Tissue mechanics

Tissue Mechanics

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-682

  Cowin, Stephen C ^a   Doty, Stephen B ^b  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b HOSPITAL FOR SPECIAL SURGERY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892336289     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-49985-7     Document Type: Book

References (545)

1. Alber MS, Kiskowski MA, Glazier JA, Jiang Y. 2002. On cellular automaton approaches to modeling biological cells. In Mathematical systems theory in biology, communication, and finance, IMA, Vol 142, ed. J Rosenthal, DS Gilliam. New York: Springer-Verlag.
2. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Watson JD. 1983. Molecular Biology of the Cell, New York: Garland.
3. Anonymous. 1994. Hierarchical structures in biology as a guide for new materials technology. Committee on Synthetic Hierarchical Structures, National Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council, NMAB-464, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
4. Anthony CR, Kolthoff N. 1975. Textbook of anatomy and physiology, 9th ed. St. Louis: Mosby.
5. Baer E, Hiltner A, Morgan R. 1992. Biological and synthetic hierarchical composites. Physics Today. October, pp. 60-67.
6. Belousov LV. 1998. The dynamic architecture of the development of organisms. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
7. Beysens DA, Forgacs G, Glazier JA. 2000. Cell sorting is analogous to phase ordering in fluids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:137-145.
8. Blauvelt CB, Nelson FRT. 1985. A manual of orthopaedic terminology. St. Louis: Mosby.
9. Coen E. 1999. The art of genes: how organisms make themselves. Oxford: Oxford UP.
10. D'Arcy Thompson W. 1942. On growth and form. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
11. Darnell J, Lodish H, Baltimore D. 1990. Molecular cell biology. New York: Scientific American.
12. de Duve CA. 1984. A guided tour of the living cell. New York: Scientific American.
13. Fessenden RJ, Fessenden JS. 1979. Organic chemistry. Boston: Willard Grant Press.
14. Gennis RB. 1989. Biomembranes. New York: Springer.
15. Gilbert SF. 2000. Developmental biology, 6th ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinaur.
16. Goodwin BC. 1989. Unicellular morphogenesis. In Cell Shape, ed. WD Stein, F Bronner, pp. 365-91. New York: Academic Press.
17. Harris AK. 1976. Is cell sorting caused by differences on the work of intercellular adhesion? A critique of the Steinberg hypothesis, J Theor Biol 61:267-285.
18. Harris AK. 1994. Multicellular mechanics in the creation of anatomical structures. In Biomechanics of active movement and division of cells, pp. 87-129, ed. N Akkas. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
19. Harris AK, Wild P, Stopak D. 1980. Silicone rubber substrata: a new wrinkle in the study of cell locomotion. Science 208:177-179.
20. Harris AK, Stopak D, Wild P. 1981. Fibroblast traction as a mechanism for collagen morphogenesis. Nature 290:249-251.
21. Inwood S. 2002. The forgotten genius; the biography of Robert Hooke 1635-1703. San Francisco: Mac-Adam/Cage.
22. Keller EF. 2002. Making sense of life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP.
23. Koivunen J. 2003. NF1 tumor suppressor in epidermal differentiation and growth-implications for wound epithelialization and psoriasis. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, Medica, D746.
24. Kuecken M. 2004. On the formation of fingerprints. PhD thesis. University of Arizona.
25. McManus C. 2002. Right hand left hand. Cambridge: Harvard UP.
26. Murray JD. 1993. Mathematical biology. New York: Springer Verlag.
27. Newman SA, Frisch HL. 1979. Dynamics of skeletal pattern formation in developing chick limb. Science 205:662-668.
28. Odell GM, Oster GF, Alberch P, Burnside B. 1981. The mechanical basis of morphogenesis, I: epithelial folding and invagination. Dev Biol 85:446-462.
29. Oster GF, Murray JD, Harris AK. 1983. Mechanical aspects of mesenchymal morphogenesis. J Embryol Exp Morphol 78:83-125.
30. Radler JO, Koltover I. 1997. Structure of DNA-cationic liposome complexes: DNA intercalation in multilamellar membranes in distin. Science 275:810-814.
31. Ridley M. 1999. Genome. New York: Harper Collins.
32. Steinberg M. 1962. Mechanism of tissue reconstruction by dissociated cells, II: time-course of events. Science 137:762-763.
33. Steinberg M. 1964. Cell membranes in development. Academic Press.
34. Trelstad RL, Silver FH. 1981. Matrix Assembly, In Cell biology of the extracellular matrix, ed. ED Hay, pp. 179-216, New York: Plenum Press.
35. Turing AM. 1952. The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Phil Trans Roy Soc London B237:37-72.
36. White RJ. 1998. Weightlessness and the human body. Sci Am September.
37. Wolpert L et al. 1998. Principles of development. Oxford: Oxford UP.
38. Young LR. 1993. Space and the vestibular system: what has been learned? [guest editorial] J Vestib Res 3:203-206.
39. Alber MS, Kiskowski MA, Glazier JA, Jiang Y. 2002. On cellular automaton approaches to modeling biological cells. In Mathematical systems theory in biology, communication, and finance, ed. J Rosenthal, DS Gilliam. Institute for Mathematics and Its Applications, Vol 142, pp. 1-39. New York: Springer-Verlag.
40. Chaffin DB, Andersson GBJ. 1991. Occupational biomechanics, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
41. Darcy H. 1856. Les fontains publiques de la ville de dijon. Paris: Dalmont.
42. Furukawa R, Fechheimer M. 1997. The structure, function, and assembly of actin filament bundles. Int Rev Cytol 175:29-90.
43. Harris AK. 1994. Multicellular mechanics in the creation of anatomical structures. In Biomechanics of active movement and division of cells, ed. N Akkas, pp. 87-129. New York: Springer-Verlag.
44. Kaplan W. 1958. Ordinary differential equations. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
45. Krafczyk M, Cerrolaza M, Schulz M, Rank E. 1998. Analysis of 3D transient blood flow passing through an artificial aortic valve by Lattice-Boltzmann methods. J Biomech 31:453-462.
46. McMahon TA. 1984. Muscles, reflexes, and locomotion. Princeton: Princeton UP.
47. McMahon TA, Greene PR. 1978. Fast-running tracks. Sci Am 239:148-163.
48. McMahon TA, Greene PR. 1979. The influence of track compliance upon running. J Biomech 12:893-904.
49. Mombach J, Glazier JA, Raphael R, Zajac M. 1995. Quantitative comparison between differential adhesion models and cell sorting in the presence and absence of fluctuations. Phys Rev Lett 75:2244-2247.
50. Müller I. 1985. Thermodynamics. Boston: Pitman.
51. Nordin M, Frankel VH. 1989. Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
52. Polya G. 1945. How to solve it. Princeton: Princeton UP.
53. Raven FH. 1966. Mathematics of engineering systems. New York: McGraw-Hill.
54. Rothman DH, Zaleski S. 1997. Lattice-gas cellular automata. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
55. Schultz AB, Andersson GBJ. 1981. Analysis of loads on the lumbar spine. Spine 6:76-82.
56. Schultz AB, Andersson GBJ, Örtengren R, Haderspeck K, Nachemson A. 1982. Loads on the lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg 64A:713-720.
57. Skalak R, Sung K-LP, Schmid-Schönbein G, Chein S. 1988. Passive deformation analysis of human leukocytes. J Biomech Eng 110:27-36.
58. Spägele T, Kistner A, Gollhofer A. 1999. A multiphase optimal control technique for the simulation of a human vertical jump. J Biomech 32:87-91.
59. Sprigings EJ, Lanovaz JL, Watson LG, Russell KW. 1999. Removing swing from a handstand on rings using a properly timed backward giant circle: a simulation solution. J Biomech 32:27-35.
60. Terzaghi K. 1943. Theoretical soil mechanics. New York: Wiley.
61. Thomson WT. 1960. Laplace transformation, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
62. Weyl H. 1987. The continuum. Philadelphia: Thomas Jefferson UP.
63. Wolfram S. 2002a. A new kind of science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media.
64. Wolfram S. 2002b. A new kind of science explorer [CD]. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media.
65. You L, Cowin SC, Schaffler M, Weinbaum S. 2001. A model for strain amplification in the actin cytoskeleton of osteocytes due to fluid drag on pericellular matrix. J Biomech 34:1375-1386.
66. Callen HB. 1960. Thermodynamics. New York: Wiley.
67. Truesdell CA, Toupin RA. 1960. The classical field theories. In Handbuch der Physik, II/1, pp. 226-859. Ed S Flugge. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
68. Chadwick P, Vianello M, Cowin SC. 2001. A proof that the number of linear anisotropic elastic symmetries is eight. J Mech Phys Solids 49:2471-2492.
69. Cowin SC. 1995. On the number of distinct elastic constants associated with certain anisotropic elastic symmetries. In Theoretical, experimental, and numerical contributions to the mechanics of fluids and solids-a collection of papers in honor of Paul M. Naghdi, ed. J Casey, MJ Crochet, Z Ang Math Phys [Special Issue] 46:S210-S214.
70. Cowin SC. 1999. Bone poroelasticity. J Biomech 32:218-238.
71. Cowin SC. 2002. Elastic symmetry restrictions from structural gradients. In rational continua, classical and new-a collection of papers dedicated to Gianfranco Capriz on the occasion of his 75th birthday, pp. 51-66, ed. P Podio-Guidugli, M Brocato. New York: Springer-Verlag.
72. Cowin SC. 2003. Symmetry plane classification criteria and the symmetry group classification criteria are not equivalent in the case of asymmetric second order tensors. Chinese J Mech 19:9-14.
73. Cowin SC, Fraldi M. 2005. On singularities associated with the curvilinear anisotropic elastic symmetries. Int J Nonlinear Mech 40:361-371.
74. Cowin SC, Mehrabadi MM. 1987. On the identification of material symmetry for anisotropic elastic materials. Q J Mech Appl Math 40:451-476.
