Synthetic aspects and selected properties of graphene

Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 3-13

  Matte, H S S Ramakrishna ^a   Subrahmanyam, K S ^a   Rao, C N R ^a  

^a NATIONAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY   (India)

Author keywords

Graphene; Hydrogen storage; Nanostructures; Self assembly; Synthesis

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; ELECTRIC FIELD EFFECTS; FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING; GAS ADSORPTION; HYDROGEN STORAGE; LIQUID METHANE; NANOSTRUCTURES; PHASE INTERFACES; QUANTUM HALL EFFECT; SELF ASSEMBLY; SURFACE PROPERTIES; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

AMBIPOLAR ELECTRIC FIELDS; AROMATIC MOLECULES; BALLISTIC CONDUCTIONS; FUNCTIONALIZATIONS; LIQUID-LIQUID INTERFACES; NUMBER OF LAYERS; PHOTO-INDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER; TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS;

GRAPHENE;

EID: 84892873060     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18479804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5772/50945     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, "The rise of graphene" Nat Mater vol 6, pp 183, 2007.
2. C. N. R. Rao, A. K. Sood, K. S. Subrahmanyam, A. Govindaraj, "Graphene: The New Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial" Angew Chem Int Ed vol 48, pp 7752, 2009.
3. C. N. R. Rao, et al., "A study of the synthetic methods and properties of graphenes" Science and Technology of Advanced Materials vol 11, pp 054502, 2010.
4. K. S. Novoselov, Z. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Morozov, H. L. Stormer, U. Zeitler, J. C. Maan, G. S. Boebinger, P. Kim, A. K. Geim, "Room-Temperature Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene" Science vol 315, pp 1379, 2007.
5. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, A. A. Firsov, "Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films" Science vol 306, pp 666, 2004.
6. C. Lee, X. Wei, J. W. Kysar, J. Hone, "Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene" Science vol 321, pp 385, 2008.
7. A. A. Balandin, S. Ghosh, W. Bao, I. Calizo, D. Teweldebrhan, F. Miao, C. N. Lau, "Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene" Nano Letters vol 8, pp 902, 2008.
8. S. Park, R. S. Ruoff, "Chemical methods for the production of graphenes" Nat Nano vol 4, pp 217, 2009.
9. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. I. Katsnelson, I. V. Grigorieva, S. V. Dubonos, A. A. Firsov, "Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene" Nature vol 438, pp 197, 2005.
10. Y. Zhang, Y.-W. Tan, H. L. Stormer, P. Kim, "Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene" Nature vol 438, pp 201, 2005.
11. K. S. Novoselov, Z. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Morozov, H. L. Stormer, U. Zeitler, J. C. Maan, G. S. Boebinger, P. Kim, A. K. Geim, "Room-Temperature Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene" Science vol 315, pp 1379, 2007.
12. M. Y. Han, Ouml, B. zyilmaz, Y. Zhang, P. Kim, "Energy Band-Gap Engineering of Graphene Nanoribbons" Phys. Rev. Lett. vol 98, pp 206805, 2007.
13. K. S. S. C. N. R. Rao, H. S. S. R. Matte and A. Govindaraj, "Graphene: synthesis, functionalization and properties " Modern Physics Letters B vol 25, pp 427, 2011.
14. C. N. R. Rao, A. K. Sood, R. Voggu, K. S. Subrahmanyam, "Some Novel Attributes of Graphene" The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters vol 1, pp 572,
