Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and human growth and maturation. A focus on early critical windows of exposure

Vitamins and Hormones

Volumn 94, Issue , 2014, Pages 1-25

  Fudvoye, Julie ^a   Bourguignon, Jean Pierre ^a   Parent, Anne Simone ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Bisphenol A; Brain development; Cognitive function; Energy balance; Epigenetics; Fetal growth; Polychlorinated biphenyls; Puberty; Sex differentiation

Indexed keywords

4,4' ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ADULT; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; COGNITION; DRUG EFFECT; ENERGY BALANCE; EPIGENETICS; FEMALE; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; FETUS GROWTH; HUMAN; MALE; POLLUTANT; PREGNANCY; PUBERTY; SEX DIFFERENTIATION; SEXUAL MATURATION;

BISPHENOL A; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; COGNITIVE FUNCTION; ENERGY BALANCE; EPIGENETICS; FETAL GROWTH; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; PUBERTY; SEX DIFFERENTIATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ADULT; ANIMALS; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; MALE; PREGNANCY; SEXUAL MATURATION;

EID: 84891481008     PISSN: 00836729     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800095-3.00001-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (120)

1. Alonso-Magdalena P., Vieira E., Soriano S., Menes L., Burks D., Quesada I., et al. Bisphenol A exposure during pregnancy disrupts glucose homeostasis in mothers and adult male offspring. Environmental Health Perspectives 2010, 118:1243-1250.
2. Anway M.D., Cupp A.S., Uzumcu M., Skinner M.K. Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science 2005, 308:1466-1469.
3. Bansal R., Zoeller R.T. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) do not uniformly produce agonist actions on thyroid hormone responses in the developing rat brain. Endocrinology 2008, 149:4001-4008.
4. Barker D.J. The developmental origins of adult disease. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2004, 23:588-595.
5. Barker D.J.P., Hales C.N., Fall C.H.D., Osmond C., Phipps K., Clark P.M.S. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): Relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia 1993, 36:62-67.
6. Barker D.J.P., Osmond C. Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. The Lancet 1986, 1:1077-1081.
7. Bay K., Asklund C., Skakkebaek N.E., Andersson A.M. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: Possible role of endocrine disrupters. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2006, 20:77-90.
8. Ben-Jonathan N., Hugo E.R., Brandebourg T.D. Effects of bisphenol A on adipokine release from human adipose tissue: Implications for the metabolic syndrome. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2009, 304:49-54.
9. Braun J., Kalkbrenner E., Calafat A., Bernert J., Ye X., Silva M., et al. Variability and predictors of urinary Bisphenol A concentrations during pregnancy. Environmental Health Perspectives 2011, 119:131-137.
10. Braun J.M., Kalkbrenner A.E., Calafat A.M., Yolton K., Ye X., Dietrich K.N., et al. Impact of early-life bisphenol A exposure on behaviour and executive function in children. Pediatrics 2011, 128:873-882.
11. Bromer J.G., Zhou Y., Taylor M.B., Doherty L., Taylor H.S. Bisphenol-A exposure in utero leads to epigenetic alterations in the developmental programming of uterine estrogen response. FASEB Journal 2010, 24:2273-2280.
12. Brouwer A., Morse D.C., Lans M.C., Schuur A.G., Murk A.J., Klasson-Wheler E., et al. Interactions of persistent environmental organohalogens with the thyroid hormones system: Mechanisms and possible consequences for animal and human health. Toxicology and Industrial Health 1998, 14:59-84.
13. Chao H.R., Wang S.L., Lee W.J., Wang Y.F., Päpke O. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from central Taiwan and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects. Environment International 2007, 33:239-245.
14. Chevrier J., Harley K.G., Bradman A., Gharbi M., Sjödin A., Eskenazi B. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy. Environmental Health Perspectives 2010, 118:1444-1449.
15. Chou W.C., Chen J.L., Lin C.F., Chen Y.C., Shih F.C., Chuang C.Y. Biomonitoring of bisphenol A concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood in regard to birth outcomes and adipokine expression: A birth cohort study in Taiwan. Environmental Health 2011, 3:10-94.
