Brain routes for reading in adults with and without autism: EMEG evidence

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 137-153

  Moseley, Rachel L ^a   Pulvermüller, Friedemann ^b   Mohr, Bettina ^c   Lombardo, Michael V ^d   Baron Cohen, Simon ^d   Shtyrov, Yury ^a,e,f  

^a MRC COGNITION AND BRAIN SCIENCES UNIT   (United Kingdom)

^b FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^c ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^e AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^f LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Dual route model; EEG; Hyperlexia; MEG; Reading; Semantics

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; AUTISM; BRAIN; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MYELOGRAPHY; NERVE CELL NETWORK; PARIETAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; READING; SEMANTICS; TEMPORAL CORTEX; VISION; VISUAL STIMULATION;

ADULT; ASPERGER SYNDROME; BRAIN; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MALE; READING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84891871021     PISSN: 01623257     EISSN: 15733432     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1858-z     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Washington: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Aram, D. M.; Healy, J. M. (1988). Hyperlexia: A review of extraordinary word recognition. In L. Obler & D. Fein (Eds.), The exceptional brain: Neuropsychology of talent and special abilities (pp. 70-102). New York: Guilford.
3. Aram, D. M.; Rose, D. F.; Horowitz, S. J. (1984). Hyperlexia: Developmental reading without meaning. In R. M. Joshi & A. A. Whitaker (Eds.), Dyslexia: A global issue (pp. 517-531). Netherlands: Marinus Nijhoff.
4. Aziz-Zadeh, L.; Damasio, A. (2008). Embodied semantics for actions: Findings from functional brain imaging. Journal of Physiology - Paris, 102, 35-39.
5. Baayen, H.; Piepenbrock, R.; van Rijn, H. (1993). The CELEX lexical database (CD-Rom). Pennsylvania: Linguistic Data Consortium.
6. Bak, T. H.; Chandran, S. (2011). What wires together dies together: Verbs, actions and neurodegeneration in motor neurone disease. Cortex, 48(7), 936-944.
7. Bak, T. H.; O'Donovan, D. G.; Xuereb, J. H.; Boniface, S.; Hodges, J. R. (2001). Selective impairment of verb processing associated with pathological changes in Brodmann areas 44 and 45 in the Motor Neurone Disease-Dementia- Aphasia syndrome. Brain, 124, 103-120. (Pubitemid 32055993)
8. Bak, T. H.; Yancopoulou, D.; Nestor, P. J.; Xuereb, J. H.; Spillantini, M. G.; Pulvermüller, F.; et al. (2006). Clinical, imaging and pathological correlates of a hereditary deficit in verb and action processing. Brain, 129, 321-332. (Pubitemid 43164357)
9. Baron-Cohen, S.; Wheelwright, S.; Skinner, R.; Martin, J.; Clubley, E. (2001). The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/High-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 5-17.
10. Barrós-Loscertales, A.; González, J.; Pulvermüller, F.; Ventura-Campos, N.; Bustamante, J. C.; Costumero, V.; et al. (2011). Reading salt activates gustatory brain regions: fMRI evidence for semantic grounding in a novel sensory modality. Cerebral Cortex. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr324.
11. Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617-645.
12. Berthier, M. L.; Pulvermüller, F.; Green, C.; Higueras, C. (2006). Are release phenomena explained by disinhibited mirror neuron circuits? Arnold Pick's remarks on echographia and their relevance for modern cognitive neuroscience. Aphasiology, 20(5), 462-480.
13. Boulenger, V.; Hauk, O.; Pulvermüller, F. (2009). Grasping ideas with the motor system: Semantic somatotopy in idiom comprehension. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 1905-1914.
14. Boulenger, V.; Mechtouff, L.; Thobois, S.; Broussolle, E.; Jeannerod, M.; Nazir, T. A. (2008). Word processing in Parkinson's disease is impaired for action verbs but not for concrete nouns. Neuropsychologia, 46, 743-756. (Pubitemid 351186572)
15. Boulenger, V.; Shtyrov, Y.; Pulvermüller, F. (2012). When do you grasp the idea? MEG evidence for instantaneous idiom understanding. Neuroimage, 59, 3502-3513.
