Speaking from ignorance: Not agreeing with others we believe are correct

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 106, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 218-234

  Hodges, Bert H ^a,b   Meagher, Benjamin R ^b   Norton, Daniel J ^c   McBain, Ryan ^d   Sroubek, Ariane ^e  

^a GORDON COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^c BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^e YESHIVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Conformity; Divergence; Pragmatics; Truth; Values

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; COOPERATION; DECEPTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MALE; MORALITY; MOTIVATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STUDENT;

ADULT; COMMUNICATION; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; DECEPTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MORALS; MOTIVATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STUDENTS;

EID: 84893123212     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0034662     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership, and men (pp. 177-190). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press.
2. Asch, S. E. (1952). Social psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. doi:10.1037/10025-000
3. Asch, S. E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 193(5), 31-35. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1155-31
4. Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 70(9, Whole No. 416).
5. Asch, S. E. (1968). Gestalt psychology. In D. L. Sills (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social sciences (Vol. 6, pp. 158-175). New York, NY: Macmillan.
6. Asch, S. E. (1990). Comments on D. T. Campbell's chapter. In I. Rock (Ed.), The legacy of Solomon Asch: Essays in cognition and social psychology (pp. 53-55). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. Berger, J., & Heath, C. (2008). Who drives divergence? Identity signaling, outgroup dissimilarity, and the abandonment of cultural tastes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 593-607. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.593
8. Bond, R., & Smith, P. B. (1996). Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch's (1952b, 1956) line judgment task. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 111-137. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.111
9. Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. New York, NY: Academic Press.
10. Brewer, M. B., & Roccas, S. (2001). Individual values, social identity, and optimal distinctiveness. In C. Sedikides & M. Brewer (Eds.), Individual self, relational self, collective self (pp. 219-237). London, England: Taylor & Francis.
11. Bullock, J. G., Green, D. P., & Ha, S. E. (2010). Yes, but what's the mechanism? (Don't expect an easy answer.) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 550-558. doi:10.1037/a0018933
12. Campbell, D. T. (1990). Asch's moral epistemology for socially shared knowledge. In I. Rock (Ed.), The legacy of Solomon Asch: Essays in cognition and social psychology (pp. 39-53). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Campbell, J. D., & Fairey, P. J. (1989). Informational and normative routes to conformity: The effect of faction size as a function of the norm extremity and attention to stimulus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 457-468. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.457
14. Claidière, N., & Whiten, A. (2012). Integrating the study of conformity and culture in human and nonhuman animals. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 126-145. doi:10.1037/a0025868
15. Corriveau, K. H., & Harris, P. L. (2010). Preschoolers (sometimes) defer to the majority in making simple perceptual judgments. Developmental Psychology, 46, 437-445. doi:10.1037/a0017553
16. Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 629-636. doi:10.1037/h0046408
17. Efferson, C., Lalive, R., Richerson, P. J., McElreath, R., & Lubell, M. (2008). Conformists and mavericks: The empirics of frequencydependent cultural transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 56-64. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.08.003
18. Eriksson, K., & Coultas, J. C. (2009). Are people really conformist-biased? An empirical test and a new mathematical model. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 7, 5-21. doi:10.1556/JEP.7.2009.1.3
19. Eriksson, K., & Strimling, P. (2009). Biases for acquiring information individually rather than socially. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 7, 309-329. doi:10.1556/JEP.7.2009.4.4
20. Friend, R., Rafferty, Y., & Bramel, D. (1990). A puzzling misinterpretation of the Asch "conformity" study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 29-44. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420200104
21. Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Original work published 1979)
22. Gibson, J. J., & Crooks, L. E. (1938). A theoretical field analysis of automobile-driving. American Journal of Psychology, 51, 453-471. doi:10.2307/1416145
23. Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics: Vol. 3. Speech acts (pp. 41-58). New York, NY: Academic Press.
24. Grice, H. P. (1991). The conception of value. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
25. Griskevicius, V., Goldstein, N. J., Mortensen, C. R., Cialdini, R. B., & Kenrick, D. T. (2006). Going along versus going alone: When fundamental motives facilitate strategic (non)conformity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 281-294. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2 .281
26. Harris, R. P. (1985). Asch's data and the "Asch effect": A critical note. British Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 229-230. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00684.x
27. Haun, D. B. M., & Tomasello, M. (2011). Conformity to peer pressure in preschool children. Child Development, 82, 1759-1767. doi:10.1111/j .1467-8624.2011.01666.x
28. Hazelrigg, P. J., Cooper, H., & Strathman, A. J. (1991). Personality moderators of the experimenter expectancy effect: A reexamination of five hypotheses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 569-579. doi:10.1177/0146167291175012
29. Hodges, B. H. (2004). Asch and the balance of values. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27, 343-344. doi:10.1017/S0140525X04380088
30. Hodges, B. H. (2007a). Good prospects: Ecological and social perspectives on conforming, creating, and caring in conversation. Language Sciences, 29, 584-604. doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2007.01.003