16. Christiansen S., Kortenkamp A., Axelstad M., Boberg J., Scholze M., Jacobsen P.R., et al. Mixtures of endocrine disrupting contaminants modelled on human high end exposures: An exploratory study in rats. International Journal of Andrology 2012, 35:303-316.
17. Coll A.P., Farooqi I.S., Challis B.G., Yeo G.S., O'Rahylly S. Proopiomelanocortin and energy balance: Insights from human and murine genetics. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004, 89:2557-2562.
18. Colon I., Caro D., Bourdony C.J., Rosario O. Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican girls with premature breast development. Environmental Health Perspectives 2000, 108:895-900.
19. Costa L.G., Giordano G. Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Neurotoxicology 2007, 28:1047-1067.
20. Denham M., Schell L.M., Deane G., Gallo M.V., Ravenscroft J., DeCaprio A.P. Relationship of lead, mercury, mirex, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls to timing of menarche among Akwesasne Mohawk girls. Pediatrics 2005, 115:127-134.
21. Den Hond E., Roels H.A., Hoppenbrouwers K., Nawrot T., Thijs L., Vandermeulen C., et al. Sexual maturation in relation to polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons: Sharpe and Skakkebaek's hypothesis revisited. Environmental Health Perspectives 2002, 110:771-776.
22. Diamanti-Kandarakis E., Bourguignon J.P., Giudice L., Hauser R., Prins G., Soto A., et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: An endocrine society scientific statement. Endocrine Reviews 2009, 30:293-342.
23. Dolinoy D.C., Huang D., Jirtle R.L. Maternal nutrient supplementation counteracts bisphenol A-induced DNA hypomethylation in early development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104:13056-13061.
24. Elsworth J.D., Jentsch J.D., Vandevoort C.A., Roth R.H., Jr D.E., Leranth C. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A impacts midbrain dopamine neurons and hippocampal spine synapses in non-human primates. Neurotoxicology 2013, 35:113-120.
25. Ema M., Fujii S., Furukawa M., Kiguchi M., Ikka T., Harazono A. Rat two-generation reproductive toxicity study of bisphenol A. Reproductive Toxicology 2001, 15:505-523.
26. Ema M., Miyawaki E., Hirose A., Kamata E. Decreased anogenital distance and increased incidence of undescended testes in fetuses of rats given monobenzyl phthalate, a major metabolite of butyl benzyl phthalate. Reproductive Toxicology 2003, 17:407-412.
27. Eriksson P., Viberg H., Jakobsson E., Orn U., Fredriksson A. A brominated flame retardant, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: Uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development. Toxicological Sciences 2002, 67:98-103.
28. Eskenazi B., Chevrier J., Rauch S.A., Kogut K., Harley K.G., Johnson C., et al. In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study. Environmental Health Perspectives 2012, 121:257-262.
29. Fénichel P., Déchaux H., Harthe C., Gal J., Ferrari P., Pacini P., et al. Unconjugated bisphenol A cord blood levels in boys with descended or undescended testes. Human Reproduction 2012, 27:983-990.
30. Fisher J.S., Macpherson S., Marchetti N., Sharpe R.M. Human 'testicular dysgenesis syndrome': A possible model using in-utero exposure of the rat to dibutyl phthalate. Human Reproduction 2003, 18:1383-1394.
31. Forrest D., Vennström B. Functions of thyroid hormone receptors in mice. Thyroid 2000, 10:41-52.
32. Fowden A.L., Forhead A.J. Hormones as epigenetic signals in developmental programming. Experimental Physiology 2009, 94:607-625.
33. Frederiksen H., Sørensen K., Mouritsen A., Aksglaede L., Hagen C.P., Petersen J.H., et al. High urinary phthalate concentration associated with delayed pubarche in girls. International Journal of Andrology 2012, 35:216-226.
34. Funabashi T., Kawaguchi M., Furuta M., Fukushima A., Kimura F. Exposure to bisphenol A during gestation and lactation causes loss of sex difference in corticotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004, 29:475-485.