16. Braeutigam, S.; Swithenby, S. J.; Bailey, A. J. (2008). Contextual integration the unusual way: A magnetoencephalographic study of responses to semantic violation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. European Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 1026-1036. (Pubitemid 351365175)
17. Bryson, S. E. (1983). Interference effects in autistic children: Evidence for the comprehension of single stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 250-254.
18. Carota, F.; Moseley, R.; Pulvermüller, F. (2012). Body-part-specific representations of semantic noun categories. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(6), 1492-1509.
19. Cattell, R. B.; Cattell, A. K. S. (1960). Test of "g": Culture fair, scale 2, form A. Champaign: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
20. Čeponiené, R.; Lepistö, T.; Shestakova, A.; Vanhala, R.; Alju, P.; Näätänen, R.; et al. (2003). Speech-sound selective auditory impairment in children with autism: They can perceive but not attend. PNAS USA, 100, 5567-5572. (Pubitemid 36542745)
21. Cohen, L.; Lehericy, S.; Chochon, F.; Lemer, C.; Rivaud, S.; Dehaene, S. (2002). Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the visual word form area. Brain, 125, 1054-1069. (Pubitemid 34464617)
22. Coltheart, M.; Rastle, K. (1994). Serial processing in reading aloud: Evidence for dual route models of reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 6, 1197-1211.
23. Coltheart, M.; Rastle, K.; Perry, C.; Langdon, R.; Ziegler, J. (2001). DRC: A dual-route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review, 108(1), 204-256. (Pubitemid 33604132)
24. Dawson, G.; Meltzoff, A. N.; Osterling, J.; Rinaldi, J.; Brown, E. (1998). Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28, 479-485. (Pubitemid 29062057)
25. Desikan, R. S.; Ségonne, F.; Fischl, B.; Quinn, B. T.; Dickerson, B. C.; Blacker, D.; et al. (2006). An automated labelling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage, 31, 968-980. (Pubitemid 44183792)
26. Dewey, D.; Cantell, M.; Crawford, S. G. (2007). Motor and gestural performance in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental coordination disorder, and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 246-256. (Pubitemid 46487356)
27. Dunn, M.; Gomes, H.; Sebastian, M. J. (1996). Prototypicality of responses of autistic, language disordered, and normal children in a word fluency task. Child Neuropsychology, 2(2), 99-108. (Pubitemid 26421300)
28. Embick, D.; Hackl, M.; Schaeffer, J.; Kelepir, M.; Marantz, A. (2001). A magnetoencephalographic component whose latency reflects lexical frequency. Cognitive Brain Research, 10(3), 345-348. (Pubitemid 32146592)
29. Eskes, G. A.; Bryson, S. E.; McCormick, T. A. (1990). Comprehension of concrete and abstract words in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20(1), 61-73. (Pubitemid 20134733)
30. Esposito, G.; Venuti, P.; Maestro, S.; Muratori, F. (2009). An exploration of symmetry in early autism spectrum disorders: Analysis of lying. Brain and Development, 31(2), 131-138.
31. Fiebach, C. J.; Friederici, A. D.; Müller, K.; Yves von Cramon, D. (2002). fMRI evidence for dual routes to the mental lexicon in visual word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(1), 11-23. (Pubitemid 34102283)
32. Fiez, J. A. (1997). Phonology, semantics, and the role of the left inferior prefrontal cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 79-83.
33. Fiez, J. A.; Balota, D. A.; Raichle, M. E.; Petersen, S. E. (1999). Effects of lexicality, frequency, and spelling-to-sound consistency on the functional anatomy of reading. Neuron, 24, 205-218. (Pubitemid 29466159)
34. Frith, U.; Snowling, M. (1983). Reading for meaning and reading for sound in autistic and dyslexic children. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1, 329-342.