15. S. Guo, S. Dong, "Graphene nanosheet: synthesis, molecular engineering, thin film, hybrids, and energy and analytical applications" Chemical Society Reviews vol 40, pp 2644,
16. A. Reina, X. Jia, J. Ho, D. Nezich, H. Son, V. Bulovic, M. S. Dresselhaus, J. Kong, "Large Area, Few-Layer Graphene Films on Arbitrary Substrates by Chemical Vapor Deposition" Nano Letters vol 9, pp 30, 2008.
17. J. J. Wang, M. Y. Zhu, R. A. Outlaw, X. Zhao, D. M. Manos, B. C. Holloway, V. P. Mammana, "Freestanding subnanometer graphite sheets" Applied Physics Letters vol 85, pp 1265, 2004.
18. J. Wang, M. Zhu, R. A. Outlaw, X. Zhao, D. M. Manos, B. C. Holloway, "Synthesis of carbon nanosheets by inductively coupled radio-frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition" Carbon vol 42, pp 2867, 2004.
19. M. Zhu, J. Wang, B. C. Holloway, R. A. Outlaw, X. Zhao, K. Hou, V. Shutthanandan, D. M. Manos, "A mechanism for carbon nanosheet formation" Carbon vol 45, pp 2229, 2007.
20. S. Park, J. An, I. Jung, R. D. Piner, S. J. An, X. Li, A. Velamakanni, R. S. Ruoff, "Colloidal Suspensions of Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide in a Wide Variety of Organic Solvents" Nano Letters vol 9, pp 1593, 2009.
21. Y. Hernandez, V. Nicolosi, M. Lotya, F. M. Blighe, Z. Sun, S. De, I. T. McGovern, B. Holland, M. Byrne, Y. K. Gun'Ko, J. J. Boland, P. Niraj, G. Duesberg, S. Krishnamurthy, R. Goodhue, J. Hutchison, V. Scardaci, A. C. Ferrari, J. N. Coleman, "High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite" Nat Nano vol 3, pp 563, 2008.
22. M. Lotya, Y. Hernandez, P. J. King, R. J. Smith, V. Nicolosi, L. S. Karlsson, F. M. Blighe, S. De, Z. Wang, I. T. McGovern, G. S. Duesberg, J. N. Coleman, "Liquid Phase Production of Graphene by Exfoliation of Graphite in Surfactant/Water Solutions" J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 131, pp 3611, 2009.
23. M. Choucair, P. Thordarson, J. A. Stride, "Gram-scale production of graphene based on solvothermal synthesis and sonication" Nat Nano vol 4, pp 30, 2009.
24. W. S. Hummers, R. E. Offeman, "Preparation of Graphitic Oxide" J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 80, pp 1339, 1958.
25. H. C. Schniepp, J.-L. Li, M. J. McAllister, H. Sai, M. Herrera-Alonso, D. H. Adamson, R. K. Prud'homme, R. Car, D. A. Saville, I. A. Aksay, "Functionalized Single Graphene Sheets Derived from Splitting Graphite Oxide" J. Phys. Chem. B vol 110, pp 8535, 2006.
26. K. S. Subrahmanyam, S. R. C. Vivekchand, A. Govindaraj, C. N. R. Rao, "A study of graphenes prepared by different methods: characterization, properties and solubilization" Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 18, pp 1517, 2008.
27. J. Zhang, H. Yang, G. Shen, P. Cheng, J. Zhang, S. Guo, "Reduction of graphene oxide vial-ascorbic acid" Chemical Communications vol 46, pp 1112, 2010.
28. C. Zhu, S. Guo, Y. Fang, S. Dong, "Reducing Sugar: New Functional Molecules for the Green Synthesis of Graphene Nanosheets" ACS Nano vol 4, pp 2429, 2010.
29. Y. Zhou, Q. Bao, L. A. L. Tang, Y. Zhong, K. P. Loh, "Hydrothermal Dehydration for the â€oeGreenâ€? Reduction of Exfoliated Graphene Oxide to Graphene and Demonstration of Tunable Optical Limiting Properties" Chemistry of Materials vol 21, pp 2950, 2009.
30. W. F. Li, M. W. Zhao, X. A. Zhao, Y. Y. Xia, Y. G. Mu, "Hydrogen saturation stabilizes vacancy-induced ferromagnetic ordering in graphene" Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol 12, pp 13699,