35. Galloway T., Cipelli R., Guralnik J., Ferrucci L., Bandinelli S., Corsi A.M., et al. Daily bisphenol A excretion and associations with sex hormone concentrations: Results from the InCHIANTI adult population study. Environmental Health Perspectives 2010, 118:1603-1608.
36. Gauger K.J., Giera S., Sharlin D.S., Bansal R., Iannacone E., Zoeller R.T. Polychlorinated biphenyls 105 and 118 form thyroid hormone receptor agonists after cytochrome P4501A1 activation in rat pituitary GH3 cells. Environmental Health Perspectives 2007, 115:1623-1630.
37. Gluckman P.D., Hanson M.A., Low F.M. The role of developmental plasticity and epigenetics in human health. Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today 2011, 93:12-18.
38. Hales C.N., Barker D.J., Clark P.M., Cox L.J., Fall C., Osmond C., et al. Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. BMJ 1991, 303:1019-1022.
39. Harley K.G., Chevrier J., Aguilar Schall R., Sjödin A., Bradman A., Eskenazi B. Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight. American Journal of Epidemiology 2011, 174:1166-1174.
40. Heger N.E., Hall S.J., Sandrof M.A., McDonnell E.V., Hensley J.B., McDowell E.N., et al. Human fetal testis xenografts are resistant to phthalate-induced endocrine disruption. Environmental Health Perspectives 2012, 120:1137-1143.
41. Herbst A.L., Ulfelder H., Poskanzer D.C. Adenocarcinoma of vagina. Association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women. The New England Journal of Medicine 1971, 284:878-881.
42. Herbstman J.B., Sjodin A., Apelberg B.J., Witter F.R., Halden R.U., Patterson D.G., et al. Birth delivery mode modifies the associations between prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and neonatal thyroid hormone levels. Environmental Health Perspectives 2008, 116:1376-1382.
43. Herbstman J.B., Sjödin A., Kurzon M., Lederman S.A., Jones R.S., Rauh V. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment. Environmental Health Perspectives 2010, 118:712-719.
44. Ho S.M., Tang W.Y., Belmonte de Frausto J., Prins G.S. Developmental exposure to estradiol and bisphenol A increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and epigenetically regulates phosphodiesterase type 4 variant 4. Cancer Research 2006, 66:5624-5632.
45. Horn S., Heuer H. Thyroid hormone action during brain development: More questions than answers. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2010, 315:19-26.
46. Howdeshell K.L., Hotchkiss A.K., Thayer K.A., Vandenbergh J.G., vom Saal F.S. Exposure to bisphenol A advances puberty. Nature 1999, 401:763-764.
47. Hugo E.R., Brandebourg T.D., Woo J.G., Loftus J., Wesley Alexander J., Ben-Jonathan N. Bisphenol A at environmentally relevant doses inhibits adiponectin release from human adipose tissue explants and adipocytes. Environmental Health Perspectives 2008, 116:1642-1647.
48. Kirman C.R., Aylward L.L., Hays S.M., Krishnan K., Nong A. Biomonitoring equivalents for DDT/DDE. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2011, 60:172-180.
49. Kobayashi K., Ohtani K., Kubota H., Miyagawa M. Dietary exposure to low doses of bisphenol A: Effects on reproduction and development in two generations of C57BL/6J mice. Congenital Anomalies (Kyoto) 2010, 50:159-170.
50. Kodavanti P.R., Coburn C.G., Moser V.C., MacPhail R.C., Fenton S.E., Stoker T.E., et al. Developmental exposure to a commercial PBDE mixture, DE-71: Neurobehavioral, hormonal, and reproductive effects. Toxicological Sciences 2010, 116:297-312.
51. Koibuchi N., Iwasaki T. Regulation of brain development by thyroid hormone and its modulation by environmental chemicals. Endocrine Journal 2006, 53:295-303.
52. Kortenkamp A. Low dose mixture effects of endocrine disrupters: Implications for risk assessment and epidemiology. International Journal of Andrology 2008, 31:233-240.