35. Gaffrey, M. S.; Kleinhans, N. M.; Haist, F.; Akshoomoff, N.; Campbell, A.; Courchesne, E.; et al. (2007). Atypical participation of visual cortex during word processing in autism: An fMRI study of semantic decision. Neuropsychologia, 45(8), 1672-1684. (Pubitemid 46386125)
36. Goldberg, T. E. (1987). On hermetic reading abilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 29-44. (Pubitemid 17054428)
37. Goldberg, T.; Rothermel, R. (1984). Hyperlexic children reading. Brain, 107, 759-785. (Pubitemid 14036970)
38. González, J.; Barrós-Loscertales, A.; Pulvermüller, F.; Meseguer, V.; Sanjuan, A.; Belloch, V.; et al. (2006). Reading cinnamon activates olfactory brain regions. Neuroimage, 15, 906-912. (Pubitemid 44149144)
39. Green, D.; Charman, T.; Pickles, A.; Chandler, S.; Loucas, T.; Simonoff, E.; et al. (2009). Impairment in movement skills of children with autistic spectrum disorders. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 51(4), 311-316.
40. Grigorenko, E. L.; Klin, A.; Pauls, D. L.; Senft, R.; Hooper, C.; Volkmar, F. (2002). A descriptive study of hyperlexia in a clinically referred sample of children with developmental delays. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 3-12. (Pubitemid 37486141)
41. Groen, W. B.; Zwiers, M. P.; van der Gaag, R.-J.; Buitelaar, J. K. (2008). The phenotype and neural correlates of language in autism: An integrative review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(8), 1416-1425.
42. Grossman, M.; Anderson, C.; Khan, A.; Avants, B.; Elman, L.; McCluskey, L. (2008). Impaired action knowledge in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology, 71(8), 1396-1401.
43. Hämäläinen, M. S.; Ilmoniemi, R. J. (1994). Interpreting magnetic field of the brain: Minimum norm estimates. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 32(1), 35-42. (Pubitemid 24083542)
44. Happé, F. (1997). Central coherence and theory of mind in autism: Reading homographs in context. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15, 1-12.
45. Harris, G. J.; Chabris, C. F.; Clark, J.; Urban, T.; Aharon, I.; Steele, S.; et al. (2006). Brain activation during semantic processing in autism spectrum disorders via functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain and Cognition, 61, 54-68.
46. Hauk, O.; Johnsrude, I.; Pulvermüller, F. (2004). Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex. Neuron, 41, 301-307. (Pubitemid 38125190)
47. Hauk, O.; Shtyrov, Y.; Pulvermüller, F. (2008). The time course of action comprehension in the brain as revealed by cortical neurophysiology. Journal of Physiology - Paris, 102(3), 50-58.
48. Healy, J. M.; Aram, D. M.; Horwitz, S. J.; Kessler, J. W. (1982). A study of hyperlexia. Brain and Language, 17, 1-23. (Pubitemid 13249593)
49. Hermelin, B.; O'Connor, N. (1970). Psychological experiments with autistic children. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
50. Jansiewicz, E. M.; Goldberg, M. C.; Neschaffer, C. J.; Denckla, M. B.; Landa, R.; Mostofsky, S. H. (2006). Motor signs distinguish children with high functioning autism and Asperger's Syndrome from controls. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(5), 613-621. (Pubitemid 44336984)
51. Järvinen-Pasley, A.; Wallace, G. L.; Ramus, F.; Happé, F.; Heaton, P. (2008). Enhanced perceptual processing of speech in autism. Developmental Science, 11(1), 109-121.
52. Jobard, G.; Crivello, F.; Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2003). Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading: A metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage, 20(2), 693-712. (Pubitemid 37268098)
53. Kamio, Y.; Robins, D.; Kelley, E.; Swainson, B.; Fein, D. (2007). Atypical lexical/semantic processing in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders without early language delay. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(6), 1116-1122. (Pubitemid 46976620)
54. Kamio, Y.; Toichi, M. (2000). Dual access to semantics in autism: Is pictorial access superior to verbal access? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(7), 859-867.
55. Kana, R. K.; Keller, T. A.; Cherkassky, V. L.; Minshew, N. J.; Just, M. A. (2006). Sentence comprehension in autism: Thinking in pictures with decreased functional connectivity. Brain, 129, 2482-2493.
56. Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217-250.
57. Kemmerer, D.; Gonzalez-Castillo, J.; Talavage, T.; Patterson, S.; Wiley, C. (2008). Neuroanatomical distribution of five semantic components of verbs: Evidence from fMRI. Brain and Language, 107, 16-43.
58. Kemmerer, D.; Rudrauf, D.; Manzel, K.; Tranel, D. (2012). Behavioural patterns and lesion sites associated with impaired processing of lexical and conceptual knowledge of action. Cortex, 48, 826-848.
59. Kiefer, M.; Sim, E. J.; Herrnberger, B.; Grothe, J.; Hoenig, K. (2008). The sound of concepts: Four markers for a link between auditory and conceptual brain systems. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 12224-12230.
60. Klin, A. (1991). Young autistic children's listening preferences in regard to speech: A possible characterization of the symptom of social withdrawal. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21, 29-42.
61. Klinger, L. G.; Dawson, G. (2001). Prototype formation in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 111-124. (Pubitemid 33580414)
62. Kronbichler, M.; Hutzler, F.; Wimmer, H.; Mair, A.; Staffen, W.; Ladurner, G. (2004). The visual word form area and the frequency with which words are encountered: Evidence from a parametric fMRI study. Neuroimage, 21, 946-953. (Pubitemid 38314956)
63. Kuhl, P. K.; Coffey-Corina, S.; Padden, D.; Dawson, G. (2005). Links between social and linguistic processing of speech in preschool children with autism: behavioural and electrophysiological measures. Developmental Science, 8, 1-12.
64. Kutas, M.; Federmeier, K. D. (2011). Thirty years and counting: Finding meaning in the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 621-647.
65. Lai, G.; Pantazatos, S. P.; Schneider, H.; Hirsch, J. (2012). Neural systems for speech and song in autism. Brain, 135, 961-975.
66. Lau, E. F.; Phillips, C.; Poeppel, D. (2008). A cortical network for semantics: (de)Constructing the N400. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 920-933.
67. Levy, J.; Pernet, C.; Treserras, S.; Boulanouar, K.; Aubry, F.; Démonet, J.-F.; et al. (2009). Testing for the dual-route cascade reading model in the brain: An fMRI effective connectivity account of an efficient reading style. PLoS ONE, 4(8), 1-13.
68. Lombardo, M. V.; Barnes, J. L.; Wheelwright, S. J.; Baron-Cohen, S. (2007). Self-referential cognition and empathy in autism. PLoS ONE, 2(9), e883.
69. Martin, A. (2007). The representation of object concepts in the brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 25-45.
70. Martin, A.; Chao, L. L. (2001). Semantic memory and the brain: Structure and processes. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11, 194-201. (Pubitemid 32289406)
71. McCarthy, R.; Warrington, E. K. (1986). Phonological reading: Phenomena and paradoxes. Cortex, 22, 359-380. (Pubitemid 16023143)
72. McDermott, K. B.; Petersen, S. E.; Watson, J. M.; Ojemann, J. G. (2003). A procedure for identifying regions preferentially activated by attention to semantic and phonological relations using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychologia, 41(3), 293-303. (Pubitemid 35365958)
73. Mechelli, A.; Corno-Tempini, M. L.; Price, C. J. (2003). Neuroimaging studies of word and pseudoword reading: Consistencies, inconsistencies and limitations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 260-271. (Pubitemid 36293135)
74. Moscoso del Prado Martin, F.; Hauk, O.; Pulvermüller, F. (2006). Category-specificity in the processing of colour-related and form-related words: An ERP study. Neuroimage, 29, 29-37. (Pubitemid 41828027)
75. Mostofsky, M. P.; Burgess, M. P.; Gidley Larson, J. C. (2006). Increased motor cortex white matter volume predicts motor impairment in autism. Brain, 8, 2117-2122. (Pubitemid 47236619)
76. Mottron, L.; Morasse, K.; Belleville, S. (2001). A study of memory functioning in individuals with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(4), 253-260. (Pubitemid 32233125)
77. Muller, R. A. (2007). The study of autism as a distributed disorder. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Review, 13, 85-95.