75. Cowin SC, Mehrabadi MM. 1989. Identification of the elastic symmetry of bone and other materials. J Biomech 22:503-515.
76. Cowin SC, Mehrabadi MM. 1995. Anisotropic symmetries of linear elasticity. Appl Mech Rev 48:247-285.
77. Fedorov FI. 1968. Theory of elastic waves in crystals. New York: Plenum Press.
78. Fraldi M, Cowin SC. 2002. Chirality in the torsion of cylinders with trigonal material symmetry. J Elast 69:121-148.
79. Hull D. 1981. An introduction to composite materials. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
80. Neville C. 1993. Biology of fibrous composites. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
81. Nye JF. 1957. Physical properties of crystals. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
82. Rovati M, Taliercio A. 2003. Stationarity of the strain energy density for some classes of anisotropic solids. Int J Solids Struct 40:6043-6075.
83. Shubnikov AV, Koptsik VA. 1974. Symmetry in science and art. New York: Plenum.
84. Tarn JQ. 2002. Stress singularity in an elastic cylinder of cylindrically anisotropic materials. J Elast 69:1-13.
85. Thompson W (Lord Kelvin). 1904. Baltimore lectures on molecular dynamics and the wave theory of light. London: CJ Clay & Sons.
86. Wainwight SA, Biggs WD, Currey JD, Gosline JM. 1976. Mechanical design in organisms. London: Arnold.
87. Weyl H. 1952. Symmetry. Princeton: Princeton UP.
88. Christensen RM. 1971. Theory of viscoelasticity. New York: Academic Press.
89. Darcy H. 1856. Les fontains publiques de la ville de Dijon. Paris: Dalmont.
90. Gurtin ME. 1972. The linear theory of elasticity. In Handbuch der Physik, ed. S Flugge, pp. 1-296. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
91. Lockett FJ. 1972. Nonlinear viscoelastic solids. New York: Academic Press.
92. Sokolnikoff IS. 1956. Mathematical theory of elasticity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
93. Truesdell CA, Toupin RA. 1960. The classical field theories. In Handbuch der Physik, ed. S Flugge, pp. 226-902. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
94. Truesdell CA, Noll W. 1965. The non-linear field theories of mechanics. In Handbuch der Physik, ed. S Flugge, pp. 1-602. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
95. Bear J. 1972. Dynamics of fluids in porous media. New York: Elsevier.
96. Carman PC. 1956. Flow of gases through porous media. London: Butterworths.
97. Scheidegger AE. 1960. The physics of flow through porous media, 2nd ed. Toronto: U Toronto P.
98. Gurtin ME. 1972. The linear theory of elasticity. In Handbuch der physik, ed. S Flugge, pp. 1-296. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
99. Love AEH. 1927. Elasticity. New York: Dover.
100. Saada AS. 1974. Elasticity theory and applications. Oxford: Pergamon.
101. Sokolnikoff IS. 1956. Mathematical theory of elasticity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
102. Timoshenko SP, Goodier JN. 1951. Theory of elasticity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
103. Fedorov FI. 1968. Theory of elastic waves in crystals. New York: Plenum Press.
104. Hearmon RFS. 1961. An introduction to applied anisotropic elasticity. Oxford: Oxford UP.
105. Lekhnitskii SG. 1963. Theory of elasticity of an anisotropic elastic body. San Francisco: Holden Day.
106. Ting TCT. 1996. Anisotropic elasticity-theory and applications. New York: Oxford UP.
107. Batchelor GK. 2000. An introduction to fluid mechanics. Cambridge: Cambridge.
108. Lamb H. 1932. Hydrodynamics. New York: Dover.
109. Langois WE. 1964. Slow viscous flow. New York: Macmillan.
110. Prandtl L, Tietjens OG. 1934a. Fundamentals of hydro-and aeromechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
111. Prandtl L, Tietjens OG. 1934b. Applied hydro-and aeromechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
112. Schlichting H. 1960. Boundary layer theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
113. Christensen RM. 1971. Theory of viscoelasticity. New York: Academic Press.
114. Lakes RS. 1999. Viscoelastic solids. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
115. Lockett FJ. 1972. Nonlinear viscoelastic solids. New York: Academic Press.
116. Pipkin AC. 1972. Lectures on viscoelasticity theory. New York: Springer.
117. Wineman AS, Rajagopal KR. 2000. Mechanical response of polymers. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
118. Biot MA. 1941. General theory of three-dimensional consolidation. J Appl Phys 12:155-164.
119. Bodig J, Jayne BA. 1982. Mechanics of wood and wood composites. New York: Van Nostr
120. Burridge R, Keller JB. 1981. Poroelasticity equations derived from microstructure. J Acoust Soc Am 70:1140-1146.
121. Christensen RM. 1979. Mechanics of composite materials. New York: Wiley.
122. Cowin SC. 2002. Elastic symmetry restrictions from structural gradients. In Rational continua, classical and new-a collection of papers dedicated to Gianfranco Capriz on the occasion of his 75th birthday, eds. P Podio-Guidugli, M Brocato. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 88-470-0157-9.
123. Cowin SC, Mehrabadi MM. 1989. Identification of the elastic symmetry of bone and other materials. J Biomech 22:503-515.
124. Ene HJ, Sanchez-Palencia E. 1975. Equations et phénoménes di surface pour l'écoulement dans unmodèle de milieu poreux. J Mécanique 14:73-81.
125. Halpin JC. 1984. Primer on composite materials: analysis. Lancaster PA: Technomic Publishers.
126. Hilliard JE. 1967. Determination of structural anisotropy. In Stereology-Proc. 2nd Int. Congress for Stereology, Chicago, p.219. Berlin: Springer.
127. Hull D. 1981. An introduction to composite materials. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
128. Jones RM. 1975. Mechanics of composite materials. Washington, DC: Scripta.
129. Kollmann FFP, Cote WA. 1968. Principles of wood science and technology. New York: Springer-Verlag.
130. Nemat-Nasser S, Hori M. 1999. Micromechanics: overall properties of heterogeneous materials. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
131. Neville C. 1993. Biology of fibrous composites. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
132. Niklas KJ. 1992. Plant biomechanics. Chicago: U Chicago P.
133. Odgaard A. 1997. Three-dimensional methods for quantification of cancellous bone architecture. Bone 20:315-328.
134. Odgaard A. 2001. Quantification of cancellous bone architecture. In Bone mechanics handbook, ed. SC Cowin. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
135. Prandtl L, Tietjens OG. 1934. Fundamentals of hydro-and aeromechanics. New York: Dover.
136. Sanchez-Palencia E. 1980. Non-homogeneous media and vibration theory. Berlin: Springer.
137. Sendeckyj GP. 1974. Elastic behavior of composites. In Mechanics of composite materials, ed. GP Sendeckyj,2:46-83. New York and London: Academic Press.
138. Spencer AJM. 1972. Deformations of fibre-reinforced materials. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
139. Torquato S. 2002. Random heterogeneous materials. New York: Springer.
140. Tsai SW, Hahn HT. 1980. Introduction to composite materials. Westport, CT: Technomic Publishers.
141. Underwood EE. 1969. Quantitative stereology. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
142. Vincent JFV. 1982. Structural biomaterials. New York: Wiley.
143. Wainwright SA, Biggs WD, Currey JD, Gosline JM. 1976. Mechanical design in organisms. London: Edward Arnold.
144. Armstrong GC, Lai WM, Mow VC. 1984. An analysis of the unconfined compression of articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng 106:165-173.
145. Bear J. 1972. Dynamics of fluids in porous media. New York: Elsevier.
146. Biot MA. 1941. General theory of three-dimensional consolidation. J Appl Phys 12:155-164.
147. Carroll MM. 1979. An effective stress law for anisotropic elastic deformation. J Geophys Res 84:7510-7512.
148. Cohen, B, Lai, WM, Mow VC. 1998. A transversely isotropic biphasic model for unconfined compression of growth plate and chondroepiphysis. J Biomech Eng 120:491-496.
149. Coussy O. 1995. Mechanics of porous continua. New York: Wiley.
150. Cowin SC. 2003. A recasting of anisotropic poroelasticity in matrices of tensor components. Transport Porous Media 50:35-56.
151. Cowin SC. 2004. Anisotropic poroelasticity: fabric tensor formulation. Mech Mater 36:665-677.
152. Cowin SC, Mehrabadi MM. 2006. Compressible and incompressible constituents in anisotropic poroelasticity: the problem of unconfined compression of a disk. J Mech Phys Solids. In press.
153. de Boer R. 2000. Theory of porous media. Berlin: Springer.
154. Detournay E, Cheng H-DA. 1993. Fundamentals of poroelasticity. In Comprehensive rock engineering: principles, practice and projects. ed. JA Hudson, pp. 113-171. Oxford: Pergamon.
155. Geertsma J. 1957. The effect of fluid pressure decline on volumetric changes of porous rocks. J Appl Mech 24:594-601.
156. Kachanov M. 1999. Solids with cracks and non-spherical pores: proper parameters of defect density and effective elastic properties. Int J Fracture 97:1-32.
157. Nur A, Byerlee JD. 1971. An exact effective stress law for elastic deformation of rock with fluids. J Geophys Res 76:6414.
158. Rice JR, Cleary MP. 1976. Some basic stress diffusion solutions for fluid-saturated elastic porous media with compressible constituents. Rev Geophys Space Phys 14:227-241.
159. Rudnicki JW. 1985. Effect of pore fluid diffusion on deformation and failure of rock. In Mechanics of geomaterials, ed. Z Bazant, pp. 315-347. New York: Wiley.
160. Shafiro B, Kachanov M. 1997. Materials with fluid filled pores of various shapes: effective elastic properties and fluid pressure polarization. Int J Solids Struct 34:3517-3540.
