Tumor-associated glycans and their role in gynecological cancers: Accelerating translational research by novel high- throughput approaches

Metabolites

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 913-939

  Pochechueva, Tatiana ^a   Jacob, Francis ^a   Fedier, Andre ^a   Heinzelmann Schwarz, Viola ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BASEL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Anti glycan antibodies; Breast cancer; Carbohydrate; Glycomics; Malignancy; Microarray; Ovarian cancer; Tumor marker

Indexed keywords

GALECTIN 3; GANGLIOSIDE; GLOBOSIDE; GLYCAN; GLYCOPEPTIDE; HERMES ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M ANTIBODY; KEYHOLE LIMPET HEMOCYANIN; MUCIN 1; STAGE SPECIFIC EMBRYO ANTIGEN 4; TN ANTIGEN; TUMOR ANTIGEN;

ANTIGEN ANTIBODY REACTION; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; BLOOD GROUP LEWIS SYSTEM; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; GLYCOBIOLOGY; GLYCOSYLATION; GYNECOLOGIC CANCER; HUMAN; METASTASIS; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; PAGET NIPPLE DISEASE; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE; SUSPENSION; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER;

EID: 84891495686     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22181989     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/metabo2040913     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Hakomori, S. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1984, 2, 103-126.
2. Hakomori, S. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens defining tumor malignancy: Basis for development of anti-cancer vaccines. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol 2001, 491, 369-402.
3. Konska, G.; Guerry, M.; Caldefie-Chezet, F.; De Latour, M.; Guillot, J. Study of the expression of tn antigen in different types of human breast cancer cells using vva-b4 lectin. Oncol. Rep. 2006, 15, 305-310.
4. Danussi, C.; Coslovi, A.; Campa, C.; Mucignat, M.T.; Spessotto, P.; Uggeri, F.; Paoletti, S.; Colombatti, A. A newly generated functional antibody identifies tn antigen as a novel determinant in the cancer cell-lymphatic endothelium interaction. Glycobiology 2009, 19, 1056-1067.
5. Ghazarian, H.; Idoni, B.; Oppenheimer, S.B. A glycobiology review: Carbohydrates, lectins and implications in cancer therapeutics. Acta Histochem. 2011, 113, 236-247.
6. Hakomori, S. Aberrant glycosylation in tumors and tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Adv. Cancer Res. 1989, 52, 257-331.
7. Hakomori, S. Glycosylation defining cancer malignancy: New wine in an old bottle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 10231-10233.
8. Powlesland, A.S.; Hitchen, P.G.; Parry, S.; Graham, S.A.; Barrio, M.M.; Elola, M.T.; Mordoh, J.; Dell, A.; Drickamer, K.; Taylor, M.E. Targeted glycoproteomic identification of cancer cell glycosylation. Glycobiology 2009, 19, 899-909.
9. Fuster, M.M.; Esko, J.D. The sweet and sour of cancer: Glycans as novel therapeutic targets. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2005, 5, 526-542.
10. Chandrasekaran, E.V.; Xue, J.; Neelamegham, S.; Matta, K.L. The pattern of glycosyl-and sulfotransferase activities in cancer cell lines: A predictor of individual cancer-associated distinct carbohydrate structures for the structural identification of signature glycans. Carbohydr. Res. 2006, 341, 983-994.
11. Hakomori, S. Possible functions of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1991, 3, 646-653.
12. Muramatsu, T. Carbohydrate signals in metastasis and prognosis of human carcinomas. Glycobiology 1993, 3, 291-296.
13. Brockhausen, I. Pathways of o-glycan biosynthesis in cancer cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1999, 1473, 67-95.
14. Dennis, J.W.; Granovsky, M.; Warren, C.E. Glycoprotein glycosylation and cancer progression. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1999, 1473, 21-34.
15. Chandrasekaran, E.V.; Xue, J.; Xia, J.; Chawda, R.; Piskorz, C.; Locke, R.D.; Neelamegham, S.; Matta, K.L. Analysis of the specificity of sialyltransferases toward mucin core 2, globo, and related structures. Identification of the sialylation sequence and the effects of sulfate, fucose, methyl, and fluoro substituents of the carbohydrate chain in the biosynthesis of selectin and siglec ligands, and novel sialylation by cloned alpha2,3(o)sialyltransferase. Biochemistry 2005, 44, 15619-15635.
16. Hebbar, M.; Krzewinski-Recchi, M.A.; Hornez, L.; Verdiere, A.; Harduin-Lepers, A.; Bonneterre, J.; Delannoy, P.; Peyrat, J.P. Prognostic value of tumoral sialyltransferase expression and circulating e-selectin concentrations in node-negative breast cancer patients. Int J. Biol. Markers 2003, 18, 116-122.
17. Recchi, M.A.; Hebbar, M.; Hornez, L.; Harduin-Lepers, A.; Peyrat, J.P.; Delannoy, P. Multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assessment of sialyltransferase expression in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1998, 58, 4066-4070.
18. Ceroni, A.; Maass, K.; Geyer, H.; Geyer, R.; Dell, A.; Haslam, S.M. Glycoworkbench: A tool for the computer-assisted annotation of mass spectra of glycans. J. Proteome Res. 2008, 7, 1650-1659.
19. Dotan, I.; Fishman, S.; Dgani, Y.; Schwartz, M.; Karban, A.; Lerner, A.; Weishauss, O.; Spector, L.; Shtevi, A.; Altstock, R.T.; et al. Antibodies against laminaribioside and chitobioside are novel serologic markers in crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2006, 131, 366-378.
20. Hirche, T.O.; Stein, J.; Hirche, H.; Hausmann, J.; Wagner, T.O.; Behrens, F.; Schroder, O. Increased levels of anti-glycan antibodies in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2011, 16, 385-390.
21. Gyorgy, B.; Tothfalusi, L.; Nagy, G.; Pasztoi, M.; Geher, P.; Lorinc, Z.; Polgar, A.; Rojkovich, B.; Ujfalussy, I.; Poor, G.; et al. Natural autoantibodies reactive with glycosaminoglycans in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2008, 10, R110.
22. Smit, C.H.; Meevissen, M.H.; Hokke, C.H. Parasite glycans and antibodymediated immune responses in schistosoma infection. Parasitology 2012, 139, 1219-1230.