78. Myles, B. S.; Hilgenfeld, T. D.; Barnhill, G. P.; Griswold, D. E.; Hagiwara, T.; Simpson, R. L. (2002). Analysis of reading skills in individuals with Asperger Syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17(1), 44-47.
79. Nation, K.; Clarke, P.; Wright, B.; Williams, C. (2006). Patterns of reading ability in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(7), 911-919. (Pubitemid 44440110)
80. Neininger, B.; Pulvermüller, F. (2001). The right hemisphere's role in action word processing: A double case study. Neurocase, 7, 303-317. (Pubitemid 32888341)
81. Neininger, B.; Pulvermüller, F. (2003). Word-category specific deficits after lesions in the right hemisphere. Neuropsychologia, 41, 53-70. (Pubitemid 35333221)
82. Newman, T. M.; Macomber, D.; Naples, A. J.; Babitz, T.; Volkmar, F.; Grigorenko, E. L. (2007). Hyperlexia in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 760-774. (Pubitemid 46571730)
83. O'Connor, N.; Hermelin, B. (1994). Two autistic savant readers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 501-515. (Pubitemid 24235668)
84. Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97-113.
85. Ozonoff, S. (1997). Components of executive function in autism and other disorders. In J. Russell (Ed.), Autism as an executive disorder (pp. 179-211). New York: Oxford University Press.
86. Ozonoff, S.; Jensen, J. (1999). Brief report: Specific executive function profiles in three neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(2), 171-177. (Pubitemid 29275104)
87. Patti, P. J.; Lupinetti, L. (1993). Brief report: Implications of hyperlexia in an autistic savant. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23(2), 397-405.
88. Paulesu, E.; Frith, C. D.; Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993). The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature, 362, 342-345. (Pubitemid 23101305)
89. Poldrack, R. A.; Wagner, A. D.; Prull, M. W.; Desmond, J. E.; Glover, G. H.; Gabrieli, J. D. (1999). Functional specialisation for semantic and phonological processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage, 10(1), 15-35. (Pubitemid 29369890)
90. Provost, B.; Lopez, B. R.; Heimerl, S. (2007). A comparison of motor delays in young children: Autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and developmental concerns. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 321-328.
91. Pulvermüller, F. (2001). Brain reflections of words and their meaning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(12), 517-524. (Pubitemid 33109077)
92. Pulvermüller, F.; Assadollahi, R.; Elbert, T. (2001). Neuromagnetic evidence for early semantic access in word recognition. European Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 201-205. (Pubitemid 32055880)
93. Pulvermüller, F.; Fadiga, L. (2010) Active perception: Sensorimotor circuits as a cortical basis for language. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 351-360.
94. Pulvermüller, F.; Lutzenberger, W.; Preissl, H. (1999). Nouns and verbs in the intact brain: Evidence from event-related potentials and high-frequency cortical responses. Cerebral Cortex, 9, 498-508.
95. Pulvermüller, F.; Shtyrov, Y. (2006). Language outside the focus of attention: The mismatch negativity as a tool for studying higher cognitive processes. Progress in Neurobiology, 79(1), 49-71.
96. Pulvermüller, F.; Shtyrov, Y.; Hauk, O. (2009). Understanding in an instant: Neurophysiological evidence for mechanistic language circuits in the brain. Brain and Language, 110(2), 81-94.
97. Pulvermüller, F.; Shtyrov, Y.; Ilmoniemi, R. J. (2005). Brain signatures of meaning access in action word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(6), 884-892. (Pubitemid 40800022)
98. Pylkkanen, L.; Marantz, A. (2003). Tracking the time course of word recognition with MEG. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(5), 187-189. (Pubitemid 36561626)
99. Rack, J.; Hulme, C.; Snowling, M.; Wightman, J. (1994). The role of phonology in young children learning to read words: The direct-mapping hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 57(1), 42-71.
