Differentially expressed transcripts and dysregulated signaling pathways and networks in African American breast cancer

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 12, 2013, Pages

  Stewart, Paul A ^a   Luks, Jennifer ^a   Roycik, Mark D ^a   Sang, Qing Xiang Amy ^a   Zhang, Jinfeng ^a  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AURORA B KINASE; POLO LIKE KINASE; RESISTIN; UNTRANSLATED RNA;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGED; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER STAGING; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOWN REGULATION; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; EUROPEAN AMERICAN; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OBESITY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER; TUMOR GROWTH;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BREAST NEOPLASMS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84891769244     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082460     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. (2013) American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2013. Atlanta: American Cancer Society.
2. Davoli A, Hocevar BA, Brown TL (2010) Progression and treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 65: 611-623. doi:10.1007/s00280-009-1208-1. PubMed: 20087739.
3. Carey LA (2011) Directed therapy of subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer. Oncologist 16 Suppl 1: 71-78. doi:10.1634/theoncologist. 2010-0227. PubMed: 2127844321138955.
4. Rakha EA, Elsheikh SE, Aleskandarany MA, Habashi HO, Green AR et al. (2009) Triple-negative breast cancer: distinguishing between basal and nonbasal subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 15: 2302-2310. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2132. PubMed: 19318481.
5. Rakha EA, Reis-Filho JS, Ellis IO (2008) Basal-like breast cancer: a critical review. J Clin Oncol 26: 2568-2581. doi:10.1200/JCO. 2007.13.1748. PubMed: 18487574.
6. Newman LA, Griffith KA, Jatoi I, Simon MS, Crowe JP et al. (2006) Meta-analysis of survival in African American and white American patients with breast cancer: ethnicity compared with socioeconomic status. J Clin Oncol 24: 1342-1349. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.3472. PubMed: 16549828.
7. Newman LA, Mason J, Cote D, Vin Y, Carolin K et al. (2002) African-American ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and breast cancer survival: a meta-analysis of 14 studies involving over 10,000 African-American and 40,000 White American patients with carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 94: 2844-2854. doi:10.1002/cncr.10575. PubMed: 12115371.
8. Fiscella K, Franks P (1997) Poverty or income inequality as predictor of mortality: longitudinal cohort study. BMJ 314: 1724-1727. doi:10.1136/bmj.314. 7096.1724. PubMed: 9185498.
9. Jatoi I, Becher H, Leake CR (2003) Widening disparity in survival between white and African-American patients with breast carcinoma treated in the U. S. Department of Defense healthcare system. Cancer 98: 894-899. doi:10.1002/cncr.11604. PubMed: 12942554.
10. Wojcik BE, Spinks MK, Optenberg SA (1998) Breast carcinoma survival analysis for African American and white women in an equal-access health care system. Cancer 82: 1310-1318. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980401)82:7. PubMed: 9529023.
11. Albain KS, Unger JM, Crowley JJ, Coltman CA, Hershman DL (2009) Racial Disparities in Cancer Survival Among Randomized Clinical Trials Patients of the Southwest Oncology. Group - Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101: 984-992. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp175.
12. Elledge RM, Clark GM, Chamness GC, Osborne CK (1994) Tumor biologic factors and breast cancer prognosis among white, Hispanic, and black women in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 705-712. doi:10.1093/jnci/86.9.705. PubMed: 7908990.
13. Amend K, Hicks D, Ambrosone CB (2006) Breast cancer in African-American women: differences in tumor biology from European-American women. Cancer Res 66: 8327-8330. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1927. PubMed: 16951137.
14. Gapstur SM, Dupuis J, Gann P, Collila S, Winchester DP (1996) Hormone receptor status of breast tumors in black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white women. An analysis of 13,239 cases. Cancer 77: 1465-1471. doi:10.1002/(SICI) 1097-0142(19960415)77:8. PubMed: 8608530.
15. Stead LA, Lash TL, Sobieraj JE, Chi DD, Westrup JL et al. (2009) Triple-negative breast cancers are increased in black women regardless of age or body mass index. Breast Cancer Res 11: R18. doi: 10.1186/bcr2279. PubMed: 19320967.