23. Blixt, O.; Bueti, D.; Burford, B.; Allen, D.; Julien, S.; Hollingsworth, M.; Gammerman, A.; Fentiman, I.; Taylor-Papadimitriou, J.; Burchell, J.M. Autoantibodies to aberrantly glycosylated muc1 in early stage breast cancer are associated with a better prognosis. Breast Cancer Res. 2011, 13, R25.
24. Jacob, F.; Goldstein, D.R.; Bovin, N.V.; Pochechueva, T.; Spengler, M.; Caduff, R.; Fink, D.; Vuskovic, M.I.; Huflejt, M.E.; Heinzelmann-Schwarz, V. Serum antiglycan antibody detection of nonmucinous ovarian cancers by using a printed glycan array. Int. J. Cancer 2012, 130, 138-146.
25. Wandall, H.H.; Blixt, O.; Tarp, M.A.; Pedersen, J.W.; Bennett, E.P.; Mandel, U.; Ragupathi, G.; Livingston, P.O.; Hollingsworth, M.A.; Taylor-Papadimitriou, J.; et al. Cancer biomarkers defined by autoantibody signatures to aberrant o-glycopeptide epitopes. Cancer Res. 2010, 70, 1306-1313.
26. Kurtenkov, O.; Klaamas, K.; Rittenhouse-Olson, K.; Vahter, L.; Sergejev, B.; Miljukhina, L.; Shljapnikova, L. Igg immune response to tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (tf, tn, alphagal) in patients with breast cancer: Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and relation to the survival. Exp. Oncol. 2005, 27, 136-140.
27. Smorodin, E.P.; Kurtenkov, O.A.; Sergeyev, B.L.; Pazynina, G.V.; Bovin, N.V. Specificity of human anti-carbohydrate igg antibodies as probed with polyacrylamide-based glycoconjugates. Glycoconj. J. 2004, 20, 83-89.
28. Springer, G.F. T and tn, general carcinoma autoantigens. Science 1984, 224, 1198-1206.
29. Brandlein, S.; Pohle, T.; Ruoff, N.; Wozniak, E.; Muller-Hermelink, H.K.; Vollmers, H.P. Natural igm antibodies and immunosurveillance mechanisms against epithelial cancer cells in humans. Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 7995-8005.
30. Slovin, S.F.; Keding, S.J.; Ragupathi, G. Carbohydrate vaccines as immunotherapy for cancer. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 2005, 83, 418-428.
31. Klaamas, K.; Kurtenkov, O.; Rittenhouse-Olson, K.; Brjalin, V.; Miljukhina, L.; Shljapnikova, L.; Engstrand, L. Expression of tumor-associated thomsen-friedenreich antigen (T Ag) in helicobacter pylori and modulation of t ag specific immune response in infected individuals. Immunol. Invest. 2002, 31, 191-204.
32. Mosedale, D.E.; Chauhan, A.; Schofield, P.M.; Grainger, D.J. A pattern of anti-carbohydrate antibody responses present in patients with advanced atherosclerosis. J. Immunol. Methods 2006, 309, 182-191.
33. Obukhova, P.; Rieben, R.; Bovin, N. Normal human serum contains high levels of anti-gal alpha 1-4glcnac antibodies. Xenotransplantation 2007, 14, 627-635.
34. Smorodin, E.P.; Kurtenkov, O.A.; Sergeyev, B.L.; Kodar, K.E.; Chuzmarov, V.I.; Afanasyev, V.P. Postoperative change of anti-thomsen-friedenreich and tn igg level: The follow-up study of gastrointestinal cancer patients. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008, 14, 4352-4358.
35. Yeh, P.; Ezzelarab, M.; Bovin, N.; Hara, H.; Long, C.; Tomiyama, K.; Sun, F.; Ayares, D.; Awwad, M.; Cooper, D.K. Investigation of potential carbohydrate antigen targets for human and baboon antibodies. Xenotransplantation 2010, 17, 197-206.
36. Ferrante, M.; Henckaerts, L.; Joossens, M.; Pierik, M.; Joossens, S.; Dotan, N.; Norman, G.L.; Altstock, R.T.; Van Steen, K.; Rutgeerts, P.; et al. New serological markers in inflammatory bowel disease are associated with complicated disease behaviour. Gut 2007, 56, 1394-1403.
37. Rieder, F.; Schleder, S.; Wolf, A.; Dirmeier, A.; Strauch, U.; Obermeier, F.; Lopez, R.; Spector, L.; Fire, E.; Yarden, J.; et al. Association of the novel serologic anti-glycan antibodies antilaminarin and anti-chitin with complicated crohn's disease behavior. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 2010, 16, 263-274.
38. Rieder, F.; Schleder, S.; Wolf, A.; Dirmeier, A.; Strauch, U.; Obermeier, F.; Lopez, R.; Spector, L.; Fire, E.; Yarden, J.; et al. Serum anti-glycan antibodies predict complicated crohn's disease behavior: A cohort study. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 2010, 16, 1367-1375.
39. Seow, C.H.; Stempak, J.M.; Xu, W.; Lan, H.; Griffiths, A.M.; Greenberg, G.R.; Steinhart, A.H.; Dotan, N.; Silverberg, M.S. Novel anti-glycan antibodies related to inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis and phenotype. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 104, 1426-1434.
40. Blixt, O.; Head, S.; Mondala, T.; Scanlan, C.; Huflejt, M.E.; Alvarez, R.; Bryan, M.C.; Fazio, F.; Calarese, D.; Stevens, J.; et al. Printed covalent glycan array for ligand profiling of diverse glycan binding proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 17033-17038.
41. Schwarz, M.; Spector, L.; Gargir, A.; Shtevi, A.; Gortler, M.; Altstock, R.T.; Dukler, A.A.; Dotan, N. A new kind of carbohydrate array, its use for profiling antiglycan antibodies, and the discovery of a novel human cellulose-binding antibody. Glycobiology 2003, 13, 749-754.
42. Lee, M.R.; Shin, I. Facile preparation of carbohydrate microarrays by site-specific, covalent immobilization of unmodified carbohydrates on hydrazide-coated glass slides. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 4269-4272.
43. Papp, M.; Foldi, I.; Altorjay, I.; Palyu, E.; Udvardy, M.; Tumpek, J.; Sipka, S.; Korponay-Szabo, I.R.; Nemes, E.; Veres, G.; et al. Anti-microbial antibodies in celiac disease: Trick or treat? World J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 15, 3891-3900.