31. E. C. Salas, Z. Sun, A. Luì̂ttge, J. M. Tour, "Reduction of Graphene Oxide via Bacterial Respiration" ACS Nano vol 4, pp 4852, 2010.
32. O. E. Andersson, B. L. V. Prasad, H. Sato, T. Enoki, Y. Hishiyama, Y. Kaburagi, M. Yoshikawa, S. Bandow, "Structure and electronic properties of graphite nanoparticles" Phys. Rev. B vol 58, pp 16387, 1998.
33. B. L. V. Prasad, H. Sato, T. Enoki, Y. Hishiyama, Y. Kaburagi, A. M. Rao, P. C. Eklund, K. Oshida, M. Endo, "Heat-treatment effect on the nanosized graphite pi - electron system during diamond to graphite conversion" Phys. Rev. B vol 62, pp 11209, 2000.
34. K. S. Subrahmanyam, L. S. Panchakarla, A. Govindaraj, C. N. R. Rao, "Simple Method of Preparing Graphene Flakes by an Arc-Discharge Method" J. Phys. Chem. C vol 113, pp 4257, 2009.
35. L. S. Panchakarla, A. Govindaraj, C. N. R. Rao, "Boronand nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes and graphene" Inorganica Chimica Acta vol 363, pp 4163, 2009.
36. Z.-S. Wu, W. Ren, L. Gao, J. Zhao, Z. Chen, B. Liu, D. Tang, B. Yu, C. Jiang, H.-M. Cheng, "Synthesis of Graphene Sheets with High Electrical Conductivity and Good Thermal Stability by Hydrogen Arc Discharge Exfoliation" ACS Nano vol 3, pp 411, 2009.
37. C. N. R. Rao, K. Biswas, K. S. Subrahmanyam, A. Govindaraj, "Graphene, the new nanocarbon" Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 19, pp 2457, 2009.
38. S. Niyogi, E. Bekyarova, M. E. Itkis, J. L. McWilliams, M. A. Hamon, R. C. Haddon, "Solution Properties of Graphite and Graphene" J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 128, pp 7720, 2006.
39. E. Bekyarova, M. E. Itkis, P. Ramesh, C. Berger, M. Sprinkle, W. A. de Heer, R. C. Haddon, "Chemical Modification of Epitaxial Graphene: Spontaneous Grafting of Aryl Groups" J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 131, pp 1336, 2009.
40. K. A. Worsley, P. Ramesh, S. K. Mandal, S. Niyogi, M. E. Itkis, R. C. Haddon, "Soluble graphene derived from graphite fluoride" Chemical Physics Letters vol 445, pp 51, 2007.
41. A. Ghosh, "Covalent and Noncovalent Functionalization and Solubilization of Graphene" Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters vol 1, pp 28, 2009.
42. T. A. Strom, E. P. Dillon, C. E. Hamilton, A. R. Barron, "Nitrene addition to exfoliated graphene: a one-step route to highly functionalized graphene" Chemical Communications vol 46, pp 4097,
43. J. R. Lomeda, C. D. Doyle, D. V. Kosynkin, W.-F. Hwang, J. M. Tour, "Diazonium Functionalization of Surfactant-Wrapped Chemically Converted Graphene Sheets" J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 130, pp 16201, 2008.
44. H. Yang, C. Shan, F. Li, D. Han, Q. Zhang, L. Niu, "Covalent functionalization of polydisperse chemically-converted graphene sheets with amineterminated ionic liquid" Chemical Communications vol, pp 3880, 2009.
45. L. M. Veca, F. Lu, M. J. Meziani, L. Cao, P. Zhang, G. Qi, L. Qu, M. Shrestha, Y.-P. Sun, "Polymer functionalization and solubilization of carbon nanosheets" Chemical Communications vol, pp 2565, 2009.
46. V. Georgakilas, A. B. Bourlinos, R. Zboril, T. A. Steriotis, P. Dallas, A. K. Stubos, C. Trapalis, "Organic functionalisation of graphenes" Chemical Communications vol 46, pp 1766, 2010.
47. Y. Xu, Z. Liu, X. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Tian, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, X. Zhang, Y. Chen, "A Graphene Hybrid Material Covalently Functionalized with Porphyrin: Synthesis and Optical Limiting Property" Advanced Materials vol 21, pp 1275, 2009.
