Cardiovascular disease risk prediction in women: Is there a role for novel biomarkers?

Clinical Chemistry

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 88-97

  Paynter, Nina P ^a   Everett, Brendan M ^a   Cook, Nancy R ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1 ALKYL 2 ACETYLGLYCEROPHOSPHOCHOLINE ESTERASE; APOLIPOPROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN B100; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CHOLESTEROL; LIPID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NATRIURETIC FACTOR; TROPONIN; TROPONIN T;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COHORT ANALYSIS; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION; EFFECT SIZE; ENZYME ASSAY; FEMALE; GENETIC MARKER; GENETIC RISK; GROUPS BY AGE; HAZARD RATIO; HEALTH STATISTICS; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LIPID ANALYSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREDICTOR VARIABLE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; REVIEW; REYNOLDS RISK SCORE; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SEX DIFFERENCE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84891802667     PISSN: 00099147     EISSN: 15308561     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.202796     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2013; 127:e6-e245.
2. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Incidence and prevalence: 2006 chart book on cardiovascular and lung diseases. http://www.nhlbi. nih.gov/resources/docs/06a-ip-chtbk.pdf (Accessed September 2013).
3. Berry JD, Dyer A, Cai X, Garside DB, Ning H, Thomas A, et al. Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2012;366: 321-9.
4. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 2010;375: 2215-22.
5. Huxley RR, Woodward M. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Lancet 2011;378: 1297-305.
6. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Di Angelantonio E, Sarwar N, Perry P, Kaptoge S, Ray KK, et al. Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vas- cular disease. JAMA 2009;302: 1993-2000.
7. Njølstad I, Arnesen E, Lund-Larsen PG. Smoking, serum lipids, blood pressure, and sex differences in myocardial infarction. A 12-year follow-up of the Finnmark Study. Circulation 1996;93: 450-6. (Pubitemid 26043603)
8. Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998;97: 1837-47. (Pubitemid 28213628)
9. Third Report Of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel On Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment Of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106: 3143-421.
10. D'Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, Kannel WB. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart study. Circulation 2008; 117.743-53. (Pubitemid 351640675)
11. Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB Sr, Larson MG, Massaro JM, Vasan RS. Predicting the 30-year risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart study. Circulation 2009;119: 3078-84.
12. Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald AP, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003;24: 987-1003. (Pubitemid 36712275)
13. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Rifai N, Cook NR. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA 2007; 297: 611-9.
14. Lloyd-Jones DM, Nam B-H, D'Agostino Sr RB, Levy D, Murabito JM, Wang TJ, et al. Parental cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: a prospective study of parents and offspring. JAMA 2004;291: 2204-11. (Pubitemid 38608169)
15. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Lowe G, Pepys MB, Thompson SG, et al. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet 2010;375: 132-40.
16. Paynter NP, Mazer NA, Pradhan AD, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Cook NR. Cardiovascular risk prediction in diabetic men and women using hemoglobin A1c vs diabetes as a high-risk equivalent. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:1712.
17. Ridker PM, Paynter NP, Rifai N, Gaziano JM, Cook NR. C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation 2008; 118:2243-51, 4 p following 51.
18. Cook NR, Paynter NP, Eaton CB, Manson JE, Martin LW, Robinson JG, et al. Comparison of the Framingham and Reynolds Risk scores for global cardiovascular risk prediction in the multiethnic Women's Health Initiative. Circulation 2012;125: 1748-56.
19. Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Bezanson JL, Dolor RJ, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Effectivenessbased guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women-2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57: 1404-23.
20. D'Agostino RB Sr, Grundy S, Sullivan LM, Wilson P; CHD Risk Prediction Group. Validation of the Framingham coronary heart disease prediction scores: results of a multiple ethnic groups investigation. JAMA 2001;286: 180-7. (Pubitemid 32640849)
21. Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Sharrett AR, Sorlie P, Couper D, Szklo M, Nieto FJ. Coronary heart disease risk prediction in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. J Clin Epidemiol 2003;56: 880-90. (Pubitemid 37162663)
22. Cook NR. Statistical evaluation of prognostic versus diagnostic models: beyond the ROC curve. Clin Chem 2008;54: 17-23. (Pubitemid 351182592)
23. Cook NR. Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation 2007;115: 928-35. (Pubitemid 46294733)
24. Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB Sr, Steyerberg EW. Extensions of net reclassification improvement calculations to measure usefulness of new biomarkers. Stat Med 2011;30: 11-21.
25. Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB, Pencina KM, Janssens ACJW, Greenland P. Interpreting incremental value of markers added to risk prediction models. Am J Epidemiol 2012;176: 473-81.
26. Cook NR, Paynter NP. Comments on "Extensions of net reclassification improvement calculations to measure usefulness of new biomarkers" by M. J. Pencina, R. B. D'Agostino, Sr, and E. W. Steyerberg. Stat Med 2012;31: 93-5.