44. Ferrante, M.; Declerck, S.; Coopmans, T.; De Hertogh, G.; Van Assche, G.; Penninckx, F.; Rutgeerts, P.; Geboes, K.; D'Hoore, A.; Vermeire, S. Development of pouchitis following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (ipaa) for ulcerative colitis: A role for serological markers and microbial pattern recognition receptor genes. J. Crohns. Colitis. 2008, 2, 142-151.
45. Sendid, B.; Dotan, N.; Nseir, S.; Savaux, C.; Vandewalle, P.; Standaert, A.; Zerimech, F.; Guery, B.P.; Dukler, A.; Colombel, J.F.; et al. Antibodies against glucan, chitin, and saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan as new biomarkers of candida albicans infection that complement tests based on c. Albicans mannan. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2008, 15, 1868-1877.
46. de Boer, A.R.; Hokke, C.H.; Deelder, A.M.; Wuhrer, M. Serum antibody screening by surface plasmon resonance using a natural glycan microarray. Glycoconj. J. 2008, 25, 75-84.
47. Pochechueva, T.; Chinarev, A.; Spengler, M.; Korchagina, E.; Heinzelmann-Schwarz, V.; Bovin, N.; Rieben, R. Multiplex suspension array for human anti-carbohydrate antibody profiling. Analyst 2010, 136, 560-569.
48. Pochechueva, T.; Jacob, F.; Goldstein, D.R.; Huflejt, M.E.; Chinarev, A.; Caduff, R.; Fink, D.; Hacker, N.; Bovin, N.V.; Heinzelmann-Schwarz, V. Comparison of printed glycan array, suspension array and elisa in the detection of human anti-glycan antibodies. Glycoconj. J. 2011, 28, 507-517.
49. Bovin, N.; Obukhova, P.; Shilova, N.; Rapoport, E.; Popova, I.; Navakouski, M.; Unverzagt, C.; Vuskovic, M.; Huflejt, M. Repertoire of human natural anti-glycan immunoglobulins. Do we have auto-antibodies? Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012, 1820, 1373-1382.
50. Bovin, N.V.; Huflejt, M.E. Unlimited glycochip. Trends Glycosci. Glycotechnol. 2008, 20, 245-258.
51. Huflejt, M.E.; Blixt, O.; Vuskovic, M.; Xu, H.; Shaw, L.E.; Reuben, J.M.; Kuerer, H.M. Glycan array identifies specific signatures of anti-glycan autoantibodies in sera of breast cancer patients: Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic opportunities. In the 28th Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, 8-11 December 2005; p. 2008.
52. Huflejt, M.E.; Vuskovic, M.; Vasiliu, D.; Xu, H.; Obukhova, P.; Shilova, N.; Tuzikov, A.; Galanina, O.; Arun, B.; Lu, K.; et al. Anti-carbohydrate antibodies of normal sera: Findings, surprises and challenges. Mol. Immunol. 2009, 46, 3037-3049.
53. Wang, C.C.; Huang, Y.L.; Ren, C.T.; Lin, C.W.; Hung, J.T.; Yu, J.C.; Yu, A.L.; Wu, C.Y.; Wong, C.H. Glycan microarray of globo h and related structures for quantitative analysis of breast cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 11661-11666.
54. Huang, C.Y.; Thayer, D.A.; Chang, A.Y.; Best, M.D.; Hoffmann, J.; Head, S.; Wong, C.H. Carbohydrate microarray for profiling the antibodies interacting with globo h tumor antigen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 15-20.
55. Dotan, N.; Altstock, R.T.; Schwarz, M.; Dukler, A. Anti-glycan antibodies as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Lupus 2006, 15, 442-450.
56. Freedman, M.S.; Laks, J.; Dotan, N.; Altstock, R.T.; Dukler, A.; Sindic, C.J. Anti-alpha-glucosebased glycan igm antibodies predict relapse activity in multiple sclerosis after the first neurological event. Mult. Scler. 2009, 15, 422-430.
57. Padler-Karavani, V.; Hurtado-Ziola, N.; Pu, M.; Yu, H.; Huang, S.; Muthana, S.; Chokhawala, H.A.; Cao, H.; Secrest, P.; Friedmann-Morvinski, D.; et al. Human xeno-autoantibodies against a non-human sialic acid serve as novel serum biomarkers and immunotherapeutics in cancer. Cancer Res. 2011.
58. Oyelaran, O.; Gildersleeve, J.C. Application of carbohydrate array technology to antigen discovery and vaccine development. Expert Rev. Vaccines 2007, 6, 957-969.
59. Oyelaran, O.; Gildersleeve, J.C. Evaluation of human antibody responses to keyhole limpet hemocyanin on a carbohydrate microarray. Proteomics Clin. Appl. 2010, 4, 285-294.
60. Oyelaran, O.; Gildersleeve, J.C. Glycan arrays: Recent advances and future challenges. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2009, 13, 406-413.
61. Oyelaran, O.; Li, Q.; Farnsworth, D.; Gildersleeve, J.C. Microarrays with varying carbohydrate density reveal distinct subpopulations of serum antibodies. J. Proteome Res. 2009, 8, 3529-3538.
62. Oyelaran, O.; McShane, L.M.; Dodd, L.; Gildersleeve, J.C. Profiling human serum antibodies with a carbohydrate antigen microarray. J. Proteome Res. 2009, 8, 4301-4310.
63. Pedersen, J.W.; Blixt, O.; Bennett, E.P.; Tarp, M.A.; Dar, I.; Mandel, U.; Poulsen, S.S.; Pedersen, A.E.; Rasmussen, S.; Jess, P.; et al. Seromic profiling of colorectal cancer patients with novel glycopeptide microarray. Int. J. Cancer 2011, 128, 1860-1871.
64. Tarp, M.A.; Sorensen, A.L.; Mandel, U.; Paulsen, H.; Burchell, J.; Taylor-Papadimitriou, J.; Clausen, H. Identification of a novel cancer-specific immunodominant glycopeptide epitope in the muc1 tandem repeat. Glycobiology 2007, 17, 197-209.
65. Gupta, G.; Surolia, A.; Sampathkumar, S.G. Lectin microarrays for glycomic analysis. OMICS 2010, 14, 419-436.
66. Krishhan, V.V.; Khan, I.H.; Luciw, P.A. Multiplexed microbead immunoassays by flow cytometry for molecular profiling: Basic concepts and proteomics applications. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2009, 29, 29-43.
