkelsen S., Andersen J.H., Mors O., Grynderup M.B., Bonde J.P. Are risk estimates biased in follow-up studies of psychosocial factors with low base-line participation?. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:539.
29. Kessler R.C. The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1997, 48:191-214.
30. Knorr U., Vinberg M., Kessing L.V., Wetterslev J. Salivary cortisol in depressed patients versus control persons: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010, 35(9):1275-1286.
31. Kolstad H.A., Hansen A.M., Kaergaard A., Thomsen J.F., Kaerlev L., Mikkelsen S., Grynderup M.B., Mors O., Rugulies R., Kristensen A.S., Andersen J.H., Bonde J.P. Job strain and the risk of depression: is reporting biased?. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2011, 173(1):94-102.
32. Kristenson M., Garvin P., Lundberg U. The Role of Saliva Cortisol Measurement in Health and Disease 2012, Bentham Science Publishers, UAE.
33. Kudielka B.M., Schommer N.C., Hellhammer D.H., Kirschbaum C. Acute HPA axis responses, heart rate, and mood changes to psychosocial stress (TSST) in humans at different times of day. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004, 29(8):983-992.
34. McEwen B.S. Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain. Physiol. Rev. 2007, 87(3):873-904.
35. Michael A., Jenaway A., Paykel E.S., Herbert J. Altered salivary dehydroepiandrosterone levels in major depression in adults. Biol. Psychiatry 2000, 48(10):989-995.
36. Miller G.E., Chen E., Zhou E.S. If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychol. Bull. 2007, 133(1):25-45.
37. Pariante C.M., Lightman S.L. The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci. 2008, 31(9):464-468.
38. Peeters F., Nicholson N.A., Berkhof J. Cortisol responses to daily events in major depressive disorder. Psychosom. Med. 2003, 65(5):836-841.
39. Phillips A.C., Batty G.D., Gale C.R., Lord J.M., Arlt W., Carroll D. Major depressive disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, and their comorbidity: associations with cortisol in the Vietnam Experience Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011, 36(5):682-690.
40. Power C., Li L., Atherton K., Hertzman C. Psychological health throughout life and adult cortisol patterns at age 45 y. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011, 36(1):87-97.
41. Sinokki M., Hinkka K., Ahola K., Koskinen S., Klaukka T., Kivimaki M., Puukka P., Lonnqvist J., Virtanen M. The association between team climate at work and mental health in the Finnish Health 2000 Study. Occup. Environ. Med. 2009, 66(8):523-528.
42. Sjogren E., Leanderson P., Kristenson M. Diurnal saliva cortisol levels and relations to psychosocial factors in a population sample of middle-aged Swedish men and women. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2006, 13(3):193-200.
43. Spijker J., de Graaf R., Bijl R.V., Beekman A.T., Ormel J., Nolen W.A. Duration of major depressive episodes in the general population: results from The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Br. J. Psychiatry 2002, 181:208-213.
44. Stetler C., Miller G.E. Depression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation: a quantitative summary of four decades of research. Psychosom. Med. 2011, 73(2):114-126.
45. van Eck M.M., Nicolson N.A., Berkhof H., Sulon J. Individual differences in cortisol responses to a laboratory speech task and their relationship to responses to stressful daily events. Biol. Psychol. 1996, 43:69-84.
46. Vreeburg S.A., Hoogendijk W.J., Derijk R.H., van Dyck R., Smit J.H., Zitman F.G., Penninx B.W. Salivary cortisol levels and the 2-year course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013, 38(9):1494-1502.
47. Vreeburg S.A., Hoogendijk W.J., van Pelt J., Derijk R.H., Verhagen J.C., van Dyck R., Smit J.H., Zitman F.G., Penninx B.W. Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: results from a large cohort study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2009, 66(6):617-626.
48. Vrshek-Schallhorn S., Doane L.D., Mineka S., Zinbarg R.E., Craske M.G., Adam E.K. The cortisol awakening response predicts major depression: predictive stability over a 4-year follow-up and effect of depression history. Psychol. Med. 2012, 1-11.
49. Westgard J.O., Barry P.L., Hunt M.R., Groth T. A multi-rule Shewhart chart for quality control in clinical chemistry. Clin. Chem. 1981, 27(3):493-501.
50. Wing J.K., Babor T., Brugha T., Burke J., Cooper J.E., Giel R., Jablenski A., Regier D., Sartorius N. SCAN: schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1990, 47(6):589-593.
51. Young A.H., Gallagher P., Porter R.J. Elevation of the cortisol-dehydroepiandrosterone ratio in drug-free depressed patients. Am. J. Psych. 2002, 159(7):1237-1239.