100. Rapin, I. (1997). Autism. New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 97-104.
101. Rapin, I.; Dunn, M. (1997). Language disorders in children with autism. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 4(2), 86-92. (Pubitemid 27255744)
102. Russell, J.; Jarrold, C.; Hood, B. (1999). Two intact executive capacities in children with autism: Implications for the core executive dysfunctions in the disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(2), 103-112. (Pubitemid 29275095)
103. Sahyoun, C. P.; Belliveau, J. W.; Mody, M. (2010). White matter integrity and pictorial reasoning in high-functioning children with autism. Brain and Cognition, 73(3), 180-188.
104. Saur, D.; Kreher, B. W.; Schnell, S.; Kümmerer, D.; Kellmeyer, P.; Vry, M.-S.; et al. (2008). Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. PNAS, 105(46), 18035-18040.
105. Schultz, R. T.; Gauthier, I.; Klin, A.; Fulbright, R. K.; Anderson, A. W.; Volkmar, F.; et al. (2000). Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger Syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 331-340. (Pubitemid 30202323)
106. Shtyrov, Y.; Hauk, O.; Pulvermüller, F. (2004). Distributed neuronal networks for encoding category-specific semantic information: the mismatch negativity to action words. European Journal of Neuroscience, 19(4), 1083-1092. (Pubitemid 38297046)
107. Shtyrov, Y.; Kujula, T.; Pulvermüller, F. (2010). Interactions between language and attention systems: Early automatic lexical processing? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(7), 1465-1478.
108. Smith, I. M.; Bryson, S. E. (1988). Monozygotic twins concordant for autism and hyperlexia. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 30, 527-535.
109. Snowling, M.; Frith, U. (1986). Comprehension in 'hyperlexic' readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 42, 392-415.
110. Swettenham, J.; Baron-Cohen, S.; Charman, T.; Cox, A.; Baird, G.; Drew, A.; et al. (1998). The frequency and distribution of spontaneous attention shifts between social and non-social stimuli in autistic, typically developing, and non-autistic developmentally delayed infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(5), 747-753. (Pubitemid 28339606)
111. Teitelbaum, P.; Teitelbaum, O.; Nye, J.; Fryman, J.; Maurer, R. G. (1998). Movement analysis in infancy may be useful for early diagnosis of autism. PNAS USA, 95, 13982-13987. (Pubitemid 28523084)
112. Tettamanti, M.; Buccino, G.; Saccuman, M. C.; Gallese, V.; Danna, M.; Scifo, P.; et al. (2005). Listening to action-related sentences activates fronto-parietal motor circuits. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 273-281. (Pubitemid 40194709)
113. Toichi, M.; Kamio, Y. (2001). Verbal association for simple common words in high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(5), 483-490. (Pubitemid 37486684)
114. Toichi, M.; Kamio, Y. (2002). Long-term memory and levels of processing in autism. Neuropsychologia, 40(7), 964-969. (Pubitemid 34233635)
115. Toichi, M.; Kamio, Y. (2003). Long-term memory in high-functioning autism: Controversy on episodic memory in autism reconsidered. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(2), 151-161. (Pubitemid 36505291)
116. Venter, A.; Lord, C.; Schopler, E. (1992). A follow-up study of high-functioning autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 33, 489-507.
117. Wahlberg, T.; Magliano, J. P. (2004). The ability of high functioning individuals with autism to comprehend written discourse. Discourse Processes, 38(1), 119-144.
118. Walenski, M.; Tager-Flusberg, H.; Ullman, M. T. (2006). Language in autism. In S. Moldin & J. Rubenstein (Eds.), Understanding autism: From basic neuroscience to treatment (pp. 175-203). New York: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group LLC.
119. Warburton, E.; Wise, R. J. S.; Price, C. J.; Weiller, C.; Hadar, U.; Ramsay, S.; et al. (1996). Noun and verb retrieval by normal subjects: Studies with PET. Brain, 119, 159-179.
120. Whitehouse, D.; Harris, J. C. (1984). Hyperlexia in infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 281-289. (Pubitemid 14015302)
121. Zevin, J. D.; Balota, D. A. (2000). Priming and attentional control of lexical and sublexical pathways during naming. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 121-135.