16. Bauer KR, Brown M, Cress RD, Parise CA, Caggiano V (2007) Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype: a population-based study from the California cancer Registry. Cancer 109: 1721-1728. doi:10.1002/cncr.22618. PubMed: 17387718.
17. Harris LN, Broadwater G, Lin NU, Miron A, Schnitt SJ et al. (2006) Molecular subtypes of breast cancer in relation to paclitaxel response and outcomes in women with metastatic disease: results from CALGB 9342. Breast Cancer Res 8: R66. doi:10.1186/bcr1622. PubMed: 17129383.
18. Morris GJ, Naidu S, Topham AK, Guiles F, Xu Y et al. (2007) Differences in breast carcinoma characteristics in newly diagnosed African-American and Caucasian patients: a single-institution compilation compared with the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Cancer 110: 876-884. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22836. PubMed: 17620276.
19. Martin DN, Boersma BJ, Yi M, Reimers M, Howe TM et al. (2009) Differences in the tumor microenvironment between African-American and European-American breast cancer patients. PLOS ONE 4: e4531. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004531. PubMed: 19225562.
20. Field LA, Love B, Deyarmin B, Hooke JA, Shriver CD et al. (2012) Identification of differentially expressed genes in breast tumors from African American compared with Caucasian women. Cancer 118: 1334-1344. doi:10.1002/cncr.26405. PubMed: 21800289.
21. Grunda JM, Steg AD, He Q, Steciuk MR, Byan-Parker S et al. (2012) Differential expression of breast cancer-associated genes between stage- and age-matched tumor specimens from African- and Caucasian-American Women diagnosed with breast cancer. BMC Res Notes 5: 248. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-248. PubMed: 22616718.
22. Marioni JC, Mason CE, Mane SM, Stephens M, Gilad Y (2008) RNAseq: an assessment of technical reproducibility and comparison with gene expression arrays. Genome Res 18: 1509-1517. doi:10.1101/gr.079558.108. PubMed: 18550803.
23. Wang L, Feng Z, Wang X, Wang X (2010) DEGseq: an R package for identifying differentially expressed genes from RNA-seq data. Bioinformatics 26: 136-138. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp612. PubMed: 19855105.
24. Nagalakshmi U, Wang Z, Waern K, Shou C, Raha D et al. (2008) The transcriptional landscape of the yeast genome defined by RNA sequencing. Science 320: 1344-1349. doi:10.1126/science.1158441. PubMed: 18451266.
25. Robinson MD, Smyth GK (2007) Moderated statistical tests for assessing differences in tag abundance. Bioinformatics 23: 2881-2887. doi:10.1093/ bioinformatics/btm453. PubMed: 17881408.
26. Anders S, Huber W (2010) Differential expression analysis for sequence count data. Genome Biol 11: R106. doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-10-r106. PubMed: 20979621.
27. Gentleman RC, Carey VJ, Bates DM, Bolstad B, Dettling M et al. (2004) Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics. Genome Biol 5: R80. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r80. PubMed: 15461798.
28. Zaika AI, Kovalev S, Marchenko ND, Moll UM (1999) Overexpression of the wild type p73 gene in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Cancer Res 59: 3257-3263. PubMed: 10397274.
29. Takeshita M, Koga T, Takayama K, Ijichi K, Yano T et al. (2013) Aurora-B overexpression is correlated with aneuploidy and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 80: 85-90. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.12.018. PubMed: 23313006.
30. Tatsuka M, Katayama H, Ota T, Tanaka T, Odashima S et al. (1998) Multinuclearity and increased ploidy caused by overexpression of the aurora- and Ipl1-like midbody-associated protein mitotic kinase in human cancer cells. Cancer Res 58: 4811-4816. PubMed: 9809983.
31. Ditchfield C, Johnson VL, Tighe A, Ellston R, Haworth C et al. (2003) Aurora B couples chromosome alignment with anaphase by targeting BubR1, Mad2, and Cenp-E to kinetochores. J Cell Biol 161: 267-280. doi:10.1083/jcb.200208091. PubMed: 12719470.
32. Maire V, Némati F, Richardson M, Vincent-Salomon A, Tesson B et al. (2013) Polo-like kinase 1: a potential therapeutic option in combination with conventional chemotherapy for the management of patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 73: 813-823. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-12-2633. PubMed: 23144294.