67. Pochechueva, T.; Chinarev, A.; Spengler, M.; Korchagina, E.; Heinzelmann-Schwarz, V.; Bovin, N.; Rieben, R. Multiplex suspension array for human anti-carbohydrate antibody profiling. Analyst 2011, 136, 560-569.
68. Chinarev, A.A.; Galanina, O.E.; Bovin, N.V. Biotinylated multivalent glycoconjugates for surface coating. Methods Mol. Biol. 2010, 600, 67-78.
69. Nolan, J.P.; Sklar, L.A. Suspension array technology: Evolution of the flat-array paradigm. Trends Biotechnol. 2002, 20, 9-12.
70. Tyagi, A.; Wang, X.; Deng, L.; Ramstrom, O.; Yan, M. Photogenerated carbohydrate microarrays to study carbohydrate-protein interactions using surface plasmon resonance imaging. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2010, 26, 344-350.
71. Moreau, R.; Dausset, J.; Bernard, J.; Moullec, J. Acquired hemolytic anemia with polyagglutinability of erythrocytes by a new factor present in normal blood. Bull. Mem. Soc. Med. Hop. Paris 1957, 73, 569-587.
72. Cao, Y.; Stosiek, P.; Springer, G.F.; Karsten, U. Thomsen-friedenreich-related carbohydrate antigens in normal adult human tissues: A systematic and comparative study. Histochem Cell. Biol. 1996, 106, 197-207.
73. Howard, D.R.; Taylor, C.R. An antitumor antibody in normal human serum: Reaction of anti-t with breast carcinoma cells. Oncology 1980, 37, 142-148.
74. Stein, R.; Chen, S.; Grossman, W.; Goldenberg, D.M. Human lung carcinoma monoclonal antibody specific for the thomsen-friedenreich antigen. Cancer Res. 1989, 49, 32-37.
75. Wang, B.L.; Springer, G.F.; Carlstedt, S.C. Quantitative computerized image analysis of tn and t (thomsen-friedenreich) epitopes in prognostication of human breast carcinoma. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1997, 45, 1393-1400.
76. Yuan, M.; Itzkowitz, S.H.; Boland, C.R.; Kim, Y.D.; Tomita, J.T.; Palekar, A.; Bennington, J.L.; Trump, B.F.; Kim, Y.S. Comparison of t-antigen expression in normal, premalignant, and malignant human colonic tissue using lectin and antibody immunohistochemistry. Cancer Res. 1986, 46, 4841-4847.
77. Korourian, S.; Siegel, E.; Kieber-Emmons, T.; Monzavi-Karbassi, B. Expression analysis of carbohydrate antigens in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast by lectin histochemistry. BMC Cancer 2008, 8, 136.
78. Inoue, M.; Ogawa, H.; Nakanishi, K.; Tanizawa, O.; Karino, K.; Endo, J. Clinical value of sialyl tn antigen in patients with gynecologic tumors. Obstet. Gynecol. 1990, 75, 1032-1036.
79. Numa, F.; Tsunaga, N.; Michioka, T.; Nawata, S.; Ogata, H.; Kato, H. Tissue expression of sialyl tn antigen in gynecologic tumors. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. (Tokyo 1995) 1995, 21, 385-389.
80. van Vliet, S.J.; Saeland, E.; van Kooyk, Y. Sweet preferences of mgl: Carbohydrate specificity and function. Trends Immunol. 2008, 29, 83-90.
81. Saeland, E.; van Vliet, S.J.; Backstrom, M.; van den Berg, V.C.; Geijtenbeek, T.B.; Meijer, G.A.; van Kooyk, Y. The c-type lectin mgl expressed by dendritic cells detects glycan changes on muc1 in colon carcinoma. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2007, 56, 1225-1236.
82. Ju, T.; Aryal, R.P.; Stowell, C.J.; Cummings, R.D. Regulation of protein o-glycosylation by the endoplasmic reticulum-localized molecular chaperone cosmc. J. Cell. Biol. 2008, 182, 531-542.
83. Wang, Y.; Ju, T.; Ding, X.; Xia, B.; Wang, W.; Xia, L.; He, M.; Cummings, R.D. Cosmc is an essential chaperone for correct protein o-glycosylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107, 9228-9233.
84. Springer, G.F.; Desai, P.R.; Tegtmeyer, H.; Spencer, B.D.; Scanlon, E.F. Pancarcinoma t/tn antigen detects human carcinoma long before biopsy does and its vaccine prevents breast carcinoma recurrence. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1993, 690, 355-357.
85. Buskas, T.; Ingale, S.; Boons, G.J. Glycopeptides as versatile tools for glycobiology. Glycobiology 2006, 16, 113R-136R.
86. Slovin, S.F.; Ragupathi, G.; Musselli, C.; Olkiewicz, K.; Verbel, D.; Kuduk, S.D.; Schwarz, J.B.; Sames, D.; Danishefsky, S.; Livingston, P.O.; et al. Fully synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines in biochemically relapsed prostate cancer: Clinical trial results with alpha-n-acetylgalactosamineo-serine/threonine conjugate vaccine. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003, 21, 4292-4298.
87. Kaiser, A.; Gaidzik, N.; Westerlind, U.; Kowalczyk, D.; Hobel, A.; Schmitt, E.; Kunz, H. A synthetic vaccine consisting of a tumor-associated sialyl-t(n)-muc1 tandem-repeat glycopeptide and tetanus toxoid: Induction of a strong and highly selective immune response. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2009, 48, 7551-7555.
88. Napoletano, C.; Rughetti, A.; Agervig Tarp, M.P.; Coleman, J.; Bennett, E.P.; Picco, G.; Sale, P.; Denda-Nagai, K.; Irimura, T.; Mandel, U.; et al. Tumor-associated tn-muc1 glycoform is internalized through the macrophage galactose-type c-type lectin and delivered to the hla class i and ii compartments in dendritic cells. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 8358-8367.
89. Ragupathi, G.; Cereb, N.; Yang, S.Y. The relative distribution of b35 alleles and their ief isotypes in a hla-b35-positive population. Tissue Antigens 1995, 46, 24-31.
