Salivary cortisol levels and the 2-year course of depressive and anxiety disorders

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Volumn 38, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1494-1502

  Vreeburg, Sophie A ^a   Hoogendijk, Witte J G ^a   DeRijk, Roel H ^b   van Dyck, Richard ^a   Smit, Johannes H ^a   Zitman, Frans G ^b   Penninx, Brenda W J H ^a,b,c  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Anxiety disorder; Course; Depressive disorder; HPA axis; Salivary cortisol

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

ADULT; AGED; ANXIETY DISORDER; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORTISOL AWAKENING RESPONSE; DEPRESSION; DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST; DISEASE COURSE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HORMONE RESPONSE; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NETHERLANDS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SALIVA ANALYSIS; SALIVA LEVEL;

ANXIETY DISORDER; COURSE; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; HPA AXIS; SALIVARY CORTISOL;

ADOLESCENT; ADRENAL CORTEX; ADULT; AGED; ANXIETY DISORDERS; AREA UNDER CURVE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DEXAMETHASONE; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NETHERLANDS; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; SALIVA; SECRETORY RATE; SMOKING; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84883657037     PISSN: 03064530     EISSN: 18733360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.017     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Abelson J.L., Curtis G.C. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in panic disorder: prediction of long-term outcome by pretreatment cortisol levels. Am. J. Psychiatr. 1996, 153(1):69-73.
2. Abelson J.L., Khan S., Liberzon I., Young E.A. HPA axis activity in patients with panic disorder: review and synthesis of four studies. Depress. Anxiety 2007, 24(1):66-76.
3. Adam E.K., Doane L.D., Zinbarg R.E., Mineka S., Craske M.G., Griffith J.W. Prospective prediction of major depressive disorder from cortisol awakening responses in adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010, 35(6):921-931.
4. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2001, American Psychiatric Association, Washington. 4th edition.
5. Appelhof B.C., Huyser J., Verweij M., Brouwer J.P., van D.R., Fliers E., Hoogendijk W.J., Tijssen J.G., Wiersinga W.M., Schene A.H. Glucocorticoids and relapse of major depression (dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone test in relation to relapse of major depression). Biol. Psychiatr. 2006, 59(8):696-701.
6. Aubry J.M., Gervasoni N., Osiek C., Perret G., Rossier M.F., Bertschy G., Bondolfi G. The DEX/CRH neuroendocrine test and the prediction of depressive relapse in remitted depressed outpatients. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2007, 41(3/4):290-294.
7. Bhagwagar Z., Hafizi S., Cowen P.J. Increased salivary cortisol after wakening in depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2005, 182(1):54-57.
8. Bremmer M.A., Deeg D.J., Beekman A.T., Penninx B.W., Lips P., Hoogendijk W.J. Major depression in late life is associated with both hypo- and hypercortisolemia. Biol. Psychiatr. 2007, 62(5):479-486.
9. Brouwer J.P., Appelhof B.C., van Rossum E.F., Koper J.W., Fliers E., Huyser J., Schene A.H., Tijssen J.G., van D.R., Lamberts S.W., Wiersinga W.M., Hoogendijk W.J. Prediction of treatment response by HPA-axis and glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms in major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006, 31(10):1154-1163.
10. Buchanan T.W., Kern S., Allen J.S., Tranel D., Kirschbaum C. Circadian regulation of cortisol after hippocampal damage in humans. Biol. Psychiatr. 2004, 56(9):651-656.
11. Carroll B.J., Feinberg M., Greden J.F., Tarika J., Albala A.A., Haskett R.F., James N.M., Kronfol Z., Lohr N., Steiner M., de Vigne J.P., Young E. A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia. Standardization, validation, and clinical utility. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 1981, 38(1):15-22.
12. Chida Y., Steptoe A. Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol. Psychol. 2009, 80(3):265-278.
13. Clow A., Hucklebridge F., Thorn L. The cortisol awakening response in context. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2010, 93:153-175.
14. Coryell W., Noyes R. HPA axis disturbance and treatment outcome in panic disorder. Biol. Psychiatr. 1988, 24(7):762-766.
15. Coryell W., Noyes R., Reich J. The prognostic significance of HPA-axis disturbance in panic disorder: a three-year follow-up. Biol. Psychiatr. 1991, 29(2):96-102.
16. Coryell W., Noyes R., Schlechte J. The significance of HPA axis disturbance in panic disorder. Biol. Psychiatr. 1989, 25(8):989-1002.
17. Dockray S., Bhattacharyya M.R., Molloy G.J., Steptoe A. The cortisol awakening response in relation to objective and subjective measures of waking in the morning. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008, 33(1):77-82.