53. Krstevska-Konstantinova M., Charlier C., Craen M., Du Caju M., Heinrichs C., de Beaufort C., et al. Sexual precocity after immigration from developing countries to Belgium: Evidence of previous exposure to organochlorine pesticides. Human Reproduction 2001, 16:1020-1026.
54. Kubo K., Arai O., Omura M., Watanabe R., Ogata R., Aou S. Low dose effects of bisphenol A on sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior in rats. Neuroscience Research 2003, 45:345-356.
55. Kuriyama S.N., Chahoud I. In utero exposure to low-dose 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 118) impairs male fertility and alters neurobehavior in rat offspring. Toxicology 2004, 202:185-197.
56. Lang I.A., Galloway T.S., Scarlett A., Henley W.E., Depledge M., Wallace R.B., et al. Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. JAMA 2008, 300:1303-1310.
57. Langer P. Persistent organochlorinated pollutants (PCB, DDE, HCB, dioxins, furans) and the thyroid. Endocrine Regulations 2008, 42:79-104.
58. LaRocca J., Boyajian A., Brown C., Smith S.D., Hixon M. Effects of in utero exposure to bisphenol A or diethylstilbestrol on the adult male reproductive system. Birth Defects Research. Part B, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology 2011, 92:526-533.
59. Leijs M.M., Koppe J.G., Olie K., van Aalderen W.M.C., de Voogt P., Vulsma T., et al. Delayed initiation of breast development in girls with higher prenatal dioxin exposure; a longitudinal cohort study. Chemosphere 2008, 73:999-1004.
60. Leranth C., Hajszan T., Szigeti-Buck K., Bober J., MacLusky N.J. Bisphenol A prevents the synaptogenic response to estradiol in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of ovariectomized nonhuman primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 2008, 105:14187-14191.
61. Leranth C., Szigeti-Buck K., MacLusky N.J., Hajszan T. Bisphenol A prevents the synaptogenic response to testosterone in the brain of adult male rats. Endocrinology 2008, 149:988-994.
62. Lillycrop K.A., Slater-Jefferies J.L., Hanson M.A., Godfrey K.M., Jackson A.A., Burdge G.C. Induction of altered epigenetic regulation of the hepatic glucocorticoid receptor in the offspring of rats fed a protein-restricted diet during pregnancy suggests that reduced DNA methyltransferase-1 expression is involved in impaired DNA methylation and changes in histone modifications. British Journal of Nutrition 2007, 97:1064-1073.
63. Lomenick J.P., Calafat A.M., Melguizo Castro M.S., Mier R., Stenger P., Foster M.B., et al. Phthalate exposure and precocious puberty in females. The Journal of Pediatrics 2010, 156:221-225.
64. MacLusky N.J., Hajszan T., Leranth C. The environmental estrogen bisphenol A inhibits estradiol-induced hippocampal synaptogenesis. Environmental Health Perspectives 2005, 113:675-679.
65. Main K.M., Mortensen G.K., Kaleva M.M., Boisen K.A., Damgaard I.N., Chellakooty M., et al. Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age. Environmental Health Perspectives 2006, 114:270-276.
66. Masuno H., Iwanami J., Kidani T., Sakayama K., Honda K. Bisphenol A accelerates terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Toxicological Sciences 2005, 84:319-327.
67. Masuno H., Kidani T., Sehiya K., Sakayama K., Shiosaka T., Yamamoto H., et al. Bisphenol A in combination with insulin can accelerate the conversion of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to adipocytes. Journal of Lipid Research 2002, 43:676-684.
68. Mazdai A., Dodder N.G., Abernathy M.P., Hites R.A., Bigsby R.M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples. Environmental Health Perspectives 2003, 111:1249-1252.
69. Mclachlan J.A. Environmental signaling: What embryos and evolution teach us about endocrine disrupting chemicals. Endocrine Reviews 2001, 22:319-341.
70. Meeker J.D., Calafat A.M., Hauser R. Urinary bisphenol A concentrations in relation to serum thyroid and reproductive hormone levels in men from an infertility clinic. Environmental Science and Technology 2010, 44:1458-1463.