90. Sabbatini, P.J.; Ragupathi, G.; Hood, C.; Aghajanian, C.A.; Juretzka, M.; Iasonos, A.; Hensley, M.L.; Spassova, M.K.; Ouerfelli, O.; Spriggs, D.R.; et al. Pilot study of a heptavalent vaccinekeyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate plus qs21 in patients with epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007, 13, 4170-4177.
91. Blixt, O.; Lavrova, O.I.; Mazurov, D.V.; Clo, E.; Kracun, S.K.; Bovin, N.V.; Filatov, A.V. Analysis of tn antigenicity with a panel of new igm and igg1 monoclonal antibodies raised against leukemic cells. Glycobiology 2012, 22, 529-542.
92. Kjeldsen, T.; Clausen, H.; Hirohashi, S.; Ogawa, T.; Iijima, H.; Hakomori, S. Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed to the tumor-associated o-linked sialosyl-2----6 alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminyl (sialosyl-tn) epitope. Cancer Res. 1988, 48, 2214-2220.
93. Sewell, R.; Backstrom, M.; Dalziel, M.; Gschmeissner, S.; Karlsson, H.; Noll, T.; Gatgens, J.; Clausen, H.; Hansson, G.C.; Burchell, J.; et al. The st6galnac-i sialyltransferase localizes throughout the golgi and is responsible for the synthesis of the tumor-associated sialyl-tn oglycan in human breast cancer. J. Biol Chem. 2006, 281, 3586-3594.
94. Krzewinski-Recchi, M.-A.; Julien, S.; Juliant, S.; Teintenier-Lelievre, M.; Samyn-Petit, B.; Montiel, M.-D.; Mir, A.-M.; Cerutti, M.; Harduin-Lepers, A.; Delannoy, P. Identification and functional expression of a second human beta-galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase, st6gal ii. Eur. J. Biochem. 2003, 270, 950-961.
95. Ghazizadeh, M.; Oguro, T.; Sasaki, Y.; Aihara, K.; Araki, T.; Springer, G.F. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural localization of t antigen in ovarian tumors. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1990, 93, 315-321.
96. Kinney, A.Y.; Sahin, A.; Vernon, S.W.; Frankowski, R.F.; Annegers, J.F.; Hortobagyi, G.N.; Buzdar, A.U.; Frye, D.K.; Dhingra, K. The prognostic significance of sialyl-tn antigen in women treated with breast carcinoma treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer 1997, 80, 2240-2249.
97. Leivonen, M.; Nordling, S.; Lundin, J.; von Boguslawski, K.; Haglund, C. Stn and prognosis in breast cancer. Oncology 2001, 61, 299.
98. Miles, D.W.; Happerfield, L.C.; Smith, P.; Gillibrand, R.; Bobrow, L.G.; Gregory, W.M.; Rubens, R.D. Expression of sialyl-tn predicts the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy in nodepositive breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 1994, 70, 1272-1275.
99. Soares, R.; Marinho, A.; Schmitt, F. Expression of sialyl-tn in breast cancer. Correlation with prognostic parameters. Pathol. Res. Pract. 1996, 192, 1181-1186.
100. Kobayashi, H.; Terao, T.; Kawashima, Y. Serum sialyl tn as an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1992, 10, 95-101.
101. Davidson, B.; Berner, A.; Nesland, J.M.; Risberg, B.; Kristensen, G.B.; Trope, C.G.; Bryne, M. Carbohydrate antigen expression in primary tumors, metastatic lesions, and serous effusions from patients diagnosed with epithelial ovarian carcinoma: Evidence of up-regulated tn and sialyl tn antigen expression in effusions. Hum. Pathol. 2000, 31, 1081-1087.
102. Davidson, B.; Gotlieb, W.H.; Ben-Baruch, G.; Kopolovic, J.; Goldberg, I.; Nesland, J.M.; Berner, A.; Bjamer, A.; Bryne, M. Expression of carbohydrate antigens in advanced-stage ovarian carcinomas and their metastases-a clinicopathologic study. Gynecol. Oncol. 2000, 77, 35-43.
103. Ikehara, Y.; Kojima, N.; Kurosawa, N.; Kudo, T.; Kono, M.; Nishihara, S.; Issiki, S.; Morozumi, K.; Itzkowitz, S.; Tsuda, T.; et al. Cloning and expression of a human gene encoding an nacetylgalactosamine-alpha2,6-sialyltransferase (st6galnac i): A candidate for synthesis of cancerassociated sialyl-tn antigens. Glycobiology 1999, 9, 1213-1224.
104. Vazquez-Martin, C.; Cuevas, E.; Gil-Martin, E.; Fernandez-Briera, A. Correlation analysis between tumor-associated antigen sialyl-tn expression and st6galnac i activity in human colon adenocarcinoma. Oncology 2004, 67, 159-165.
105. Ogata, S.; Ho, I.; Chen, A.; Dubois, D.; Maklansky, J.; Singhal, A.; Hakomori, S.; Itzkowitz, S.H. Tumor-associated sialylated antigens are constitutively expressed in normal human colonic mucosa. Cancer Res. 1995, 55, 1869-1874.
106. Van Elssen, C.H.; Frings, P.W.; Bot, F.J.; Van de Vijver, K.K.; Huls, M.B.; Meek, B.; Hupperets, P.; Germeraad, W.T.; Bos, G.M. Expression of aberrantly glycosylated mucin-1 in ovarian cancer. Histopathology 2010, 57, 597-606.
107. Singh, R.; Campbell, B.J.; Yu, L.G.; Fernig, D.G.; Milton, J.D.; Goodlad, R.A.; FitzGerald, A.J.; Rhodes, J.M. Cell surface-expressed thomsen-friedenreich antigen in colon cancer is predominantly carried on high molecular weight splice variants of cd44. Glycobiology 2001, 11, 587-592.
108. Akita, K.; Yoshida, S.; Ikehara, Y.; Shirakawa, S.; Toda, M.; Inoue, M.; Kitawaki, J.; Nakanishi, H.; Narimatsu, H.; Nakada, H. Different levels of sialyl-tn antigen expressed on muc16 in patients with endometriosis and ovarian cancer. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 2012, 22, 531-538.