48. J. Shen, Y. Hu, C. Li, C. Qin, M. Ye, "Synthesis of Amphiphilic Graphene Nanoplatelets" Small vol 5, pp 82, 2009.
49. A. Ghosh, K. V. Rao, S. J. George, C. N. R. Rao, "Noncovalent Functionalization, Exfoliation, and Solubilization of Graphene in Water by Employing a Fluorescent Coronene Carboxylate" Chemistry - A European Journal vol 16, pp 2700,
50. J. M. Englert, J. Röhrl, C. D. Schmidt, R. Graupner, M. Hundhausen, F. Hauke, A. Hirsch, "Soluble Graphene: Generation of Aqueous Graphene Solutions Aided by a Perylenebisimide-Based Bolaamphiphile" Advanced Materials vol 21, pp 4265, 2009.
51. M. Lotya, P. J. King, U. Khan, S. De, J. N. Coleman, "High-Concentration, Surfactant-Stabilized Graphene Dispersions" ACS Nano vol 4, pp 3155,
52. M. Zhang, R. R. Parajuli, D. Mastrogiovanni, B. Dai, P. Lo, W. Cheung, R. Brukh, P. L. Chiu, T. Zhou, Z. Liu, E. Garfunkel, H. He, "Production of Graphene Sheets by Direct Dispersion with Aromatic Healing Agents" Small vol 6, pp 1100, 2010.
53. C. E. Hamilton, J. R. Lomeda, Z. Sun, J. M. Tour, A. R. Barron, "High-Yield Organic Dispersions of Unfunctionalized Graphene" Nano Letters vol 9, pp 3460, 2009.
54. Y. Liang, D. Wu, X. Feng, K. Müllen, "Dispersion of Graphene Sheets in Organic Solvent Supported by Ionic Interactions" Advanced Materials vol 21, pp 1679, 2009.
55. M. Sathish, K. i. Miyazawa, J. P. Hill, K. Ariga, "Solvent Engineering for Shape-Shifter Pure Fullerene (C60)" J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 131, pp 6372, 2009.
56. M. Sathish, K. i. Miyazawa, "Size-Tunable Hexagonal Fullerene (C60) Nanosheets at the Liquidâ'Liquid Interface" J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 129, pp 13816, 2007.
57. P. Asuri, S. S. Karajanagi, J. S. Dordick, R. S. Kane, "Directed Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes at Liquidâ Liquid Interfaces: Nanoscale Conveyors for Interfacial Biocatalysis" J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 128, pp 1046, 2006.
58. S. Biswas, L. T. Drzal, "A Novel Approach to Create a Highly Ordered Monolayer Film of Graphene Nanosheets at the Liquid-Liquid Interface" Nano Letters vol 9, pp 167, 2008.
59. Z. Tang, J. Zhuang, X. Wang, "Exfoliation of Graphene from Graphite and Their Self-Assembly at the Oilâ̂'Water Interface" Langmuir vol 26, pp 9045,
60. C. Chen, Q.-H. Yang, Y. Yang, W. Lv, Y. Wen, P.-X. Hou, M. Wang, H.-M. Cheng, "Self-Assembled Free- Standing Graphite Oxide Membrane" Advanced Materials vol 21, pp 3007, 2009.
61. V. C. Tung, L.-M. Chen, M. J. Allen, J. K. Wassei, K. Nelson, R. B. Kaner, Y. Yang, "Low-Temperature Solution Processing of Grapheneâ̂'Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Materials for High-Performance Transparent Conductors" Nano Letters vol 9, pp 1949, 2009.
62. Y.-K. Kim, D.-H. Min, "Durable Large-Area Thin Films of Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Double Layers as a Transparent Electrode" Langmuir vol 25, pp 11302, 2009.
63. P. Chaturbedy, H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte, R. Voggu, A. Govindaraj, C. N. R. Rao, "Self-assembly of C60, SWNTs and few-layer graphene and their binary composites at the organic-aqueous interface" Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol In Press, Accepted Manuscript, pp,
64. R. Voggu, B. Das, C. S. Rout, C. N. R. Rao, "Effects of charge transfer interaction of graphene with electron donor and acceptor molecules examined using Raman spectroscopy and cognate techniques" Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter vol 20, pp 472204, 2008.