161. Skempton AW. 1954. The pore pressure coefficients A and B. Géotechnique 4:143-147.
162. Skempton AW. 1961. Effective stress in soils, concrete and rock. In Pore pressure and suction in soils, pp. 4-16. Butterworths, London.
163. Sevostianov I, Kachanov M. 2001. Author's response. J Biomech 34:709-710.
164. Thompson M, Willis Jr. 1991. A reformation of the equations of anisotropic poroelasticity. J Appl Mech 58:612-616.
165. Thomson WT. 1960. Laplace transformation, 2nd ed. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
166. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Watson JD. 1983. Molecular biology of the cell. New York: Garland.
167. Anonymous. 1994. Hierarchical structures in biology as a guide for new materials technology. Committee on Synthetic Hierarchical Structures, National Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council, NMAB-464. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
168. Baer EA, Hiltner A, Morgan R. 1992. Biological and synthetic hierarchical composites. Physics Today, October, pp. 60-67.
169. Beck K, Brodsky B. 1998. Supercoiled protein motifs: the collagen triple-helix and the α-helical coiled coil. J Struct Biol 122:17-29.
170. Birk DE, Zycband EJ. 1994. Assembly of the tendon extracellular matrix during development. J Anat 184:457-463.
171. Cohen C. 1998. Why fibrous proteins are romantic. J Struct Biol 122:3-16.
172. Cowan PM, North ACT, Randall JT. 1955. x-ray diffraction studies of collagen fibers. Symp Soc Exp Biol 9:115-126.
173. Crick FHC. 1953. The packing of α-helices: simple coiled coils. Acta Crystallogr 6:689-697.
174. Cusack S, Miller A. 1979. Determination of the elastic constants of collagen by Brillouin light scattering. J Mol Biol 135:39-51.
175. Darnell J, Lodish H, Baltimore D. 1990. Molecular cell biology. New York: Scientific American.
176. de Gennes PG, Prost J. 1993. The physics of liquid crystals. Oxford: Clarendon.
177. Fessenden RJ, Fessenden JS. 1979. Organic chemistry. Boston: Willard Grant Press.
178. Gilbert S. 1998. Virtual Library of Developmental Biology. http://zygote.swarthmore.edu/index.html; see http://zygote.swarthmore.edu/cell6. html.
179. Giraud-Guille MM. 1992. Liquid crystallinity in condensed type I collagen solutions: a clue to the packing of collagen in extracellular matrices. J Mol Biol 224:861-873.
180. Giraud-Guille MM. 1996. Twisted liquid crystalline supramolecular arrangements in morphogenesis. Int Rev Cytol 166:59-101.
181. Harley R, James D, Miller A, White JW. 1977. Phonons and the elastic moduli of collagen and muscle. Nature 267:285-287.
182. Hofmann H, Voss T, Kuhn K, Engel J. 1984. Localization of flexible sites in thread-like molecules fromelectron micrographs-comparison of interstitial, basement membrane and intima collagen. J Mol Biol 172:325-343.
183. Koivunen J. 2003. NF1 tumor suppressor in epidermal differentiation and growth: implications for wound epithelialization and psoriasis, Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, Medica, D746.
184. Mackay AL. 1999. Crystal souls (a translation of E Haeckel, 1917. Kristallseelen-studien für das anorganische Leben, Alfred Kroner Verlag, Leibzig). FORMA 14:1-146.
185. Mow V, Ratcliffe A, Poole AR. 1992. Cartilage and diarthrodial joints as paradigms for hierarchical materials and structures. Biomaterials 13:67-97.
186. Nestler FHM, Hvidt S, Ferry JD. 1983. Flexibility of collagen determined from dilute solution viscoelastic measurements. Biopolymers 22:1747-1758.
187. Neville AC. 1993. Biology of fibrous composites. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
188. Nordin M, Frankel VH. 1989. Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, 2nd ed., Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
189. Pierard GE, Lapiere M. 1976. Skin in dermatosparaxis: dermal microarchitecture and biomechanical properties. J Invest Dermatol 66:2-7.
190. Radler JO, Koltover I. 1997. Structure of DNA-cationic liposome complexes: DNA intercalation in multilamellar membranes in distin. Science 275:810-814.
191. Rudall KM. 1956. Protein ribbons and sheets. In Lectures on the scientific basis of medicine, pp 217-230. London: Athlone Press.
192. Sasaki N, Odajima S. 1996a. Stress-strain curve and Young's modulus of a collagen molecule as determined by the x-ray diffraction technique. J Biomech 29:655-659.
193. Sasaki N, Odajima S. 1996b. Elongation mechanism of collagen fibrils and force-strain relations of tendon at each level of structural hierarchy. J Biomech 29:1131-1136.
194. Silver FH, Freeman JW, Seehra GP. 2003. Collagen self-assembly and the development of tendon mechanical properties. J Biomech 36:1529-1554.
195. Smith AD, ed. 2000. Dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology. Oxford: Oxford UP.
196. Trelstad RL. 1984. The role of extracellular matrix in development. New York: Alan R. Liss.
197. Trelstad RL, Hayashi K. 1979. Tendon fibrillogenesis: intracellular collagen subassemblies and cell surface charges associated with fibril growth. Dev Biol 7: 228-242
198. Trelstad RL, Silver FH. 1981. Matrix assembly. In Cell biology of the extracellular matrix, pp. 179-216. Ed ED Hay. New York: Plenum.
199. Viidik A. 1990. Structure and function of normal and healing tendons and ligaments. In Proceedings of a symposium on biomechanics of diarthrodial joints, 1st World Congress on Biomechanics. Ed VC Mow, A Radcliffe, SL-Y Woo. Berlin: Springer.
200. Woodhead-Galloway J. 1980. Collagen: the anatomy of a protein. Studies in Biology no. 117. London: Arnold.
201. Ashman RB, Cowin SC, Van Buskirk WC, Rice JC. 1984. A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone. J Biomech 17:349-361.
202. Atkinson PJ, Hallsworth AS. 1983. The changing structure of aging human mandibular bone. Gerodontology 2:57-66.
203. Baylink D, Wergedal J. 1971. Bone formation and resorption by osteocytes. In Cellular mechanisms for calcium transfer and homeostasis, ed. G Nichols Jr, pp. 257-289. New York: Academic Press.
204. Bell JF. 1973. The experimental methods of solid mechanics. In Handbuch der physik, Vol. Via/1, ed. C Truesdell, pp. 1-813. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
205. Brooks M, Revell W. 1998. Blood supply of bone. London: Springer.
206. Brown TD, Pedersen DR, Gray ML, Brand RA, Rubin CT. 1990. Toward an identification of mechanical parameters initiating periosteal remodeling: a combined experimental and analytic approach. J Biomech 23:893-905.
207. Cezayirlioglu H, Bahniuk E, Davy DT, Heiple KG. 1985. Anisotropic behavior of bone under combined axial force and torque. J Biomech 18:61-72.
208. Cormack DM. 1987. Ham's histology, 9th ed. Chapter 12. Philadelphia: Lippincott. Cowin SC. 1981. Mechanical properties of bones. In Mechanics of structured media, ed. APS Selvadurai, pp. 151-184. Philadelphia: Elsevier.
209. Cowin SC. 1985. The relationship between the elasticity tensor and the fabric tensor. Mech Mater 4:137-147.
210. Cowin SC. 1989. Bone mechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
211. Cowin SC. 1999. Bone poroelasticity. J Biomech 32:218-238.
212. Currey JD. 2002. Bones. Princeton: Princeton UP.
213. Cowin SC, ed. 2001. Bone mechanics handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (ISBN/ISSN: 0849391172).
214. Cowin SC. 2003. Adaptive elasticity: A review and critique of a bone tissue adaptation model. Eng Trans 51:1-79.
215. Cowin SC, Hegedus DH. 1976. Bone remodeling, I: theory of adaptive elasticity. J Biomech 6:313-326.
216. Cowin SC, Mehrabadi MM. 1989. Identification of the elastic symmetry of bone and other materials. J Biomech 22:503-515.
217. Cowin SC, Moss ML. 2000. Mechanosensory mechanisms in bone. In Textbook of tissue engineering, 2nd ed., ed. R Lanza, R Langer, W Chick, pp. 723-738. San Diego: Academic Press.
218. Cowin SC, Van Buskirk WC, Ashman RB. 1987. The properties of bone. In Handbook of bioengineering, ed. R Skalak, S Chien, pp. 2.1-2.27. New York: McGraw-Hill.
219. Cowin SC, Weinbaum S, Yu Zeng. 1995. A case for bone canaliculi as the anatomical site of straingenerated potentials. J Biomech 28:1281-1296.
220. Cowin SC, Yang G. 1997. Averaging anisotropic elastic constant data. J Elast 46:151-180.
221. Currey JD. 1960. Differences in the blood supply of bone of different histological type. Q J Microsc Sci 101:351-370.
222. Currey JD. 1979. Changes in the impact energy absorption of bone with age. J Biomech 12:459-470.
223. Currey JD. 1984. The mechanical adaptation of bones. Princeton: Princeton UP.
224. Currey JD. 2002. Bones. Princeton: Princeton UP.
225. De Groot SR, Mazur P. 1969. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Amsterdam: North Holland.
226. Detournay E, Cheng H-DA. 1993. Fundamentals of poroelasticity. In Comprehensive rock engineering: principles, practice and projects. ed. JA Hudson, pp. 113-171. Oxford: Pergamon.
227. Evans FG. 1973. Mechanical properties of bone. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
228. Frost HM. 1960. Measurement of osteocytes per unit volume and volume components of osteocytes and canaliculae [sic] in man. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull 8:208-211.
229. Frost HM. 1962. Specific surface and specific volume of normal human lamellar bone. Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull 10:35-41.
230. Frost HM. 1964. The laws of bone structure. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
231. Frost HM. 1969. Tetracycline-based histological analysis of bone remodeling. Calcif Tissue Res 3:211-237.
232. Harrigan T, Mann RW. 1984. Characterization of microstructural anisotropy in orthotropic materials using a second rank tensor. J Mater Sci 19:761-767.