109. Julien, S.; Adriaenssens, E.; Ottenberg, K.; Furlan, A.; Courtand, G.; Vercoutter-Edouart, A.S.; Hanisch, F.G.; Delannoy, P.; Le Bourhis, X. St6galnac i expression in mda-mb-231 breast cancer cells greatly modifies their o-glycosylation pattern and enhances their tumourigenicity. Glycobiology 2006, 16, 54-64.
110. Julien, S.; Lagadec, C.; Krzewinski-Recchi, M.A.; Courtand, G.; Le Bourhis, X.; Delannoy, P. Stable expression of sialyl-tn antigen in t47-d cells induces a decrease of cell adhesion and an increase of cell migration. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2005, 90, 77-84.
111. Aruffo, A.; Stamenkovic, I.; Melnick, M.; Underhill, C.B.; Seed, B. Cd44 is the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate. Cell 1990, 61, 1303-1313.
112. Gunthert, U.; Hofmann, M.; Rudy, W.; Reber, S.; Zoller, M.; Haussmann, I.; Matzku, S.; Wenzel, A.; Ponta, H.; Herrlich, P. A new variant of glycoprotein cd44 confers metastatic potential to rat carcinoma cells. Cell 1991, 65, 13-24.
113. Yu, L.G. The oncofetal thomsen-friedenreich carbohydrate antigen in cancer progression. Glycoconj. J. 2007, 24, 411-420.
114. Springer, G.F.; Desai, P.R.; Banatwala, I. Blood group mn antigens and precursors in normal and malignant human breast glandular tissue. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1975, 54, 335-339.
115. Springer, G.F.; Desai, P.R.; Murthy, M.S.; Scanlon, E.F. Human carcinoma-associated precursor antigens of the nm blood group system. J. Surg Oncol 1979, 11, 95-106.
116. Springer, G.F. Immunoreactive t and tn epitopes in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and immunotherapy. J. Mol. Med. (Berl) 1997, 75, 594-602.
117. Barry, J.D.; Koch, T.J.; Cohen, C.; Brigati, D.J.; Sharkey, F.E. Correlation of immunohistochemical markers with patient prognosis in breast carcinoma: A quantitative study. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1984, 82, 582-585.
118. Wolf, M.F.; Ludwig, A.; Fritz, P.; Schumacher, K. Increased expression of thomsen-friedenreich antigens during tumor progression in breast cancer patients. Tumour Biol. 1988, 9, 190-194.
119. Schindlbeck, C.; Jeschke, U.; Schulze, S.; Karsten, U.; Janni, W.; Rack, B.; Krajewski, S.; Sommer, H.; Friese, K. Prognostic impact of thomsen-friedenreich tumor antigen and disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2007, 101, 17-25.
120. Engelstaedter, V.; Fluegel, B.; Kunze, S.; Mayr, D.; Friese, K.; Jeschke, U.; Bergauer, F. Expression of the carbohydrate tumour marker sialyl lewis a, sialyl lewis x, lewis y and thomsenfriedenreich antigen in normal squamous epithelium of the uterine cervix, cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. Histol. Histopathol. 2012, 27, 507-514.
121. Cazet, A.; Julien, S.; Bobowski, M.; Burchell, J.; Delannoy, P. Tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2010, 12, 204.
122. Hanisch, F.G.; Baldus, S.E. The thomsen-friedenreich (tf) antigen: A critical review on the structural, biosynthetic and histochemical aspects of a pancarcinoma-associated antigen. Histol. Histopathol. 1997, 12, 263-281.
123. Butschak, G.; Karsten, U. Isolation and characterization of thomsen-friedenreich-specific antibodies from human serum. Tumour Biol. 2002, 23, 113-122.
124. Bychkov, V.; Dolan, J.R.; Reddy, V.B. Lectin binding to common epithelial tumors of the ovaries. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 1991, 31, 166-171.
125. Sasano, H.; Saito, Y.; Nagura, H.; Kudo, R.; Rojas, M.; Silverberg, S.G. Lectin histochemistry in mucinous and serous ovarian neoplasms. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 1991, 10, 252-259.
126. Glinsky, V.V.; Glinsky, G.V.; Glinskii, O.V.; Huxley, V.H.; Turk, J.R.; Mossine, V.V.; Deutscher, S.L.; Pienta, K.J.; Quinn, T.P. Intravascular metastatic cancer cell homotypic aggregation at the sites of primary attachment to the endothelium. Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 3805-3811.
127. Khaldoyanidi, S.K.; Glinsky, V.V.; Sikora, L.; Glinskii, A.B.; Mossine, V.V.; Quinn, T.P.; Glinsky, G.V.; Sriramarao, P. Mda-mb-435 human breast carcinoma cell homo-and heterotypic adhesion under flow conditions is mediated in part by thomsen-friedenreich antigen-galectin-3 interactions. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 4127-4134.
128. Bian, C.F.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, H.; Li, D.F.; Wang, D.C. Structural basis for distinct binding properties of the human galectins to thomsen-friedenreich antigen. PLoS One 2011, 6, e25007.
129. Almogren, A.; Abdullah, J.; Ghapure, K.; Ferguson, K.; Glinsky, V.V.; Rittenhouse-Olson, K. Anti-thomsen-friedenreich-ag (anti-tf-ag) potential for cancer therapy. Front. Biosci. (Schol Ed.) 2012, 4, 840-863.
130. MacLean, G.D.; Bowen-Yacyshyn, M.B.; Samuel, J.; Meikle, A.; Stuart, G.; Nation, J.; Poppema, S.; Jerry, M.; Koganty, R.; Wong, T.; et al. Active immunization of human ovarian cancer patients against a common carcinoma (thomsen-friedenreich) determinant using a synthetic carbohydrate antigen. J. Immunother. (1991) 1992, 11, 292-305.
131. Narita, T.; Funahashi, H.; Satoh, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Sakamoto, J.; Takagi, H. Association of expression of blood group-related carbohydrate antigens with prognosis in breast cancer. Cancer 1993, 71, 3044-3053.
132. Ura, Y.; Dion, A.S.; Williams, C.J.; Olsen, B.D.; Redfield, E.S.; Ishida, M.; Herlyn, M.; Major, P.P. Quantitative dot blot analyses of blood-group-related antigens in paired normal and malignant human breast tissues. Int. J. Cancer 1992, 50, 57-63.
133. Idikio, H.A.; Manickavel, V. Lewis blood group antigens (a and b) in human breast tissues. Loss of lewis-b in breast cancer cells and correlation with tumor grade. Cancer 1991, 68, 1303-1308.