18. Edwards S., Clow A., Evans P., Hucklebridge F. Exploration of the awakening cortisol response in relation to diurnal cortisol secretory activity. Life Sci. 2001, 68(18):2093-2103.
19. Fekedulegn D.B., Andrew M.E., Burchfiel C.M., Violanti J.M., Hartley T.A., Charles L.E., Miller D.B. Area under the curve and other summary indicators of repeated waking cortisol measurements. Psychosom. Med. 2007, 69(7):651-659.
20. Fries E., Dettenborn L., Kirschbaum C. The cortisol awakening response (CAR): facts and future directions. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2009, 72(1):67-73.
21. Fries E., Hesse J., Hellhammer J., Hellhammer D.H. A new view on hypocortisolism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005, 30(10):1010-1016.
22. Gueorguieva R., Krystal J.H. Move over ANOVA: progress in analyzing repeated-measures data and its reflection in papers published in the Archives of General Psychiatry. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 2004, 61(3):310-317.
23. Hatzinger M., Hemmeter U.M., Baumann K., Brand S., Holsboer-Trachsler E. The combined DEX-CRH test in treatment course and long-term outcome of major depression. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2002, 36(5):287-297.
24. Heim C., Ehlert U., Hellhammer D.H. The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000, 25(1):1-35.
25. Hellhammer J., Fries E., Schweisthal O.W., Schlotz W., Stone A.A., Hagemann D. Several daily measurements are necessary to reliably assess the cortisol rise after awakening: state and trait components. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007, 32(1):80-86.
26. Holleman M., Vreeburg S.A., Dekker J.J., Penninx B.W. The relationships of working conditions, recent stressors and childhood trauma with salivary cortisol levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 37(6):801-809.
27. Ising M., Horstmann S., Kloiber S., Lucae S., Binder E.B., Kern N., Kunzel H.E., Pfennig A., Uhr M., Holsboer F. Combined dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone test predicts treatment response in major depression-a potential biomarker?. Biol. Psychiatr. 2007, 62(1):47-54.
28. Kessler R.C., Nelson C.B., McGonagle K.A., Liu J., Swartz M., Blazer D.G. Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. Br. J. Psychiatr. Suppl. 1996, 30:17-30.
29. Kirschbaum C., Hellhammer D.H. Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: an overview. Neuropsychobiology 1989, 22(3):150-169.
30. Lamers F., Hoogendoorn A., Smit J.H., van Dyck R., Zitman F.G., Nolen W.A., Penninx B.W.J.H. Sociodemographic and psychiatric determinants of attrition in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Compr. Psychiatr. 2012, 53(1):63-70.
31. Lejuez C.W., Hopko D.R., Hopko S.D. A brief behavioral activation treatment for depression. Treatment manual. Behav. Modif. 2001, 25(2):255-286.
32. Lyketsos C.G., Nestadt G., Cwi J., Heithoff K., Eaton W.W. The life-chart method to describe the course of psychopathology. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 1994, (4):143-155.
33. Mannie Z.N., Harmer C.J., Cowen P.J. Increased waking salivary cortisol levels in young people at familial risk of depression. Am. J. Psychiatr. 2007, 164(4):617-621.
34. Manthey L., Giltay E.J., van Veen T., Neven A.K., Vreeburg S.A., Penninx B.W., Zitman F.G. Long-term benzodiazepine use and salivary cortisol: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2010, 30(2):160-168.
35. Marks I.M., Mathews A.M. Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients. Behav. Res. Ther. 1979, 17(3):263-267.
36. McKinnon M.C., Yucel K., Nazarov A., MacQueen G.M. A meta-analysis examining clinical predictors of hippocampal volume in patients with major depressive disorder. J. Psychiatr. Neurosci. 2009, 34(1):41-54.
37. Meinlschmidt G., Heim C. Decreased cortisol awakening response after early loss experience. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005, 30(6):568-576.
38. Merikangas K.R., Zhang H., Avenevoli S., Acharyya S., Neuenschwander M., Angst J. Longitudinal trajectories of depression and anxiety in a prospective community study: the Zurich cohort study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 2003, 60(10):993-1000.
39. Miller G.E., Chen E., Zhou E.S. If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychol. Bull. 2007, 133(1):25-45.
40. Modell S., Yassouridis A., Huber J., Holsboer F. Corticosteroid receptor function is decreased in depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology 1997, 65(3):216-222.
41. Nithianantharajah J., Hannan A.J. The neurobiology of brain and cognitive reserve: mental and physical activity as modulators of brain disorders. Prog. Neurobiol. 2009, 89(4):369-382.
42. O'Connor D.B., Hendrickx H., Dadd T., Elliman T.D., Willis T.A., Talbot D., Mayes A.E., Thethi K., Powell J., Dye L. Cortisol awakening rise in middle-aged women in relation to psychological stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34(10):1486-1494.
43. Oldehinkel A.J., van den Berg M.D., Flentge F., Bouhuys A.L., ter Horst G.J., Ormel J. Urinary free cortisol excretion in elderly persons with minor and major depression. Psychiatr. Res. 2001, 104(1):39-47.