233. Hegedus DH, Cowin SC. 1976. Bone remodeling, II: small strain adaptive elasticity. J Elast 6:337-352.
234. Hodgskinson R, Currey JD. 1990a. Effects of structural variation on Young's modulus of non-human cancellous bone. J Eng Med, Proc. Inst Mech Eng 204:43-52.
235. Hodgskinson R, Currey JD. 1990b. The effect of variation in the structure on Young's modulus of cancellous bone: a comparison of human and non-human material. J Eng Med, Proc Inst Mech Eng 204:115-121.
236. Hollister SJ, Fyhrie DP, Jepsen KJ, Goldstein SA. 1991. Application of homogenization theory to the study of trabecular bone mechanics. J Biomech 24:825-839.
237. Jaworski ZFG, Liskova-Kiar M, Uhthoff HK. 1980. Effect of long-term immobilization on the pattern of bone loss in older dogs. J Bone Joint Surg 62B:104-111.
238. Jee WSS. 1983. The skeletal tissues. In Cell and tissue biology, 6th ed., ed. L. Weiss, pp. 200-255. Baltimore: Urban and Schwartzenberg.
239. Kabel J, van Rietbergen B, Dalstra M, Odgaard A, Huiskes R. 1999. The role of an effective isotropic tissue modulus in the elastic properties of cancellous bone. Submitted to J Biomech 32:673-680.
240. Keaveny TM, Pinilla TP, Crawford RP, Kopperdahl DL, Lou A. 1997. Systematic and random errors in the testing of trabecular bone. J Orthop Res 15:101-110.
241. Knets I, Malmeister A. 1977. Deformability and strength of human compact bone tissue: mechanics of Biological Solids. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
242. Lanyon LE, Goodship AE, Pye CJ, MacFie JH. 1982. Mechanically adaptive bone remodeling. J Biomech 15:141-154.
243. Li G, Bronk JT, An KN, Kelly PJ. 1987. Permeability of cortical bone of canine tibiae. Microcirc Res 34:302-311.
244. Macaulay MA. 1987. Introduction to impact engineering, pp. 201-30. London: Chapman and Hall.
245. Martin RB, Burr DB. 1989. Structure, function and adaptation of compact bone. New York: Raven Press.
246. Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. 1998. Skeletal tissue mechanics. New York: Springer.
247. Morris MA, Lopez-Curato JA, Hughes SPF, An KN, Bassingthwaighte JB, et al. 1982. Fluid spaces in canine bone and marrow. Microvasc Res 23:188-200.
248. Meyer GH. 1867. Die architectur der spongiosa. Arch Anat Physiol Wiss Med, Reich DuBois-Reymon Arch 34:615-628.
249. Odgaard A. 1997. Three-dimensional methods for quantification of cancellous bone architecture. Bone 20:315-328.
250. Odgaard A, Kabel J, van Rietbergen B, Dalstra M, Huiskes R. 1997. Fabric and elastic principal directions of cancellous bone are closely related. J Biomech 30:487-495.
251. Pollack SR, Salzstein R, Pienkowski D. 1984. The electric double layer in bone and its influence onstress-generated potentials. Calcif Tissue Int 36:S77-S81.
252. Reid SE, Reid SE Jr. 1984. Head and neck injuries in sports, p. 54. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
253. Reilly DT, Burstein AH, Frankel VH. 1974. The elastic modulus for bone. J Biomech 7:271-281.
254. Reilly DT, Burstein AH. 1975. The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue. J Biomech 8:393-405.
255. Rice JC, Cowin SC, Bowman JA. 1988. On the dependence of the elasticity and the strength of cancellous bone on apparent density. J Biomech 22:155-168.
256. Rice JR, Cleary MP. 1976. Some basic stress diffusion solutions for fluid-saturated elastic porous media with compressible constituents. Rev Geophys Space Phys 14:227-241.
257. Rouhana SW, Johnson MW, Chakkalakal DR, Harper RA, Katz JL. 1981. Permeability of compact bone. Joint ASME-ASCE Conf Biomech Symp 43:169-172.
258. Salzstein RA, Pollack SR. 1987. Electromechanical potentials in cortical bone, II: experimental analysis. J Biomech 20:271-280.
259. Salzstein RA, Pollack SR, Mak AFT, Petrov N. 1987. Electromechanical potentials in cortical bone, I: a continuum approach. J Biomech 20:261-270.
260. Schaffler MB, Burr DB. 1988. Stiffness of compact bone: effects of porosity and density. J Biomech 21.13-16.
261. Siperko LM, Landis WJ. 2001. Aspects of mineral structure in normally calcifying avian tendon. J Struct Biol 135:313-320.
262. Smit TH, Huyghe JM, Cowin SC. 2002. Estimation of the poroelastic parameters of bone. J Biomech 35:829-836.
263. Starkebaum W, Pollack SR, Korostoff E. 1979. Microelectrode studies of stress-generated potentials in four-point bending of bone. J Biomed Mater Res 13:729-751.
264. Turner CH, Cowin SC, Rho JY, Ashman RB, Rice JC. 1990. The fabric dependence of the orthotropic elastic properties of cancellous bone. J Biomech 23:549-561.
265. Uhthoff HK, Jaworski ZFG. 1978. Bone loss in response to long-term immobilization. J Bone Joint Surg 60-B:420-429.
266. Van Leeuwenhoeck A. 1678. Microscopical observations on the structure of teeth and other bones. Phil Trans Roy Soc 12:1002-1003.
267. Van Rietbergen B, Odgaard A, Kabel J, Huiskes R. 1996. Direct mechanical assessment of elastic symmetries and properties of trabecular bone architecture. J Biomech 29:1653-1657.
268. Van Rietbergen B, Odgaard A, Kabel J, Huiskes R. 1998. Relationships between bone morphology and bone elastic properties can be accurately quantified using high-resolution computer reconstructions. J Orthop Res 16:23-28.
269. Wang L, Fritton SP, Cowin SC, Weinbaum S. 1999. Fluid pressure relaxation depends upon osteonal microstructure: modeling of an oscillatory bending experiment. J Biomech 32:663-672.
270. Weinbaum S, Cowin SC, Zeng Yu. 1991. A model for the fluid shear stress excitation of membrane ion channels in osteocytic processes due to bone strain. 1991 advances in bioengineering, pp. 317-20, ed. R Vanderby. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
271. Wertheim G. 1847. Mémorie sur l'elasticité et la cohésion des principaux tissues du corps humain. Annals de chemie et de physique (3rd ser) 21:385-414.
272. Weinbaum S, Cowin SC, Zeng Yu. 1994. A model for the excitation of osteocytes by mechanical loading-induced bone fluid shear stresses. J Biomech 27:339-360.
273. Whitehouse WJ. 1974. The quantitative morphology of anisotropic trabecular bone. J Microsc 101:153-168.
274. Whitehouse WJ, Dyson ED. 1974. Scanning electron microscope studies of trabecular bone in the proximal end of the human femur. J Anat 118:417-444.
275. Williams EA, Fitzgerald RHJ, Kelly PJ. 1984. Microcirculation in bone. In The physiology and pharmacology of the microcirculation, ed. NA Mortillaro. New York: Academic Press.
276. Wolff J. 1870. Uber der innere Architektur der Knochen und ihre Bedeutung fur die Frage vom Knochenwachstum. Arch Path Anat Physiol Med, Virchovs Arch 50:389-453.
277. Wolff J. 1892. Das gesetz der transformation der knochen. Berlin: Hirschwald.
278. Wolff J. 1986. The law of bone remodelling. Berlin: Springer.
279. Woo SLY, Kuei SC, Dillon WA, Amiel D, White FC, et al. 1981. The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone-a study of Wolff's Law. J Bone Joint Surg 63-A:780-787.
280. Yang G, Kabel J, van Rietbergen B, Odgaard A, Huiskes R, et al. 1999. The anisotropic Hooke's law for cancellous bone and wood. J Elast 53:125-146.
281. Yoon HS, Katz JL. 1976. Ultrasonic wave propagation in human cortical bone, II: measurements of elastic properties and micro-hardness. J Biomech 9:459-470.
282. Zhang D, Cowin SC, Weinbaum S. 1997. Electrical signal transmission and gap junction regulation in bone cell network: a cable model for an osteon. Ann Biomed Eng 25:357-374.
283. Zhang D, Weinbaum S, Cowin SC. 1998. Estimates of the peak pressures in the bone pore water. J Biomech Eng 120:697-703.
284. Brand R, Claes L. 1989. Review of the English translation of the book The Law of Bone Remodelling by J. Wolff. J Biomech 22:185-187.
285. Brown TD. 2001. Devices and techniques for in vitro mechanical stimulation of bone cells. Chapter 27 in Bone mechanics handbook, ed. SC Cowin. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
286. SC. 2003. Adaptive elasticity: a review and critique of a bone tissue adaptation model. Eng Trans 51:1-79.
287. Cowin SC, Hegedus DH. 1976. Bone remodeling, I: theory of adaptive elasticity. J Biomech 6:313-326.
288. Cowin SC, Mehrabadi MM. 1989. Identification of the elastic symmetry of bone and other materials. J Biomech 22:503-515.
289. Cowin SC, Moss ML. 2000. Mechanosensory mechanisms in bone. In Textbook of tissue engineering, 2nd ed., ed. R Lanza, R Langer, W Chick, pp. 723-738. San Diego: Academic Press.
290. Cowin SC, Moss ML. 2001. Mechanosensory mechanisms in bone. Bone mechanics handbook, ed. SC Cowin. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
291. Cowin SC, Nachlinger RR. 1978. Bone remodeling, III: uniqueness and stability in adaptive elasticity theory. J Elast 8:285-295.