65. A. Peigney, C. Laurent, E. Flahaut, R. R. Bacsa, A. Rousset, "Specific surface area of carbon nanotubes and bundles of carbon nanotubes" Carbon vol 39, pp 507, 2001.
66. A. Ghosh, K. S. Subrahmanyam, K. S. Krishna, S. Datta, A. Govindaraj, S. K. Pati, C. N. R. Rao, "Uptake of H2 and CO2 by Graphene" J. Phys. Chem. Cvol 112, pp 15704, 2008.
67. S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett, E. Teller, "Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers" J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 60, pp 309, 1938.
68. O. Leenaerts, B. Partoens, F. M. Peeters, "Adsorption of H2O , NH3 , CO, NO2 , and NO on graphene: A first-principles study" Phys. Rev. B vol 77, pp 125416, 2008.
69. K. S. S. Nitesh Kumar, Piyush Chaturbedy, Kalyan Raidongia, A. Govindaraj, K. P. S. S. Hembram, Abhishek K. Mishra, Umesh V. Waghmare and C. N. R. Rao vol, pp, (unpublished).
70. G. Gundiah, A. Govindaraj, N. Rajalakshmi, K. S. Dhathathreyan, C. N. R. Rao, "Hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes and related materials" Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 13, pp 209, 2003.
71. D. J. Collins, H.-C. Zhou, "Hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks" Journal of Materials Chemistry vol 17, pp 3154, 2007.
72. K. S. Subrahmanyam, P. Kumar, U. Maitra, A. Govindaraj, K. P. S. S. Hembram, U. V. Waghmare, C. N. R. Rao, "Chemical storage of hydrogen in fewlayer graphene" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol 108, pp 2674,
73. A. J. Birch, " Reduction by dissolving metals. Part I" Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) vol, pp 430, 1944.
74. C.-H. Lu, H.-H. Yang, C.-L. Zhu, X. Chen, G.-N. Chen, "A Graphene Platform for Sensing Biomolecules" Angewandte Chemie International Edition vol 48, pp 4785, 2009.
75. E. Treossi, M. Melucci, A. Liscio, M. Gazzano, P. Samoriì€, V. Palermo, "High-Contrast Visualization of Graphene Oxide on Dye-Sensitized Glass, Quartz, and Silicon by Fluorescence Quenching" J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 131, pp 15576, 2009.
76. P. V. Kamat, "Graphene-Based Nanoarchitectures. Anchoring Semiconductor and Metal Nanoparticles on a Two-Dimensional Carbon Support" The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters vol 1, pp 520, 2009.
77. Y. Xu, L. Zhao, H. Bai, W. Hong, C. Li, G. Shi, "Chemically Converted Graphene Induced Molecular Flattening of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(1-methyl-4- pyridinio)porphyrin and Its Application for Optical Detection of Cadmium(II) Ions" J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 131, pp 13490, 2009.
78. H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte, K. S. Subrahmanyam, K. Venkata Rao, S. J. George, C. N. R. Rao, "Quenching of fluorescence of aromatic molecules by graphene due to electron transfer" Chemical Physics Letters vol 506, pp 260,
79. M. Álvaro, P. Atienzar, J. L. Bourdelande, H. García, "An organically modified single wall carbon nanotube containing a pyrene chromophore: fluorescence and diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis study" Chemical Physics Letters vol 384, pp 119, 2004.
80. V. Y. Shafirovich, P. P. Levin, V. A. Kuzmin, T. E. Thorgeirsson, D. S. Kliger, N. E. Geacintov, "Photoinduced electron transfer and enhanced triplet yields in benzo [a]pyrene derivative-nucleic acid complexes and covalent adducts" J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 116, pp 63, 1994.