44. Papakostas G.I., Chuzi S.E., Sousa J.L., Fava M. 5HT1A-mediated stimulation of cortisol release in major depression: use of non-invasive cortisol measurements to predict clinical response. Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Clin. Neurosci. 2010, 260(2):175-180.
45. Penninx B.W., Beekman A.T., Bandinelli S., Corsi A.M., Bremmer M., Hoogendijk W.J., Guralnik J.M., Ferrucci L. Late-life depressive symptoms are associated with both hyperactivity and hypoactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr. 2007, 15(6):522-529.
46. Penninx B.W., Beekman A.T., Smit J.H., Zitman F.G., Nolen W.A., Spinhoven P., Cuijpers P., De Jong P.J., Van Marwijk H.W., Assendelft W.J., van der Meer K., Verhaak P., Wensing M., de Graaf R., Hoogendijk W.J., Ormel J., van Dyck R. The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA): rationale, objectives and methods. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 2008, 17(3):121-140.
47. Penninx B.W., Nolen W.A., Lamers F., Zitman F.G., Smit J.H., Spinhoven P., Cuijpers P., De Jong P.J., Van Marwijk H.W., van der Meer K., Verhaak P., Laurant M., de Graaf R., Hoogendijk W.J., Van der Wee N.J., Ormel J., van Dyck R., Beekman A.T.F. Two-year course of depressive and anxiety disorders: results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). J. Affect. Disord. 2011, 133(1/2):76-85. for the NESDA consortium.
48. Pintor L., Torres X., Navarro V., Martinez de Osaba M.A., Matrai S., Gasto C. Prediction of relapse in melancholic depressive patients in a 2-year follow-up study with corticotropin releasing factor test. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr. 2009, 33(3):463-469.
49. Pruessner J.C., Kirschbaum C., Meinlschmid G., Hellhammer D.H. Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003, 28(7):916-931.
50. Pruessner M., Pruessner J.C., Hellhammer D.H., Bruce P.G., Lupien S.J. The associations among hippocampal volume, cortisol reactivity, and memory performance in healthy young men. Psychiatr. Res. 2007, 155(1):1-10.
51. Ribeiro S.C., Tandon R., Grunhaus L., Greden J.F. The DST as a predictor of outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatr. 1993, 150(11):1618-1629.
52. Roberts A.D., Wessely S., Chalder T., Papadopoulos A., Cleare A.J. Salivary cortisol response to awakening in chronic fatigue syndrome. Br. J. Psychiatr. 2004, 184:136-141.
53. Rush A.J., Gullion C.M., Basco M.R., Jarrett R.B., Trivedi M.H. The inventory of depressive symptomatology (IDS): psychometric properties. Psychol. Med. 1996, 26(3):477-486.
54. Schmidt-Reinwald A., Pruessner J.C., Hellhammer D.H., Federenko I., Rohleder N., Schurmeyer T.H., Kirschbaum C. The cortisol response to awakening in relation to different challenge tests and a 12-h cortisol rhythm. Life Sci. 1999, 64(18):1653-1660.
55. Schule C., Baghai T., Zwanzger P., Ella R., Eser D., Padberg F., Moller H.J., Rupprecht R. Attenuation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical hyperactivity in depressed patients by mirtazapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2003, 166(3):271-275.
56. Spijker J., de Graaf R., Bijl R.V., Beekman A.T.F., Ormel J., Nolen W.A. Duration of major depressive episodes in the general population: results from The Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study (NEMESIS). Br. J. Psychiatr. 2002, 181:208-213.
57. Vreeburg S.A., Hartman C.A., Hoogendijk W.J., van Dyck R., Zitman F.G., Ormel J., Penninx B.W.J.H. Parental history of depression or anxiety and the cortisol awakening response. Br. J. Psychiatr. 2010, 197(3):180-185.
58. Vreeburg S.A., Hoogendijk W.J., van Pelt J., DeRijk R.H., Verhagen J.C., van Dyck R., Smit J.H., Zitman F.G., Penninx B.W. Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: results from a large cohort study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 2009, 66(6):617-626.
59. Vreeburg S.A., Kruijtzer B.P., van Pelt J., van Dyck R., DeRijk R.H., Hoogendijk W.J., Smit J.H., Zitman F.G., Penninx B.W. Associations between sociodemographic, sampling and health factors and various salivary cortisol indicators in a large sample without psychopathology. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34(8):1109-1120.
60. Vreeburg S.A., Zitman F.G., van Pelt J., Derijk R., Verhagen J.C., van Dyck R., Hoogendijk W.J., Smit J.H., Penninx B.W. Salivary cortisol levels in persons with and without different anxiety disorders. Psychosom. Med. 2010, 72(4):340-347.
61. Wessa M., Rohleder N., Kirschbaum C., Flor H. Altered cortisol awakening response in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006, 31(2):209-215.
62. Wust S., Federenko I., Hellhammer D.H., Kirschbaum C. Genetic factors, perceived chronic stress, and the free cortisol response to awakening. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000, 25(7):707-720.
63. Zobel A.W., Yassouridis A., Frieboes R.M., Holsboer F. Prediction of medium-term outcome by cortisol response to the combined dexamethasone-CRH test in patients with remitted depression. Am. J. Psychiatr. 1999, 156(6):949-951.