292. Cowin SC, Van Buskirk WC. 1979. Surface bone remodeling induced by a medullary pin. J Biomech 12:269-276.
293. Cowin SC, Hart RT, Balser JR, Kohn DH. 1985. Functional adaptation in long bones: establishing invivo values for surface remodeling rate coefficients. J Biomech 18:665-684.
294. Cowin SC, Moss-Salentijn L, Moss ML. 1991. Candidates for the mechanosensory system in bone. J Biomech Eng 113:191-197.
295. Culmann K. 1866. Die graphische statik. Zurich: Verlag von Meyer & Zeller.
296. Currey JD. 1960. Differences in the blood supply of bone of different histological type. Q J Microsc Sci 101:351-370.
297. Currey JD. 1979. Changes in the impact energy absorption of bone with age. J Biomech 12:459-470.
298. Currey JD. 1984. The mechanical adaptation of bones. Princeton: Princeton UP.
299. Currey JD. 2002. Bones. Princeton: Princeton UP.
300. D'arcy Thompson W. 1942. On growth and form. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
301. Dibbets JMH. 1992. One century of Wolff's law. In Bone biodynamics in orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment, ed. DS Carlson, SA Goldstein, pp. 1-13 (Craniofacial Growth Series, Vol 27). Ann Arbor: U Michigan P.
302. Firoozbakhsh K, Cowin SC. 1980. Devolution of inhomogeneities in bone structure: predictions of adaptive elasticity theory. J Biomech Eng 102:287-293.
303. Frost HM. 1964. The laws of bone structure. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
304. Frost HM. 1969. Tetracycline-based histological analysis of bone remodeling. Calcif Tissue Res 3:211-237.
305. Goodship AE, Cunningham JL. 2001. Pathophysiology of functional adaptation of bone in remodelling and repair in vivo. Chapter 26 in Bone mechanics handbook, ed. SC Cowin. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
306. Hart RT. 2001. Bone modeling and remodeling. Chapter 31 in Bone mechanics handbook, ed. SC Cowin. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
307. Hegedus DH, Cowin SC. 1976. Bone remodeling, II: small strain adaptive elasticity. J Elast 6:337-352.
308. Jansen M. 1920. On bone formation-its relation to tension and pressure. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
309. Jaworski ZFG, Liskova-Kiar M, Uhthoff HK. 1980. Effect of long-term immobilization an the pattern of bone loss in older dogs. J Bone Joint Surg 62B:104-111.
310. Keith A. 1918. Hunterian lecture on Wolff's law of bone transformation. Lancet 16:250-252.
311. Koch JC. 1917. Laws of bone architecture. Am J Anat 21:177-298.
312. Lanyon LE. 1984. Functional strain as a determinant for bone remodeling. Calcif Tissue Int 36:S56-S61.
313. Lanyon LE, Goodship AE, Pye CJ, MacFie JH. 1982. Mechanically adaptive bone remodeling. J Biomech 15:141-154.
314. Martin RB, Burr DB. 1989. Structure, function and adaptation of compact bone. New York: Raven Press.
315. Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. 1998. Skeletal tissue mechanics. New York: Springer.
316. Murray PDF. 1936. Bones-a study of the development and structure of the vertebrate skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
317. Roesler H. 1987. The history of some fundamental concepts in bone biomechanics. J Biomech 20:1025-1034.
318. Roux W. 1885. Beitrage zur morphologie der funktionellen anpassung. Arch Anat Physiol Anat Abt, pp. 120-185.
319. Seireg A, Arvikar RJ. 1975. The prediction of muscular load sharing and joint forces in the lower extremities during walking. J Biomech 8:89-102.
320. Timoshenko S. 1955. Strength of materials, 3rd ed., Vol. 1, Chapter 8. New York: Van Nostrand.
321. Uhthoff HK, Jaworski ZFG. 1978. Bone loss in response to long term immobilization. J Bone Joint Surg 60-B:420-429.
322. Van Cochran C. 1982. Primer of orthopaedic biomechanics. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
323. Weinbaum S, Cowin SC, Zeng Yu. 1994. A model for the excitation of osteocytes by mechanical loading-induced bone fluid shear stresses. J Biomech 27:339-360.
324. Wolff J. 1870. Uber der innere architektur der knochen und ihre bedeutung fur die frage vom knochenwachstum. Arch Path Anat Physiol Med, Virchovs Arch 50:389-453.
325. Wolff J. 1892. Das gesetz der transformation der knochen. Berlin: Hirschwald.
326. Wolff J. 1986. The law of bone remodelling. Berlin: Springer.
327. Woo SLY, Kuei SC, Dillon WA, Amiel D, White FC, et al. 1981. The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone-a study of Wolff's Law. J Bone Joint Surg 63-A:780-787.
328. Zhang D, Cowin SC, Weinbaum S. 1997. Electrical signal transmission and gap junction regulation in bone cell network: a cable model for an osteon. Ann Biomed Eng 25:357-374.
329. Alexander AE, Johnson P. 1949. Colloidal science. Oxford: OUP.
330. Ateshian GA, Likhitpanichkulk M, Hung CT. 2005. A mixture theory analysis for passive transport in osmotic loading of cells. J Biomech. In press. Available at http://www.columbia.edu/~ga29/pdf/AteshianJBinPress.pdf.
331. Atkin RJ, Craine RE. 1976a. Continuum theories of mixtures: basic theory and historical development. Q J Mech Appl Math 29:209-244.
332. Atkin RJ, Craine RE. 1976b. Continuum theories of mixtures: applications. J Inst Math Appl 17:153-207.
333. Biot MA. 1935. Le problème de la consolidation des matières argileuses sous une charge. Ann Soc Sci Bruxelles B55:110-113.
334. Biot MA. 1941. General theory of three-dimensional consolidation. J Appl Phys 12:155-164.
335. Biot MA. 1956a. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid, I: low frequency range. J Acoust Soc Am 28:168-178.
336. Biot MA. 1956b. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid, II: higher frequency range. J Acoust Soc Am 28:179-191.
337. Biot MA. 1962. Generalized theory of acoustic propagation in porous dissipative media. J Acoust Soc Am 34:1254-1264.
338. Biot MA. 1972. Theory of finite deformation of porous solids. Indiana Univ Math J 21:597-620.
339. Biot MA. 1982. Generalized Lagrangian equations of non-linear reaction-diffusion. Chem Phys 66:11-26
340. Biot MA, Willis DG. 1957. The elastic coefficients of the theory of consolidation. J Appl Mech 24:594-601.
341. Bowen RM. 1967. Toward a thermodynamics and mechanics of mixtures. Arch Rat Mech Anal 24:370-403.
342. Bowen RM. 1976. Theory of mixtures. In Continuum physics, Vol 3: Mixtures and EM field theories, ed. AC Eringen, pp. 1-127. New York: Academic Press.
343. Bowen RM. 1980. Incompressible porous media models by use of the theory of mixtures. Int J Eng Sci 18:1129-1148.
344. Bowen RM. 1982. Compressible porous media models by use of the theory of mixtures. Int J Eng Sci 20:697-735.
345. Burridge R, Keller JB. 1981. Poroelasticity equations derived from microstructure. J Acoust Soc Am 70:1140-1146.
346. Carroll MM. 1979. An effective stress-strain law for anisotropic elastic deformation. J Geophys Res 84:7510-7512.
347. Coelho D, Shapiro M, Thovert JF, Adler PM. 1996. Electroosmotic phenomena in porous media. J Colloid Interface Sci 181:169-190.
348. Coleman BD, Noll W. 1963. The thermodynamics of elastic materials with heat conduction. Arch Rat Mech Anal 13:167-178.
349. Coussy O. 1995. Mechanics of porous continua. New York: Wiley.
350. De Boer R. 1996. Highlights in the historical development of the porous media theory: toward a consistent macroscopic theory. Appl Mech Rev 49:201-262.
351. De Boer R. 2000. Theory of porous media: highlights in the historical development and current state. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
352. De Groot SR, Mazur P. 1969. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Amsterdam: North Holland. Denbigh KG. 1951. The thermodynamics of the steady state. London: Methuen.
353. Donnan FG. 1924. The theory of membrane equilibria. Chem Rev 1:73-90.
354. Evans DF, Wennerström H. 1999. The colloidal domain, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-VCH.
355. Fick A. 1855. Über diffusion. Ann Phys 94:59-86.
356. Friedman MH. 1986. Principles and models of biological transport. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
357. Frijns AJH, Huyghe JM, Janssen JD. 1997. A validation of the quadriphasic mixture theory for intervertebral disc tissue. Int J Eng Sci 35:1419-1429.
358. Goodman MA, Cowin SC. 1972. A continuum theory for granular materials. Arch Rat Mech Anal 44:249-266.
359. Gu WY, Lai WM, Mow VC. 1993. Transport of fluid and ions through a porous-permeable chargedhydrated tissue, and streaming potential data on normal bovine articular cartilage. J Biomech 26:709-723.
360. Gu WY, Lai WM, Mow VC. 1997. A triphasic analysis of negative osomotic flows through charged hydrated soft tissues. J Biomech 30:71-78.
361. Gu WY, Lai WM, Mow VC. 1998. A mixture theory for charged-hydrated soft tissues containing multielectrolytes: passive transport and swelling behaviors. J Biomech Eng 120:169-180.
362. Gu WY, Lai WM, Mow, VC. 1999. Transport of multi-electrolytes in charged hydrated soft tissues. Transport Porous Media 34:143-157.
363. Huyghe JM. 2004. Private communication.
364. Huyghe JM, Bovendeerd PHM. 2003. Biological Mixtures. Lecture notes for course 4A650, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.
365. Huyghe JM, Janssen JD. 1997. Quadriphasic mechanics of swelling incompressible porous media. Int J Eng Sci 35:793-802.
366. Huyghe JM, Janssen JD. 1999. Thermo-chemo-electro-mechanical formulation of saturated charged porous media. Transp Porous Media 34:120-141.
367. Huyghe JM, Oomens CW, van Campen DH, Heethaar RM. 1989. Low Reynolds number steady state flow through a branching network of rigid vessels. Biorheology 26:55-71.