33. Wu LC, Wang ZW, Tsan JT, Spillman MA, Phung A et al. (1996) Identification of a RING protein that can interact in vivo with the BRCA1 gene product. Nat Genet 14: 430-440. doi:10.1038/ng1296-430. PubMed: 8944023.
34. Dong Y, Hakimi MA, Chen X, Kumaraswamy E, Cooch NS et al. (2003) Regulation of BRCC, a holoenzyme complex containing BRCA1 and BRCA2, by a signalosome-like subunit and its role in DNA repair. Mol Cell 12: 1087-1099. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00424-6. PubMed: 14636569.
35. Ryser S, Dizin E, Jefford CE, Delaval B, Gagos S et al. (2009) Distinct roles of BARD1 isoforms in mitosis: full-length BARD1 mediates Aurora B degradation, cancer-associated BARD1beta scaffolds Aurora B and BRCA2. Cancer Res 69: 1125-1134. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.SABCS-1125. PubMed: 19176389.
36. Takagi K, Miki Y, Shibahara Y, Nakamura Y, Ebata A et al. (2013) BUB1 immunolocalization in breast carcinoma: its nuclear localization as a potent prognostic factor of the patients. Horm Cancer 4: 92-102. doi:10.1007/s12672- 012-0130-x. PubMed: 23288590.
37. Jovov B, Araujo-Perez F, Sigel CS, Stratford JK, McCoy AN et al. (2012) Differential gene expression between African American and European American colorectal cancer patients. PLOS ONE 7: e30168. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0030168. PubMed: 22276153.
38. Wallace TA, Prueitt RL, Yi M, Howe TM, Gillespie JW et al. (2008) Tumor immunobiological differences in prostate cancer between African-American and European-American men. Cancer Res 68: 927-936. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07- 2608. PubMed: 18245496.
39. Sjöblom T, Jones S, Wood LD, Parsons DW, Lin J et al. (2006) The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science 314: 268-274. doi:10.1126/science.1133427. PubMed: 16959974.
40. Wolfgang CD, Essand M, Vincent JJ, Lee B, Pastan I (2000) TARP: a nuclear protein expressed in prostate and breast cancer cells derived from an alternate reading frame of the T cell receptor gamma chain locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97: 9437-9442. doi:10.1073/pnas.160270597. PubMed: 10931945.
41. Pitteri SJ, Kelly-Spratt KS, Gurley KE, Kennedy J, Buson TB et al. (2011) Tumor microenvironment-derived proteins dominate the plasma proteome response during breast cancer induction and progression. Cancer Res 71: 5090-5100. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5090. PubMed: 21653680.
42. Patel L, Buckels AC, Kinghorn IJ, Murdock PR, Holbrook JD et al. (2003) Resistin is expressed in human macrophages and directly regulated by PPAR gamma activators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 300: 472-476. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02) 02841-3. PubMed: 12504108.
43. Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR et al. (2001) The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 409: 307-312. doi:10.1038/35053000. PubMed: 11201732.
44. Sun CA, Wu MH, Chu CH, Chou YC, Hsu GC et al. (2010) Adipocytokine resistin and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 123: 869-876. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-0792-4. PubMed: 20177966.
45. Lee YC, Chen YJ, Wu CC, Lo S, Hou MF et al. (2012) Resistin expression in breast cancer tissue as a marker of prognosis and hormone therapy stratification. Gynecol Oncol 125: 742-750. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.02.032. PubMed: 22370603.
46. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (2003) Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 348: 1625-1638. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021423. PubMed: 12711737.
47. Calle EE, Kaaks R (2004) Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 4: 579-591. doi:10.1038/nrc1408. PubMed: 15286738.
48. Zhang C, Rexrode KM, van Dam RM, Li TY, Hu FB (2008) Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: sixteen years of follow-up in US women. Circulation 117: 1658-1667. doi:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.107.739714. PubMed: 18362231.
49. Wagstaff L, Kelwick R, Decock J, Arnold H, Pennington C et al. (2010) ADAMTS15 metalloproteinase inhibits breast cancer cell migration. Breast Cancer Research 12: 15. doi:10.1186/bcr2482.
50. Graw J (2009) Genetics of crystallins: cataract and beyond. Exp Eye Res 88: 173-189. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.011. PubMed: 19007775.