27. Cook NR. Clinically relevant measures of fit? A note of caution. Am J Epidemiol 2012;176: 488-91.
28. Sniderman AD, Furberg CD, Keech A, Roeters van Lennep JE, Frohlich J, Jungner I, Walldius G. Apolipoproteins versus lipids as indices of coronary risk and as targets for statin therapy. Lancet 2003;361: 777-80. (Pubitemid 36293636)
29. Walldius G, Jungner I, Holme I, Aastveit AH, Kolar W, Steiner E. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study. Lancet 2001;358: 2026-33. (Pubitemid 34084825)
30. Thompson A, Danesh J. Associations between apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein AI, the apolipoprotein B/AI ratio and coronary heart disease: a literature-based meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Intern Med 2006;259: 481-92.
31. Suk Danik J, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Lipoprotein (a), measured with an assay independent of apolipoprotein(a) isoform size, and risk of future cardiovascular events among initially healthy women. JAMA 2006;296: 1363-70. (Pubitemid 44427422)
32. Kamstrup PR, Benn M, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. Extreme lipoprtein(a) levels and risk of myocardial infarction in the general population: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Circ 2008;117: 176-84.
33. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Erqou S, Kaptoge S, Perry PL, Di Angelantonio E, Thompson A, et al. Lipoprotein(a) concentration and the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and nonvascular mortality. JAMA 2009;302: 412-23.
34. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Di Angelantonio E, Gao P, Pennells L, Kaptoge S, Caslake M, et al. Lipid-related markers and cardiovascular disease prediction. JAMA 2013;307: 2499-506.
35. Zalewski A, Nelson JJ, Hegg L, Macphee C. Lp-pla2: a new kid on the block. Clin Chem 2006;52: 1645-50.
36. Gazi I, Lourida ES, Filippatos T, Tsimihodimos V, Elisaf M, Tselepis AD. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity in a marker of small, dense LDL particles in human plasma. Clin Chem 2005;51: 2264-73. (Pubitemid 41692569)
37. Khuseyinova N, Koenig W. Predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease: where does lipoproteinassociated phospholipase A(2) fit in? Mol Diag Ther 2007;11: 203-17. (Pubitemid 47359073)
38. Khuseyinova N, Imhof A, Rothenbacher D, Trischler G, Kuelb S, Scharnagl H, et al. Association between Lp-PLA2 and coronary artery disease: focus on its relationship with lipoproteins and markers of inflammation and hemostasis. Atherosclerosis 2005;182: 181-8. (Pubitemid 41188385)
39. Ballantyne CM, Hoogevenn RC, Bang H, Coresh J, Folsom AR, Heiss G, Sharrett AR. Lipoproteinassociated phospholipase A2, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and risk for incident coronary heart disease in middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 2004;109: 837-42. (Pubitemid 38252734)
40. Garza CA, Montori VM, McConnell JP, Somers VK, Kullo IJ, Lopez-Jimenez F. Association between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82: 159-65. (Pubitemid 46198473)
41. The Lp-PLA(2) Studies Collaboration, Thompson A, Gao P, Orfei L, Watson S, Di Angelantonio E, et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) and risk of coronary disease, stroke, and mortality: collaborative analysis of 32 prospective studies. Lancet 2010;375: 1536-44.
42. Cook NR, Paynter NP, Manson JE, Martin LW, Robinson JG, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Ridker PM. Clinical utility of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 for cardiovascular disease prediction in a multiethnic cohort of women. Clin Chem 2012; 58: 1352-63.
43. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kooperberg C, McGinn AP, Kaplan RC, Hsia J, Hendrix SL, et al. Lipoproteinassociated phospholipase A2, hormone use, and the risk of ischemic stroke in postmenopausal women. Hypertension 2008;51: 1115-22. (Pubitemid 351398957)
44. Stein E. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 measurements: mass, activity, but little productivity. Clin Chem 2012;58: 814-7.
45. Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Duc P, et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 161-7. (Pubitemid 34764819)
46. Januzzi JL Jr, Camargo CA, Anwaruddin S, Baggish AL, Chen AA, Krauser DG, et al. The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study. Am J Cardiol 2005;95: 948-54. (Pubitemid 40487743)
47. Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Leip EP, Omland T, et al. Plasma natriuretic peptide levels and the risk of cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med 2004;350: 655-63. (Pubitemid 38364624)
48. Zethelius B, Berglund L, Sundström J, Ingelsson E, Basu S, Larsson A, et al. Use of multiple biomarkers to improve the prediction of death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2008;358: 2107-16. (Pubitemid 351679597)
49. Di Angelantonio E, Chowdhury R, Sarwar N, Ray KK, Gobin R, Saleheen D, et al. B-type natriuretic peptides and cardiovascular risk: systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 prospective studies. Circulation 2009;120: 2177-87.
50. Melander O, Newton-Cheh C, Almgren P, Hed- blad B, Berglund G, Engstrom G, et al. Novel and conventional biomarkers for prediction of incident cardiovascular events in the community. JAMA 2009;302: 49-57.