368. Huyghe JM, van Campen DH. 1995a. Finite deformation theory of hierarchically arranged porous solids, I: balance of mass and momentum. Int J Eng Sci 33:1861-1871.
369. Huyghe JM, van Campen DH. 1995b. Finite deformation theory of hierarchically arranged porous solids, II: constitutive behavior. Int J Eng Sci 33:1873-1886.
370. Lai WM, Gu WY, Mow VC. 1998. On the conditional equivalence of chemical loading and mechanical loading on articular cartilage. J Biomech 31:1181-1185.
371. Lai WM, Hou JS, Mow VC. 1991. A triphasic theory for the swelling and deformation behaviors of articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng 113:245-258.
372. Lai WM, Mow VC, Sun DD, Ateshian GA. 2000. On the electric potentials inside a charged soft hydrated biological tissue: streaming potential versus diffusion potential. J Biomech Eng 122:336-346.
373. Lakshminarayanaiah N. 1984. Equations of membrane biophysics. Orlando: Academic Press.
374. Lanir Y. 1987. Biorheology and fluid flux in swelling tissues, I: Bicomponent theory for small deformations,including concentration effects. Biorheology 24:173-187.
375. Mow VC, Lai WL. 1980. Recent developments in synovial joint mechanics. SIAM Rev 22:275-317.
376. Mow VC, Kuei SC, Lai WL, Armstrong C. 1980. Biphasic creep and stress relaxation of articular cartilagein compression: theory and experiments. J Biomech Eng 102:73-84.
377. Mow VC, Wang CC, Hung CT. 1999. The extracellular matrix, interstitial fluid and ions as a mechanical signal transducer in articular cartilage. Osteoarth Cart 7:41-58.
378. Müller I. 1968. A thermodynamic theory of mixtures. Arch Rat Mech Anal 28:1-39.
379. Müller I. 1985. Thermodynamics. Boston: Pitman.
380. Oomens CWJ, van Campen DH, Gorrtenboer HJ. 1987. A mixture approach to the mechanics of skin. J Biomech 20:887-885.
381. Rice JR, Cleary MP. 1976. Some basic stress diffusion solutions for fluid-saturated elastic porous media with compressible constituents. Rev Geophys Space Phys 14:227-241.
382. Skempton AW. 1954. The pore pressure coefficients A and B. Géotechnique 4:143-147.
383. Slattery JC. 1967. Flow of viscoelastic fluids through porous media. AIChE J 13:1066-1071.
384. Stefan J. 1871. Über das gleichgewicht und bewegung, insbesondere die diffusion von gasmengen. Sitzgesber Akad Wiss Wein 632:63-124.
385. Thompson M, Willis Jr. 1991. A reformation of the equations of anisotropic poroelasticity. J Appl Mech 58:612-616.
386. Truesdell CA. 1957. Sulle basi della termomeccania. Rend Lincei 22:33-38, 1158-166.
387. Truesdell CA, Toupin RA. 1960. The classical field theories. In Handbuch der physik, ed. S Flugge, pp. 226-859. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
388. Truskey GA, Yuan F, Katz DF. 2004. Transport phenomena in biological systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
389. Vankan WJ, Huyghe JM, Janssen JD, Huson A. 1996. Poroelasticity of saturated solids with an application to blood perfusion. Int J Eng Sci 34:1019-1031.
390. Vankan WJ, Huyghe JM, Janssen TJD, Huson A, Hacking WJG, Schreiner W. 1997a. Finite element analysis of blood flow through biological tissue. Int J Eng Sci 35:375-385.
391. Vankan WJ, Huyghe JM, Drost MR, Janssen JD, Huson A. 1997b. A finite element model for hierarchical porous media. Int J Num Meths Eng 40:1019-1031.
392. Whitaker S. 1967. Diffusion and dispersion in porous media. AIChE J 13:420-427.
393. Adams ME, Hukins DWL. 1992. The extracellular matrix of the meniscus. In Knee meniscus: basic and clinical foundations, ed. VC Mow, SP Arnoczky, DW Jackson, pp. 14-28. New York: Raven Press.
394. Ahmed AM. 1992. The load-bearing role of the knee menisci. In Knee meniscus: basic and clinical foundations, ed. VC Mow, SP Arnoczky, DW Jackson, pp. 59-73. New York: Raven Press.
395. Arnoczky SP. 1992. Gross and vascular anatomy of the meniscus and its role in meniscal healing, regeneration, and remodeling. In Knee meniscus: basic and clinical foundations, ed. VC Mow, SP Arnoczky, DW Jackson, pp. 1-14. New York: Raven Press.
396. Aspeden RM, Yarker YE, Hukins DWL. 1985. Collagen orientations in the meniscus of the knee joint. J Anat 140:371-380.
397. Ateshian GA, Chahine NO, Basalo IM, Hung CT. 2004. The correspondence between equilibrium biphasic and triphasic material properties in mixture models of articular cartilage. J Biomech 37:391-400.
398. Ateshian GA, Soltz MA, Mauck RL, Basalo IM, Hung CT, Lai WM. 2003. The role of osmotic pressure and tension-compression nonlinearity in the frictional response of articular cartilage. Transp Porous Media 50:5-33.
399. Balazs F, Gibbs D. 1970. The rheological properties and biological function of hyaluronic acid. In Chemistry and biology of the intercellular matrix, ed. F Balazs, pp. 1241-1253. Academic Press.
400. Bogduk N. 1997. Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum, 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livinstone. Caplan AI. 1984. Cartilage. Sci Am 251:84-94.
401. Chahine NO, Wang CC-B, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. 2004. Anisotropic strain-dependent material properties of bovine articular cartilage in the transitional range from tension to compression. J Biomech 37:1251-1261.
402. Conrad BP. 2001. The effects of glucosamine and chondroitin on the viscosity of synovial fluid in patients with osteoarthritis. Masters of Engineering Thesis, University of Florida.
403. Eyre D. 2002. Articular cartilage and changes in arthritis: collagen of articular cartilage. Arthr Res Ther 4:30-35.
404. Gu WY, Lai WM, Mow VC. 1998. A mixture theory for charged-hydrated soft tissues containing multielectrolytes: passive transport and swelling behaviors. J Biomech Eng 120:169-180.
405. Hultkrantz J. 1898. Ueber die spaltrichtungen der gelenkknorpel. Verh Anat Ges 12:248-256.
406. Huyghe JM, Janssen JD. 1997. Quadriphasic mechanics of swelling incompressible porous media. Int J Eng Sci 35:793-802.
407. Lai WM, Hou JS, Mow VC. 1991. A triphasic theory for the swelling and deformation behaviors of articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng 113:245-258.
408. Lee RC, Frank EH, Grodzinsky AJ, Roylance DK. 1981. Oscillatory compressional behavior of articular cartilage and its associated electromechanical properties. J Biomech Eng 103:280-292.
409. LeRoux MA, Setton LA. 2002. Experimental and biphasic FEM determinations of the material properties and hydraulic permeability of the meniscus in tension. J Biomech Eng 124:315-321.
410. Mow VC, Radcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. 1990. Biomechanics of diarthroidal joints, Vols. 1 and 2. New York: Springer.
411. Mow VC, Radcliffe A, Poole, AR. 1992a. Cartilage and diarthroidal joints as paradigms for hierarchical materials. Biomaterials 13:67-97.
412. Mow VC, Radcliffe A, Chern KY, Kelly MA. 1992b. Structure and function relationships of the menisciof the knee. In Knee meniscus: basic and clinical foundations, ed. VC Mow, SP Arnoczky, DW Jackson, pp. 37-57. New York: Raven Press.
413. Mow VC, Proctor CS, Kelly, MA. 1989. Biomechanics of articular cartilage. In Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, 2nd ed., ed. M Nordin, VH Frankel, pp. 31-58. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
414. Panagiotacopulos ND, Bloch R, Knauss WG, Harvey P, Patzakis M. 1977. Viscoelastic behavior of the human intervertebral disc under consideration of moisture migration. Interim Progress Report, AFOSR Grant #77-3139, Cal Tech, June 27.
415. Poole CA, Flint MH, Beaumont BW. 1987. Chondrons in cartilage: ultrastructural analysis of the pericellular microenvironment in adult human articular cartilages. J Orthop Res 5:509-522.
416. Poole CA, Ayad S, Schofield Jr. 1988. Chondrons from articular cartilage, I: immunolocalization of type VI collagen in the pericellular capsule of isolated canine tibial chondrons. J Cell Sci 90:635-643.
417. Rhee DK, Marcelino J, Baker M, Gong Y, Smits P, Lefebvre V, Jay GD, Stewart M, Wang H, Warman ML, Carpten JD. 2005. The secreted glycoprotein lubricin protects cartilage surfaces and inhibits synovial cell overgrowth. J Clin Invest 115:622-631.
418. Setton LA, Guilak FG, Hsu EW, Vail TP. 1999. Biomechanical factors in tissue engineered meniscal repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res 367S:S254-S272.
419. Soltz MA, Ateshian GA. 1998. Experimental verification and theoretical prediction of cartilage interstitial fluid pressurization at an impermeable contact interface in confined compression. J Biomech 31:927-934.
420. Soltz MA, Ateshian GA. 2000a. A conewise linear elasticity mixture model for the analysis of tensioncompression nonlinearity in articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng 122:576-586.
421. Soltz MA, Ateshian GA. 2000b. Interstitial fluid pressurization during confined compression cyclical loading of articular cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 28:150-159.
422. Soulhat J, Buschmann MD, Shirazi-Adl A. 1999. A fibril network-reinforced biphasic model of cartilage in unconfined compression. J Biomech Eng 121:340-347.
423. Truskey GA, Fan Y, Katz DF. 2004. Transport prenomena in biological systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
424. Wang CC-B, Chahinea NO, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. 2003. Optical determination of anisotropic material properties of bovine articular cartilage in compression. J Biomech 36:339-353.