51. Gully CP, Zhang F, Chen J, Yeung JA, Velazquez-Torres G et al. (2010) Antineoplastic effects of an Aurora B kinase inhibitor in breast cancer. Mol Cancer 9: 42. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-9-42. PubMed: 20175926.
52. Gautschi O, Heighway J, Mack PC, Purnell PR, Lara PN et al. (2008) Aurora kinases as anticancer drug targets. Clin Cancer Res 14: 1639-1648. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-2179. PubMed: 18347165.
53. Keen N, Taylor S (2004) Aurora-kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer 4: 927-936. doi:10.1038/nrc1502. PubMed: 15573114.
54. Vousden KH, Lane DP (2007) p53 in health and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8: 275-283. doi:10.1038/nrm2147. PubMed: 17380161.
55. Dookeran KA, Dignam JJ, Ferrer K, Sekosan M, McCaskill-Stevens W et al. (2010) p53 as a marker of prognosis in African-American women with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 17: 1398-1405. doi:10.1245/s10434-009-0889-3. PubMed: 20049641.
56. Calderon-Margalit R, Paltiel O (2004) Prevention of breast cancer in women who carry BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: a critical review of the literature. Int J Cancer 112: 357-364. doi:10.1002/ijc.20429. PubMed: 15382059.
57. Pal T, Vadaparampil S, Betts J, Miree C, Li S et al. (2008) BRCA1/2 in high-risk African American women with breast cancer: providing genetic testing through various recruitment strategies. Genet Test 12: 401-407. doi:10.1089/gte.2007.0108. PubMed: 18752448.
58. Davion S, Sullivan M, Rohan S, Siziopikou KP (2012) p53 Expression in Triple Negative Breast Carcinomas: Evidence of Age-Related and Racial Differences. Journal Cancer Therapy 3: 649-654. doi:10.4236/jct.2012.325084.
59. Mattick JS, Makunin IV (2006) Non-coding RNA. Human molecular genetics 15 Spec No 1: R17-29
60. Kozomara A, Griffiths-Jones S (2011) miRBase: integrating microRNA annotation and deep-sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 39: D152-D157. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr817. PubMed: 21037258.
61. Prensner JR, Chinnaiyan AM (2011) The emergence of lncRNAs in cancer biology. Cancer Discov 1: 391-407. Available online at: doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-0209 PubMed: 22096659.
62. Gupta RA, Shah N, Wang KC, Kim J, Horlings HM et al. (2010) Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature 464: 1071-1076. doi:10.1038/nature08975. PubMed: 20393566.
63. Gutschner T, Diederichs S (2012) The hallmarks of cancer: a long non-coding RNA point of view. RNA Biol 9: 703-719. doi:10.4161/rna.20481. PubMed: 22664915.
64. Negrini S, Gorgoulis VG, Halazonetis TD (2010) Genomic instability - an evolving hallmark of cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11: 220-228. doi: 10.1038/nrm2858. PubMed: 20177397.
65. Schaefer CF, Anthony K, Krupa S, Buchoff J, Day M et al. (2009) PID: the Pathway Interaction. Database - Nucleic Acids Research 37: D674- D679. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn653.
66. Wang X, Stewart PA, Cao Q, Sang QX, Chung LW et al. (2011) Characterization of the phosphoproteome in androgen-repressed human prostate cancer cells by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 10: 3920-3928. doi: 10.1021/pr2000144. PubMed: 21786837.
67. Nacu S, Critchley-Thorne R, Lee P, Holmes S (2007) Gene expression network analysis and applications to immunology. Bioinformatics 23: 850-858. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm019. PubMed: 17267429.
68. Franceschini A, Szklarczyk D, Frankild S, Kuhn M, Simonovic M et al. (2013) STRING v9.1: protein-protein interaction networks, with increased coverage and integration. Nucleic Acids Res 41: D808-D815. doi:10.1093/nar/ gks1094. PubMed: 23203871.
69. Subramanian A, Tamayo P, Mootha VK, Mukherjee S, Ebert BL et al. (2005) Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 15545-15550. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506580102. PubMed: 16199517.
70. Subramanian A, Kuehn H, Gould J, Tamayo P, Mesirov JP (2007) GSEA-P: a desktop application for Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Bioinformatics 23: 3251-3253. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm369. PubMed: 17644558.
71. Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the False Discovery Rate - a Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B:-Statistical Methodology 57: 289-300.
72. Hemmi H, Zaidi N, Wang B, Matos I, Fiorese C et al. (2012) Treml4, an Ig superfamily member, mediates presentation of several antigens to T cells in vivo, including protective immunity to HER2 protein. Journal of Immunology 188: 1147-1155. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1102541.
73. Mulligan AM, Raitman I, Feeley L, Pinnaduwage D, Nguyen LT et al. (2013) Tumoral lymphocytic infiltration and expression of the chemokine CXCL10 in breast cancers from the Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry. Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 19: 336-346. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3314.
74. Zong X, Yang H, Yu Y, Zou D, Ling Z et al. (2011) Possible role of Pax-6 in promoting breast cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. BMB Rep 44: 595-600. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2011.44.9.595. PubMed: 21944253.
75. Yang S, Du J, Wang Z, Yuan W, Qiao Y et al. (2007) BMP-6 promotes E-cadherin expression through repressing deltaEF1 in breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 7: 211. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-7-211. PubMed: 17997862.
76. Zhang M, Wang Q, Yuan W, Yang S, Wang X et al. (2007) Epigenetic regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-6 gene expression in breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 105: 91-97. doi:10.1016/ j.jsbmb.2007.01.002. PubMed: 17574840.
77. Bertucci F, Nasser V, Granjeaud S, Eisinger F, Adelaïde J et al. (2002) Gene expression profiles of poor-prognosis primary breast cancer correlate with survival. Hum Mol Genet 11: 863-872. doi:10.1093/hmg/ 11.8.863. PubMed: 11971868.
78. Burns MB, Lackey L, Carpenter MA, Rathore A, Land AM et al. (2013) APOBEC3B is an enzymatic source of mutation in breast cancer. Nature 494: 366-370. doi:10.1038/nature11881. PubMed: 23389445.
79. Kitamura N, Nakamura Y, Miyamoto Y, Miyamoto T, Kabu K et al. (2011) Mieap, a p53-inducible protein, controls mitochondrial quality by repairing or eliminating unhealthy mitochondria. PLOS ONE 6: e16060. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0016060. PubMed: 21264228.
80. Kool M, van der Linden M, de Haas M, Baas F, Borst P (1999) Expression of human MRP6, a homologue of the multidrug resistance protein gene MRP1, in tissues and cancer cells. Cancer Res 59: 175-182. PubMed: 9892204.
81. Berois N, Mazal D, Ubillos L, Trajtenberg F, Nicolas A et al. (2006) UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase- 6 as a new immunohistochemical breast cancer marker. J Histochem Cytochem 54: 317-328. doi: 10.1369/jhc.5A6783.2005. PubMed: 16260590.
82. Piotrowski A, Benetkiewicz M, Menzel U, Díaz de Ståhl T, Mantripragada K et al. (2006) Microarray-based survey of CpG islands identifies concurrent hyper- and hypomethylation patterns in tissues derived from patients with breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 45: 656-667. doi:10.1002/gcc.20331. PubMed: 16575877.
83. Badve S, Turbin D, Thorat MA, Morimiya A, Nielsen TO et al. (2007) FOXA1 expression in breast cancer - correlation with luminal subtype A and survival. Clin Cancer Res 13: 4415-4421. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0122. PubMed: 17671124.
84. Krig SR, Frietze S, Simion C, Miller JK, Fry WH et al. (2011) Lrig1 is an estrogen-regulated growth suppressor and correlates with longer relapse-free survival in ERalpha-positive breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res 9: 1406-1417. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-11-0227. PubMed: 21821674.
85. Wang Y, Poulin EJ, Coffey RJ (2013) LRIG1 is a triple threat: ERBB negative regulator, intestinal stem cell marker and tumour suppressor. Br J Cancer 108: 1765-1770. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.138. PubMed: 23558895.
86. Rodenhiser DI, Andrews J, Kennette W, Sadikovic B, Mendlowitz A et al. (2008) Epigenetic mapping and functional analysis in a breast cancer metastasis model using whole-genome promoter tiling microarrays. Breast Cancer Res 10: R62. doi:10.1186/bcr2060. PubMed: 18638373.