134. Idikio, H.A.; Manickavel, V. A, B, H, and lewis-a and lewis-b blood group antigens in human breast cancer: Correlation with steroid hormone receptor and disease status. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 1993, 119, 486-492.
135. Abd Hamid, U.M.; Royle, L.; Saldova, R.; Radcliffe, C.M.; Harvey, D.J.; Storr, S.J.; Pardo, M.; Antrobus, R.; Chapman, C.J.; Zitzmann, N.; et al. A strategy to reveal potential glycan markers from serum glycoproteins associated with breast cancer progression. Glycobiology 2008, 18, 1105-1118.
136. Matsuura, N.; Narita, T.; Mitsuoka, C.; Kimura, N.; Kannagi, R.; Imai, T.; Funahashi, H.; Takagi, H. Increased level of circulating adhesion molecules in the sera of breast cancer patients with distant metastases. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 1997, 27, 135-139.
137. Ordonez, N.G.; Freedman, R.S.; Herlyn, M. Lewis and related tumor-associated determinants on ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol. Oncol. 1987, 26, 1-10.
138. Takehara, K.; Kubushiro, K.; Kiguchi, K.; Ishiwata, I.; Tsukazaki, K.; Nozawa, S.; Iwamori, M. Expression of glycolipids bearing lewis phenotypes in tissues and cultured cells of human gynecological cancers. Jpn J. Cancer Res. 2002, 93, 1129-1137.
139. Dabelsteen, E. Cell surface carbohydrates as prognostic markers in human carcinomas. J. Pathol 1996, 179, 358-369.
140. Muller, S.; Hanisch, F.-G. Recombinant muc1 probe authentically reflects cell-specific oglycosylation profiles of endogenous breast cancer mucin. High density and prevalent core 2-based glycosylation. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 26103-26112.
141. Nakagoe, T.; Fukushima, K.; Itoyanagi, N.; Ikuta, Y.; Oka, T.; Nagayasu, T.; Ayabe, H.; Hara, S.; Ishikawa, H.; Minami, H. Expression of abh/lewis-related antigens as prognostic factors in patients with breast cancer. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2002, 128, 257-264.
142. Kurebayashi, J.; Nomura, T.; Hirono, M.; Okubo, S.; Udagawa, K.; Shiiki, S.; Ikeda, M.; Nakashima, K.; Tanaka, K.; Sonoo, H. Combined measurement of serum sialyl lewis x with serum ca15-3 in breast cancer patients. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006, 36, 150-153.
143. Sozzani, P.; Arisio, R.; Porpiglia, M.; Benedetto, C. Is sialyl lewis x antigen expression a prognostic factor in patients with breast cancer? Int J. Surg. Pathol. 2008, 16, 365-374.
144. Saldova, R.; Royle, L.; Radcliffe, C.M.; Abd Hamid, U.M.; Evans, R.; Arnold, J.N.; Banks, R.E.; Hutson, R.; Harvey, D.J.; Antrobus, R.; et al. Ovarian cancer is associated with changes in glycosylation in both acute-phase proteins and igg. Glycobiology 2007, 17, 1344-1356.
145. Berg, E.L.; Robinson, M.K.; Mansson, O.; Butcher, E.C.; Magnani, J.L. A carbohydrate domain common to both sialyl le(a) and sialyl le(x) is recognized by the endothelial cell leukocyte adhesion molecule elam-1. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 14869-14872.
146. Narita, T.; Kawasaki-Kimura, N.; Matsuura, N.; Funahashi, H.; Kannagi, R. Adhesion of human breast cancer cells to vascular endothelium mediated by sialyl lewis /e-selectin. Breast Cancer 1996, 3, 19-23.
147. Ohyama, C.; Tsuboi, S.; Fukuda, M. Dual roles of sialyl lewis x oligosaccharides in tumor metastasis and rejection by natural killer cells. EMBO J. 1999, 18, 1516-1525.
148. Phillips, M.L.; Nudelman, E.; Gaeta, F.C.; Perez, M.; Singhal, A.K.; Hakomori, S.; Paulson, J.C. Elam-1 mediates cell adhesion by recognition of a carbohydrate ligand, sialyl-lex. Science 1990, 250, 1130-1132.
149. Takada, A.; Ohmori, K.; Takahashi, N.; Tsuyuoka, K.; Yago, A.; Zenita, K.; Hasegawa, A.; Kannagi, R. Adhesion of human cancer cells to vascular endothelium mediated by a carbohydrate antigen, sialyl lewis a. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1991, 179, 354-361.
150. Takada, A.; Ohmori, K.; Yoneda, T.; Tsuyuoka, K.; Hasegawa, A.; Kiso, M.; Kannagi, R. Contribution of carbohydrate antigens sialyl lewis a and sialyl lewis x to adhesion of human cancer cells to vascular endothelium. Cancer Res. 1993, 53, 354-361.
151. Matsuura, N.; Narita, T.; Mitsuoka, C.; Kimura, N.; Kannagi, R.; Imai, T.; Funahashi, H.; Takagi, H. Increased concentration of soluble e-selectin in the sera of breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 1997, 17, 1367-1372.
152. Renkonen, R.; Mattila, P.; Majuri, M.L.; Rabina, J.; Toppila, S.; Renkonen, J.; Hirvas, L.; Niittymaki, J.; Turunen, J.P.; Renkonen, O.; et al. In vitro experimental studies of sialyl lewis x and sialyl lewis a on endothelial and carcinoma cells: Crucial glycans on selectin ligands. Glycoconj. J. 1997, 14, 593-600.
153. Julien, S.; Ivetic, A.; Grigoriadis, A.; QiZe, D.; Burford, B.; Sproviero, D.; Picco, G.; Gillett, C.; Papp, S.L.; Schaffer, L.; et al. Selectin ligand sialyl-lewis x antigen drives metastasis of hormone-dependent breast cancers. Cancer Res. 2011, 71, 7683-7693.
154. Somers, W.S.; Tang, J.; Shaw, G.D.; Camphausen, R.T. Insights into the molecular basis of leukocyte tethering and rolling revealed by structures of p-and e-selectin bound to sle(x) and psgl-1. Cell 2000, 103, 467-479.