425. Wyland DJ, Guilak F, Elliott DM, Setton LA, Vail TP. 2002. Chondropathy after meniscal tear or partial meniscectomy in a canine model. J Orthop Res 20:996-1002.
426. Cowin SC, Humphrey JH, eds. 2001. Cardiovascular soft tissue mechanics. New York: Kluwer
427. [This volume is a reprint of a special issue of the Journal of Elasticity 61(1-3), 2001, on the topic of the "Finite Elastic Modeling of Soft Tissue Deformation."]
428. Danielson DA. 1973. Human skin as an elastic membrane. J Biomech 6:539-546.
429. Danielson DA, Natarajan S. 1975. Tension field theory and the stress in stretched skin. J Biomech 8:135-142.
430. Debes J, Fung YC. 1992. The effect of temperature on the biaxial mechanics of excised lung parenchyma of the dog. J Appl Physiol 73:1171-1180.
431. Flory PJ. 1961. Thermodynamic relations for high elastic materials. Trans Faraday Soc 57:829-838.
432. Fung YC. 1967. Elasticity of soft tissues in simple elongation. Am J Physiol 213:1532-1544.
433. Fung YC. 1968. Biomechanics: its scope, history, and some problems of continuum mechanics in physiology. Appl Mech Rev 21:1-20.
434. Fung YC. 1972. Stress-strain history of soft tissues in simple elongation. In Biomechanics, its foundations and objectives, ed. YC Fung, N Perrone, M, pp. 181-208. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
435. Fung YC. 1993. Biomechanics-mechanical properties of living tissues, 2nd ed. New York: Springer.
436. Fung YC, Fronek K, Patitucci P. 1979. Pseudoelasticity of arteries and the choice of its mathematical expression. Am J Physiol 237:H620-H631.
437. Green AE, Adkins JE. 1960. Large elastic deformations and non-linear continuum mechanics. Oxford: Claredon.
438. Haut RC, Little RW. 1972. A constitutive equation for collagen fibers. J Biomech 5:423-430.
439. Holzapfel GA. 2000. Nonlinear solid mechanics. New York: Wiley.
440. Holzapfel GA, Gasser TC, Ogden RW. 2001. A new constitutive framework for arterial wall mechanics and a comparative study of material models. J Elast 61:1-48.
441. Humphrey JD. 2002. Cardiovascular solid mechanics. New York: Springer.
442. Januzemis, W. 1967. Continuum mechanics. New York: Macmillian.
443. Lanir Y. 1979a. A structural theory for the homogeneous biaxial stress-strain relationship in flat collagenous tissues. J Biomech 12:423-436.
444. Lanir Y. l979b. The rheological behavior of the skin: experimental results and a structural model. Biorheology 16:191-202.
445. Lanir Y. l983. Constitutive equations for fibrous connective tissues. J Biomech 16:1-12.
446. Lanir Y, Fung YC. 1974a. Two-dimensional mechanical properties of rabbit skin, I: experimental system.J Biomech 7:29-34.
447. Lanir Y, Fung YC. 1974b. Two-dimensional mechanical properties of rabbit skin, II: experimental results. J Biomech 7:171-182.
448. Lockett FJ. 1972. Nonlinear viscoelastic solids. New York: Academic Press.
449. Mooney M. 1940. A theory of large elastic deformation. J Appl Phys 11:582-592.
450. Ogden RW. 1984. Non-linear elastic deformations. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
451. Pipkin AC. 1972. Lectures on viscoelasticity theory. New York: Springer.
452. Pipkin AC, Roger TG. 1968. A nonlinear integral representation for viscoelastic behavior. J Mech Phys Solids 16:59-74.
453. Rivlin RS, Saunders DW. 1951. Large elastic deformations of isotropic materials, VII: experiments on the deformation of rubber. Philos Trans Soc London A 243:251-288.
454. Rivlin RS, Saunders DW. 1976. The strain energy function for elastomers. Trans Soc Rheol 20:545-557.
455. Taber LA. 2004. Nonlinear theory of elasticity-applications in biomechanics. London: World Scientific.
456. Takamizawa K, Hayashi K. 1987. Strain energy density function and uniform strain hypothesis for arterial mechanics. J Biomech 20:7-17.
457. Thomson W (Lord Kelvin), Tait PG. 1867. Treatise on natural philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
458. Tong P, Fung YC. 1976. The stress-strain relationship for the skin. J Biomech 9:649-657.
459. Treloar LRG. 1967. The physics of rubber elasticity, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford UP.
460. Truesdell CA. 1960. Principles of continuum mechanics. Colloquium Lectures in Pure and Applied Science. Dallas: Socony Mobil Oil.
461. Truesdell CA, Noll W. 1965. The non-linear field theories of mechanics. In Handbuch der physik, ed. SFlugge, pp. 1-602. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
462. Truesdell CA, Toupin RA. 1960. The classical field theories. In Handbuch der physik, ed. S Flugge, pp.226-880. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
463. Vaishnav RN, Young JT, Patel DJ. 1973. Distribution of stress and strain energy density through the wallthickness in a canine aortic segment. Circ Res 32:577-583.
464. Vawter D, Fung YC, West JB. 1978. Elasticity of excised dog lung parenchyma. J Appl Physiol 45:261-269.
465. Veronda DR, Westmann RA. 1970. Mechanical characterizations of skin-finite deformations. J Biomech 3:111-124.
466. Weiss JA, Gardiner JC. 2001. Computational modeling of ligament mechanics. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 29:1-70.
467. Weiss JA, Maker BN, Govindjee S. 1996. Finite element implementation of incompressible, transversely isotropic hyperelasticity. Computer Methods Appl Mech Eng 135:107-128.
468. Weiss JA, Gardiner JC, Bonifasi-Lista C. 2002. Ligament material behavior is nonlinear, viscoelastic and rate-independent under shear loading. J Biomech 35:943-950.
469. Wineman AS, Rajagopal KR. 2000. Mechanical response of polymers. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
470. Woo SL. 1982. Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments, I: quasi-static and nonlinear viscoelastic properties. Biorheology 19:385-396.
471. Yager D, Feldman H, Fung YC. 1992. Microscopic vs. macroscopic deformation of the pulmonary alveolar duct. J Appl Physiol 72:1348-1354.
472. Zeng YJ, Yager D, Fung YC. 1987. Measurement of the mechanical properties of the human lung tissue. J Biomech Eng 109:169-174.
473. Amiel D, Woo SL-Y, Harwood FL, Akeson WH. 1982. The effect of immobilization on collagen turnover in connective tissue: a biochemical- biomechanical correlation. Acta Orthop Scand 53:325-333.
474. Amiel D, Frank C, Harwood F, Fronek J, Akeson W. 1984. Tendon and ligaments: a morphological comparison. J Orthop Res 1:257-265.
475. Banes AJ, Hu P, Xiao H, Sanderson MJ, Boitano S, Brigman B, et al. 1995. Tendon cells of the epitenon and internal tendon compartment communicate mechanical signals through gap junctions and respond differentially to mechanical load and growth factors. In Repetitive motion disorders of the upper extremity, ed. SL Gordon, SJ Blair, LJ Fine LJ, pp. 231-245. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.
476. Benjamin M, Ralphs Jr. 1995. Functional and developmental anatomy of tendons and ligaments. In Repetitive motion disorders of the upper extremity, ed. SL Gordon, SJ Blair, LJ Fine LJ, pp. 185-203.
477. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Benjamin M, Ralphs Jr. 1998. Fibrocartilage in tendons and ligaments-an adaptation to compressive load. J Anat 193:481-494.
478. Bonifasi-Lista C, Lake SP, Small MS, Weiss JA. 2005. Viscoelastic properties of the human medial collateral ligament under longitudinal, transverse and shear loading. J Orthop Res 23:67-76.
479. Butler DL. 1995. Material-structural correlations in ligaments and tendons. Course notes ASE/EM 605, University of Cincinatti.
480. Butler DL, Sheh MY, Stouffer DC, Samaranayake VA, Levy MS. 1990. Surface strain variation in human patellar tendon and knee cruciate ligaments. ASME J Biomech Eng 112:38-45.
481. Butler DL, Guan Y, Kay MD, Cummings JF, Feder SM, Levy MS. 1992. Location-dependent variations in the material properties of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Biomech 25:511-518.
482. Cabaud HE, Chatty A, Gildengorin V, Feltman RJ. 1980. Exercise effects on the strength of the rat anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 8:79-87.
483. Carlstedt CA, Nordin M. 1989. Biomechanics of tendons and ligaments. In Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, 2nd ed., ed. M Nordin, VH Frankel. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
484. Chimich D, Shrive N, Frank C, Marchuk L, Bray R. 1992. Water content alters viscoelastic behavior of the normal adolescent rabbit medial collateral ligament. J Biomech 25:831-837.
485. Chen CT, Malkus DS, Vanderby R. 1998. A fiber matrix model for interstitial fluid flow and permeability in ligaments and tendons. Biorheology 35:103-118.
486. Chuong CJ, Sacks MS, Johnson RL, Reynolds R. 1991. On the anisotropy of the canine diaphragmatic central tendon. J Biomech 24:563-576.
487. Cohen, B, Lai, WM, Mow VC. 1998. A transversely isotropic biphasic model for unconfined compression of growth plate and chondroepiphysis. J Biomech Eng 120:491-496.
488. Cooper RR, Misol S. 1970. Tendon and ligament insertion. A light and electron microscopic study. J Bone Joint Surg 52A:1-20.
489. Diamant J, Keller A, Baer E, Litt M, Arridge RGC. 1972. Collagen: ultrastructure and its relation to mechanical properties as a function of aging. Proc R Soc Lond B 180:293-315.