31. Hodges, B. H. (2007b). Values define fields: The intentional dynamics of driving, carrying, leading, negotiating, and conversing. Ecological Psychology, 19, 153-178. doi:10.1080/10407410701332080
32. Hodges, B. H. (2009). Ecological pragmatics: Values, dialogical arrays, complexity, and caring. Pragmatics & Cognition, 17, 628-652. doi: 10.1075/pc.17.3.08hod
33. Hodges, B. H. (in press). Conformity. In J. Burger (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of social influence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
34. Hodges, B. H., & Baron, R. M. (1992). Values as constraints on affordances: Perceiving and acting properly. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 22, 263-294. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.1992.tb00220.x
35. Hodges, B. H., & Geyer, A. (2006). A nonconformist account of the Asch experiments: Values, pragmatics, and moral dilemmas. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 2-19. doi:10.1207/ s15327957pspr1001_1
36. Hodges, B. H., & Lindhiem, O. (2006). Carrying babies and groceries: The effect of moral and social weight on caring. Ecological Psychology, 18, 93-111. doi:10.1207/s15326969eco1802_2
37. Hornsey, M. J., & Jetten, J. (2004). The individual within a group: Balancing the need to belong with the need to be different. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 248 -264. doi:10.1207/ s15327957pspr0803_2
38. Hornsey, M. J., Majkut, L., Terry, D. J., & McKimmie, B. M. (2003). On being loud and proud: Non-conformity and counter-conformity to group norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 319-335. doi:10.1348/ 014466603322438189
39. Hornsey, M. J., Smith, J. R., & Begg, D. (2007). Effects of norms among those with moral conviction: Counter-conformity emerges on intentions but not behaviors. Social Influence, 2, 244 -268. doi:10.1080/ 15534510701476500
40. Imhoff, R., & Erb, H.-P. (2009). What motivates nonconformity? Uniqueness seeking blocks majority influence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 309-320. doi:10.1177/0146167208328166
41. Köhler, W. (1966). The place of value in a world of facts. New York, NY: New American Library. (Original work published 1937)
42. Krueger, J. I., & Funder, D. C. (2004). Towards a balanced social psychology: Causes, consequences and cures for the problem-seeking approach to social behavior and cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27, 313-327. doi:10.1017/S0140525X04000081
43. Krueger, J. I., & Massey, A. L. (2009). A rational reconstruction of misbehavior. Social Cognition, 27, 786-812. doi:10.1521/soco.2009.27 .5.786
44. Mason, W. A., Conrey, F. R., & Smith, E. R. (2007). Situating social influence processes: Dynamic, multidirectional flows of influence within social networks. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 279-300. doi:10.1177/1088868307301032
45. Matsuda, N. (1985). Strong, quasi-, and weak conformity among Japanese in the modified Asch procedure. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 83-97. doi:10.1177/0022002185016001007
46. McCauley, C., & Rozin, P. (2003). Solomon Asch: Scientist and humanist. In G. A. Kimble & M. Wertheimer (Eds.), Portraits of pioneers in psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 249-261). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. McCulloch, W. S. (1945). A heterarchy of values determined by the topology of nervous nets. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 7, 89-93. doi:10.1007/BF02478457
48. Mesoudi, A. (2009). How cultural evolutionary theory can inform social psychology and vice versa. Psychological Review, 116, 929-952. doi: 10.1037/a0017062
49. Morrison, K. R., & Wheeler, S. C. (2010). Nonconformity defines the self: The role of minority opinion status in self-concept clarity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 297-308. doi:10.1177/ 0146167209358075
50. Moscovici, S. (1985). Social influence and conformity. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 347-412). New York, NY: Random House.
51. Nail, P. R., MacDonald, G., & Levy, D. A. (2000). Proposal of a fourdimensional model of social response. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 454-470. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.454
52. Orne, M. T., & Whitehouse, W. G. (2000). Demand characteristics. In A. E. Katz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 469-470). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
53. Packer, D. J. (2008). On being both with us and against us: A normative conflict model of dissent in social groups. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 50-72. doi:10.1177/1088868307309606
54. Perrin, S., & Spencer, C. (1981). Independence or conformity in the Asch experiment as a reflection of cultural and situational factors. British Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 205-209. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309 .1981.tb00533.x
55. Reis, H. T. (2008). Reinvigorating the concept of situation in social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 311-329. doi:10.1177/1088868308321721
56. Richerson, P. J., & Boyd, R. (2005). Not by genes alone: How culture transformed human evolution. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
57. Ross, L., Bierbrauer, G., & Hoffman, S. (1976). The role of attribution processes in conformity and dissent: Revisiting the Asch situation. American Psychologist, 31, 148-157. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.31.2.148
58. Sperber, D., Clément, F., Heintz, C., Mascaro, O., Mercier, H., Origgi, G., & Wilson, D. (2010). Epistemic vigilance. Mind & Language, 25, 359-393. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01394.x
59. Strigul, N. (2009). Can imitation explain dialect origins?. Ecological Modeling, 220, 2624-2639. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.07.005
60. Takano, Y., & Sogon, S. (2008). Are Japanese more collectivistic than Americans? Examining conformity in in-groups and the reference-group effect. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39, 237-250. doi:10.1177/ 0022022107313902
61. Tetlock, P. E., & Mitchell, G. (2010). Situated social identities constrain morally defensible choices: Commentary on Bennis, Medin, & Bartels (2010). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 206 -208. doi: 10.1177/1745691610362359
62. Wheeler, L., & Arrowood, A. J. (1966). Restraints against imitation and their reduction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 288-300. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(66)90085-0
63. Williams, T. P., & Sogon, S. (1984). Group composition and conforming behavior in Japanese students. Japanese Psychological Research, 26, 231-234.