155. Sperandio, M.; Gleissner, C.A.; Ley, K. Glycosylation in immune cell trafficking. Immunol Rev. 2009, 230, 97-113.
156. Yago, T.; Fu, J.; McDaniel, J.M.; Miner, J.J.; McEver, R.P.; Xia, L. Core 1-derived o-glycans are essential e-selectin ligands on neutrophils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107, 9204-9209.
157. Hellstrom, I.; Garrigues, H.J.; Garrigues, U.; Hellstrom, K.E. Highly tumor-reactive, internalizing, mouse monoclonal antibodies to le(y)-related cell surface antigens. Cancer Res. 1990, 50, 2183-2190.
158. Madjd, Z.; Parsons, T.; Watson, N.F.; Spendlove, I.; Ellis, I.; Durrant, L.G. High expression of lewis y/b antigens is associated with decreased survival in lymph node negative breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res. 2005, 7, R780-787.
159. Federici, M.F.; Kudryashov, V.; Saigo, P.E.; Finstad, C.L.; Lloyd, K.O. Selection of carbohydrate antigens in human epithelial ovarian cancers as targets for immunotherapy: Serous and mucinous tumors exhibit distinctive patterns of expression. Int. J. Cancer 1999, 81, 193-198.
160. Iwamori, M.; Iwamori, Y.; Kubushiro, K.; Ishiwata, I.; Kiguchi, K. Characteristic expression of lewis-antigenic glycolipids in human ovarian carcinoma-derived cells with anticancer drugresistance. J. Biochem. 2007, 141, 309-317.
161. Wang, C.; Yan, L.; Wang, Y.; Lin, B.; Liu, S.; Li, Q.; Gao, L.; Zhang, S.; Iwamori, M. Overexpression of lewis(y) antigen protects ovarian cancer rmg-1 cells from carboplatin-induced apoptosis by the upregulation of topo-i and topo-ii beta. Anat. Rec. (Hoboken) 2011, 294, 961-969.
162. Gao, L.; Yan, L.; Lin, B.; Gao, J.; Liang, X.; Wang, Y.; Liu, J.; Zhang, S.; Iwamori, M. Enhancive effects of lewis y antigen on cd44-mediated adhesion and spreading of human ovarian cancer cell line rmg-i. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2011, 30, 15.
163. Fukushi, Y.; Kannagi, R.; Hakomori, S.; Shepard, T.; Kulander, B.G.; Singer, J.W. Location and distribution of difucoganglioside (vi3neuacv3iii3fuc2nlc6) in normal and tumor tissues defined by its monoclonal antibody fh6. Cancer Res. 1985, 45, 3711-3717.
164. Bos, P.D.; Zhang, X.H.F.; Nadal, C.; Shu, W.; Gomis, R.R.; Nguyen, D.X.; Minn, A.J.; van de Vijver, M.J.; Gerald, W.L.; Foekens, J.A.; et al. Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Nature 2009, 459, 1005-1009.
165. Cazet, A.; Groux-Degroote, S.; Teylaert, B.; Kwon, K.-M.; Lehoux, S.; Slomianny, C.; Kim, C.-H.; Le Bourhis, X.; Delannoy, P. Gd3 synthase overexpression enhances proliferation and migration of mda-mb-231 breast cancer cells. Biol. Chem. 2009, 390, 601-609.
166. Battula, V.L.; Shi, Y.; Evans, K.W.; Wang, R.Y.; Spaeth, E.L.; Jacamo, R.O.; Guerra, R.; Sahin, A.A.; Marini, F.C.; Hortobagyi, G.; et al. Ganglioside gd2 identifies breast cancer stem cells and promotes tumorigenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 2012, 122, 2066-2078.
167. Marquina, G.; Waki, H.; Fernandez, L.E.; Kon, K.; Carr, A.; Valiente, O.; Perez, R.; Ando, S. Gangliosides expressed in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1996, 56, 5165-5171.
168. Oliva, J.P.; Valdes, Z.; Casaco, A.; Pimentel, G.; Gonzalez, J.; Alvarez, I.; Osorio, M.; Velazco, M.; Figueroa, M.; Ortiz, R.; et al. Clinical evidences of gm3 (neugc) ganglioside expression in human breast cancer using the 14f7 monoclonal antibody labelled with (99m)tc. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2006, 96, 115-121.
169. Santin, A.D.; Ravindranath, M.H.; Bellone, S.; Muthugounder, S.; Palmieri, M.; O'Brien, T.J.; Roman, J.; Cannon, M.J.; Pecorelli, S. Increased levels of gangliosides in the plasma and ascitic fluid of patients with advanced ovarian cancer. BJOG 2004, 111, 613-618.
170. Webb, T.J.; Li, X.; Giuntoli, R.L.; Lopez, P.H.H.; Heuser, C.; Schnaar, R.L.; Tsuji, M.; Kurts, C.; Oelke, M.; Schneck, J.P. Molecular identification of gd3 as a suppressor of the innate immune response in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2012, 72, 3744.
171. Bremer, E.G.; Levery, S.B.; Sonnino, S.; Ghidoni, R.; Canevari, S.; Kannagi, R.; Hakomori, S. Characterization of a glycosphingolipid antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody mbr1 expressed in normal and neoplastic epithelial cells of human mammary gland. J. Biol. Chem. 1984, 259, 14773-14777.
172. Perrone, F.; Menard, S.; Canevari, S.; Calabrese, M.; Boracchi, P.; Bufalino, R.; Testori, S.; Baldini, M.; Colnaghi, M.I. Prognostic significance of the cambr1 antigen on breast carcinoma: Relevance of the type of recognised glycoconjugate. Eur. J. Cancer 1993, 29A, 2113-2117.
173. Mariani-Costantini, R.; Colnaghi, M.I.; Leoni, F.; Menard, S.; Cerasoli, S.; Rilke, F. Immunohistochemical reactivity of a monoclonal antibody prepared against human breast carcinoma. Virchows Arch. A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1984, 402, 389-404.
174. Sharon, N. Lectins: Carbohydrate-specific reagents and biological recognition molecules. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 2753-2764.
175. Kyselova, Z.; Mechref, Y.; Kang, P.; Goetz, J.A.; Dobrolecki, L.E.; Sledge, G.W.; Schnaper, L.; Hickey, R.J.; Malkas, L.H.; Novotny, M.V. Breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis through quantitative measurements of serum glycan profiles. Clin. Chem. 2008, 54, 1166-1175.