490. Dolgo-Saburoff B. 1929. Über ursprung und insertion der skeletmuskein. Anat Anz 68:80-87.
491. Elliott DM, Robinson PS, Gimbel JA, Sarver JJ, et al. 2003. Effect of altered matrix proteins on quasilinear viscoelastic properties in transgenic mouse tail tendons. Ann Biomed Eng 31:599-605.
492. Frank C, McDonald D, Lieber R, Sabiston P. 1988. Biochemical heterogeneity within the maturing rabbit medial collateral ligament. Clin Orthop 236:279-285.
493. Fratzl P, Misof K, Zizak I, Rapp G, Amenitsch H, Bernstorff S. 1997. Fibrillar structure and mechanical properties of collagen. J Struct Biol 122:119-22.
494. Fung YC. 1967. Elasticity of soft tissues in simple elongation. Am J Physiol 213:1532-1544.
495. Fung YC. 1972. Stress-strain history of soft tissues in simple elongation. In Biomechanics, its foundationsand objectives, ed. YC Fung, N Perrone, M Anliker, pp. 181-208. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
496. Fung YC. 1993. Biomechanics-mechanical properties of living tissues, 2nd ed., New York: Springer.
497. Gardner JC, Weiss JA. 2001. Simple shear testing of parallel-fibered planar soft tissues. J Biomech Eng 123:170-175.
498. Hannafin JA, Arnoczky SP. 1994. Effect of cyclic and static tensile loading on water content and solute diffusion in canine flexor tendons: an in vitro study. J Orthop Res 12:350-356.
499. Hansen KA, Weiss JA, Barton JK. 2002. Recruitment of tendon crimp with applied tensile strain. J Biomech Eng 124:72-77.
500. Haut RC, Little RW. 1972. A constitutive equation for collagen fibers. J Biomech 5:423-430.
501. Hingorani RV, Provenzano PP, Lakes RS, Escarcega A, Vanderby R. 2004. Nonlinear viscoelasticity in rabbit medial collateral ligament. Ann Biomed Eng 32:306-312.
502. Holzapfel GA, Gasser TC, Ogden RW. 2001. A new constitutive framework for arterial wall mechanics and a comparative study of material models. J Elast 61:1-48.
503. Jenkins JT. 1976. Mechanical Properties of Tendon. Unpublished MS.
504. Józsa L, Kannus P. 1997. Human tendons: anatomy, physiology, and
505. Kannus P. 2000. Structure of the tendon connective tissue. Scand J Med Sci Sports 10:312-320.
506. Knese K-H, Biermann H. 1958. Die knockenbildung an sehnenund bandsätzen im bereich ursprunglich chondraler apophysen. Z Zell Mikrosk Anat 49:142-187.
507. Knese K-H. 1979. Stützgewebe und skelettsystem. In Handbuch der mikroskopischen anatomie des menschen il/s, ed. W von Mellendorff, W Bargmann, pp. 1-938. Berlin: Springer.
508. LeRoux MA, Setton LA. 2002. Experimental and biphasic FEM determinations of the material properties and hydraulic permeability of the meniscus in tension. J Biomech Eng 124:315-321.
509. McNeilly CM, Banes AJ, Benjamin M, Ralphs Jr. 1996. Tendon cells in vivo form a three dimensional network of cell processes linked by gap junctions. J Anat 189:593-600.
510. Misof K, Rapp G, Fratzl P. 1997a. A new molecular model for collagen based on synchrotron x-ray scattering evidence. Biophys J 72:1376-1381.
511. Misof K, Rapp G, Landis WJ, Klaushofer K, Hulmes DJS, Fratzl P. 1997b. Mechanical properties of normal and defective collagen-implications for osteogenesis imperfecta, Bone 20(Suppl. 4):11S.
512. Mommersteeg TJ, Blankevoort L, Kooloos JG, Hendriks JC, Kauer JM, Huiskes R. 1994. Nonuniform distribution of collagen density in human knee ligaments. J Orthop Res 12:238-245.
513. Nachemson AL, Evans JH. 1968. Some mechanical properties of the third human interlaminar ligament (ligamentum favum). J Biomech 1:211-216.
514. Nordin M, Frankel VH. 1989. Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
515. Noyes FR. 1977. Functional properties of knee ligaments and alterations induced by immobilization. Clin Orthop 123:210-222.
516. Noyes FR, Torvik PJ, Hyde WB, De Lucas JL. 1974. Biomechanics of ligament failure, II: an analysis of immobilization, exercise and reconditioning effects in primates. J Bone Joint Surg 56A:1406-1408.
517. Pipkin AC, Roger TG. 1968. A nonlinear integral representation for viscoelastic behavior. J Mech Phys Solids 16:59-74.
518. Provenzano PP, Lakes RS, Keenan T, Vanderby R. 2001. Nonlinear ligament viscoelasticity. Ann Biomed Eng 29:908-914.
519. Puso MA, Weiss JA. 1998. Finite-element implementation of anisotropic quasilinear viscoelasticity. J Biomech Eng 120:62-70.
520. Quapp KM, Weiss JA. 1998. Material characterization of human medial collateral ligament. J Biomech Eng 120:757-763.
521. Ralphs JR, Benjamin M, Waggett AD, Russell DC, Messner K, Gao J. 1998. Regional differences in cell shape and gap junction expression in rat Achilles tendon: relation to fibrocartilage differentiation. J Anat 193:215-222.
522. Rhee DK, Marcelino J, Baker M, Gong Y, Smits P, Lefebvre V, Jay GD, Stewart M, Wang H, Warman ML, Carpten JD. 2005. The secreted glycoprotein lubricin protects cartilage surfaces and inhibits synovial cell overgrowth. J Clin Invest 115:622-631.
523. Thornton GM, Oliynyk A, Frank CB, Shrive NG. 1997. Ligament creep cannot be predicted from stress relaxation at low stress: a biomechanical study of the rabbit medial collateral ligament. J Orthop Res 15:652-656.
524. Thornton GM, Frank CB, Shrive NG. 2001a. Ligament creep behavior can be predicted from stress relaxation by incorporating fiber recruitment. J Rheol 45:493-507.
525. Thornton GM, Shrive NG, Frank CB. 2001b. Altering ligament water content affects ligament pre-stress and creep behavior. J Orthop Res 19:845-851.
526. Thornton GM, Shrive NG, Frank CB. 2002. Ligament creep recruits fibers at low stresses and can lead to modulus-reducing fiber damage at higher creep stresses: a study in rabbit medial collateral ligament model. J Orthop Res 20:967-974.
527. Tipton CM, Schild RJ, Tomanek RJ. 1967. Influence of physical activity on the strength of knee ligaments in rats. Am J Physiol 212:783-793.
528. Tipton CM, James SL, Mergner W, Tcheng T. 1970. Influence of exercise on strength of medial collateral ligaments of dogs. Am J Physiol 218:894-905.
529. Uchiyama S, Amadio PC, Ishikawa JI, An KN. 1997. Boundary lubrication between the tendon and the pulley in the finger. J Bone Joint Surg 79:213-218.
530. Untaroiu CK, Darvish J, Crandall J, Deng B, Wang JT. 2005. Characterization of the lower limb soft tissues in pedestrian finite element models. In Proc. 19th International technical conference on the enhanced safety of vehicles conference. Washington, DC: ESV.
531. Veronda DR, Westmann RA. 1970. Mechanical characterizations of skin-finite deformations. J Biomech 3:111-124.
532. Viidik A. 1967. The effect of training on the tensile strength of isolated rabbit tendons. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1:141-150.
533. Viidik A. 1979. Biomechanical behavior of soft connective tissues. In Progress in biomechanics, ed. N Akkas, A Aan den Rijn, pp. 75-113. Oslo: Sijthoff and Nordhoff.
534. Viidik A. 1990. Structure and function of normal and healing tendons and ligaments. In Biomechanics of diarthroidal joints, Vol. 1, ed. VC Mow, A Radcliffe, SL-Y Woo, pp. 1-39. New York: Springer.
535. Weiss JA. 2005. Private communication.
536. Weiss JA, Gardiner JC. 2001, Computational modeling of ligament mechanics. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 29:1-70.
537. Weiss JA, Maakestad BJ. 2006. Permeability of human medial collateral ligament in compression transverse to the collagen fiber direction. J Biomech 39:276-283.
538. Weiss JA, Maker BN, Govindjee S. 1996. Finite element implementation of incompressible, transversely isotropic hyperelasticity. Computer Methods Appl Mech Eng 135:107-128.
539. Weiss JA, Gardiner JC, Bonifasi-Lista C. 2002. Ligament material behavior is nonlinear, viscoelastic and rate-independent under shear loading. J Biomech 35:943-950.
540. Wellen J, Helmer KG, Grigg P, Sotak CH. 2004. Application of porous-media theory to the investigation of water ADC changes in rabbit Achilles tendon caused by tensile loading. J Magn Reson 170:49-55.
541. Wellen J, Helmer KG, Grigg P, Sotak CH. 2005. Spatial characterization of T1 and T2 relaxation times and the water apparent diffusion coefficient in rabbit Achilles tendon subjected to tensile loading. Magn Reson Med 53:535-544.
542. Woo SL. 1982. Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments, I: Quasi-static and nonlinear viscoelastic properties. Biorheology 19:385-396.
543. Woo SL-Y, Maynard J, Butler D, Lyon R, Torzilli P, Akeson W., et al. 1988. Ligament, tendon, and joint capsule insertions to bone. In Injury and repair of the musculoskeletal soft tissues, ed. SL-Y Woo, JA Buckwalter, pp. 133-166. Park Ridge, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
544. Woo SL-Y, Peterson RH, Ohiand KJ, Sites TJ, Danto MI. 1990. The mechanical properties of the medial collateral ligament in skeletally mature rabbits: a biomechanical and histological study. J Orthop Res 8:712-721.
545. Yin L, Elliott DM. 2004. A biphasic and transversely isotropic mechanical model for tendon: application to mouse tail fascicles in uniaxial tension. J Biomech 37:907-916.