51. Olsen MH, Hansen TW, Christensen MK, Gustafsson F, Rasmussen S, Wachtell K, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, but not high sensitivity C-reactive protein, improves cardiovascular risk prediction in the general population. Eur Heart J 2007;28: 1374-81. (Pubitemid 47355969)
52. Blankenberg S, Zeller T, Saarela O, Havulinna AS, Kee F, Tunstall-Pedoe H, et al. Contribution of 30 biomarkers to 10-year cardiovascular risk estimation in 2 population cohorts: the MONICA, risk, genetics, archiving, and monograph (MORGAM) biomarker project. Circulation 2010;121: 2388-97.
53. Redfield MM, Rodeheffer RJ, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW, Bailey KR, Burnett JC Jr. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration: impact of age and gender. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40: 976-82. (Pubitemid 34994995)
54. Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Leip EP, Benjamin EJ, Wilson PW, et al. Impact of age and sex on plasma natriuretic peptide levels in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol 2002;90: 254-8. (Pubitemid 34804560)
55. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD; Joint ESC/ACCF/ AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2007;28: 2525-38. (Pubitemid 47616190)
56. Apple FS, Ler R, Murakami MM. Determination of 19 cardiac troponin I and T assay 99th percentile values from a common presumably healthy population. Clin Chem 2012;58: 1574-81.
57. Everett BM, Cook NR, Magnone MC, Bobadilla M, Kim E, Rifai N, et al. Sensitive cardiac troponin T assay and the risk of incident cardiovascular disease in women with and without diabetes mellitus: the Women's Health Study. Circulation 2011;123: 2811-8.
58. Saunders JT, Nambi V, de Lemos JA, Chambless LE, Virani SS, Boerwinkle E, et al. Cardiac troponin T measured by a highly sensitive assay predicts coronary heart disease, heart failure, and mortality in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation 2011;123: 1367-76.
59. Defilippi CR, de Lemos JA, Christenson RH, Gottdiener JS, Kop WJ, Zhan M, Seliger SL. Association of serial measures of cardiac troponin T using a sensitive assay with incident heart failure and cardiovascular mortality in older adults. JAMA 2010;304: 2494-502.
60. de Lemos JA, Drazner MH, Omland T, Ayers CR, Khera A, Rohatgi A, et al. Association of troponin T detected with a highly sensitive assay and cardiac structure and mortality risk in the general population. JAMA 2010;304: 2503-12.
61. CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Consortium, Deloukas P, Kanoni S, Willenborg C, Farrall M, Assimes TL, et al. Large-scale association analysis identifies new risk loci for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2012;45: 25-22.
62. Chatterjee N, Wheeler B, Sampson J, Hartge P, Chanock SJ, Park JH. Projecting the performance of risk prediction based on polygenic analyses of genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet 2013;45:400-5, 405e1-3.
63. Paynter NP, Chasman DI, Pare G, Buring JE, Cook NR, Miletich JP, Ridker PM. Association between a literature-based genetic risk score and cardiovascular events in women. JAMA 2010;303: 631-7.
64. Ripatti S, Tikkanen E, Orho-Melander M, Havulinna AS, Silander K, Sharma A, et al. A multilocus genetic risk score for coronary heart disease: case-control and prospective cohort analyses. Lancet 2010;376: 1393-400.
65. Thanassoulis G, Peloso GM, Pencina MJ, Hoffmann U, Fox CS, Cupples LA, et al. A genetic risk score is associated with incident cardiovascular disease and coronary artery calcium: the Framingham Heart Study. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2012;5: 113-21.
66. Brautbar A, Pompeii LA, Dehghan A, Ngwa JS, Nambi V, Virani SS, et al. A genetic risk score based on direct associations with coronary heart disease improves coronary heart disease risk prediction in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC), but not in the Rotterdam and Framingham Offspring, Studies. Atherosclerosis 2012;223: 421-6.
67. Shah S, Casas JP, Gaunt TR, Cooper J, Drenos F, Zabaneh D, et al. Influence of common genetic variation on blood lipid levels, cardiovascular risk, and coronary events in two British prospective cohort studies. Eur Heart J 2012;34: 972-81.
68. LaMonte MJ, FitzGerald SJ, Church TS, Barlow CE, Radford NB, Levine BD, et al. Coronary artery calcium score and coronary heart disease events in a large cohort of asymptomatic men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162: 421-9. (Pubitemid 41191427)
69. Polonsky TS, McClelland RL, Jorgensen NW, Bild DE, Burke GL, Guerci AD, Greenland P. Coronary artery calcium score and risk classification for coronary heart disease prediction. JAMA 2010; 303: 1610-6.
70. Ioannidis JP, Tzoulaki I. What makes a good predictor?: the evidence applied to coronary artery calcium score. JAMA 2010;303: 1646-7.