71. Miao M., Yuan W., He Y., Zhou Z., Wang J., Gao E., et al. In utero exposure to bisphenol-A and anogenital distance of male offspring. Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology 2011, 91:867-872.
72. Miao M., Yuan W., Zhu G., He X., Li D.K. In utero exposure to bisphenol-A and its effect on birth weight of offspring. Reproductive Toxicology 2011, 32:64-68.
73. Mitchell R.T., Childs A.J., Anderson R.A., van den Driesche S., Saunders P.T., McKinnell C., et al. Do phthalates affect steroidogenesis by the human fetal testis? Exposure of human fetal testis xenografts to di-n-butyl phthalate. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012, 97:341-348.
74. Ouyang F., Perry M.J., Venners S.A., Chen C., Wang B., Yang F., et al. Serum DDT, age at menarche, and abnormal menstrual cycle length. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005, 62:878-884.
75. Padmanabhan V., Siefert K., Ransom S., Johnson T., Pinkerton J., Anderson L., et al. Maternal bisphenol-A levels at delivery: A looming problem?. Journal of Perinatology 2008, 28:258-263.
76. Palanza P., Gioiosa L., vom Saal F.S., Parmigiani S. Effects of developmental exposure to bisphenol A on brain and behavior in mice. Environmental Sciences 2008, 108:150-157.
77. Parent A.S., Naveau E., Gerard A., Bourguignon J.P., Westbrook G.L. Early developmental actions of endocrine disruptors on the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 2011, 14:328-345.
78. Philippat C., Mortamais M., Chevrier C., Petit C., Calafat A.M., Ye X., et al. Exposure to phthalates and phenols during pregnancy and offspring size at birth. Environmental Health Perspectives 2012, 120:464-470.
79. Pottenger L.H., Domoradski J.Y., Markham D.A., Hansen S.C., Cagen S.Z., Waechter J.M. The relative bioavailability and metabolism of bisphenol A in rats is dependent upon the route of administration. Toxicological Sciences 2000, 54:3-18.
80. Ravelli A.C., Van Der Meulen J.H., Osmond C., Barker D.J., Bleker O.P. Obesity at the age of 50 y in men and women exposed to famine prenatally. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999, 70:811-816.
81. Richter C., Birnbaum L., Farabollini F., Newbold R.R., Rubin B., Talsness C.E., et al. In vivo effects of Bisphenol A in laboratory rodent studies. Reproductive Toxicology 2007, 24:199-224.
82. Rubin B.S., Lenkowski J.R., Schaeberle C.M., Vandenberg L.N., Ronsheim P.M., Soto A.M. Evidence of altered brain sexual differentiation in mice exposed perinatally to low, environmentally relevant levels of bisphenol A. Neuroendocrinology 2006, 147:3681-3691.
83. Rubin B.S., Murray M.K., Damassa D.A., King J.C., Soto A.M. Perinatal exposure to low doses of bisphenol A affects body weight, patterns of estrous cyclicity and plasma LH levels. Environmental Health Perspectives 2001, 109:675-680.
84. Rudel R.A., Gray J.M., Engel C.L., Rawsthorne T.W., Dodson R.E., Ackerman J.M., et al. Food packaging and bisphenol A and bis(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate exposure: Findings from a dietary intervention. Environmental Health Perspectives 2011, 119:914-920.
85. Ryan K.R., Haller A.M., Sorrel J.E., Woods S.C., Jandacek R.J., Seeley R.J. Perinatal exposure to Bisphenol-A and the development of metabolic syndrome in CD-1 Mice. Endocrinology 2010, 151:2603-2612.
86. Salian S., Doshi T., Vanage G. Neonatal exposure of male rats to bisphenol A impairs fertility and expression of sertoli cell junctional proteins in the testis. Toxicology 2009, 265:56-67.
87. Sargis R.M., Johnson D.N., Choudhuryl R.A., Bradyl M.J. Endocrine disruptors promote adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 cell line through glucocorticoid receptor activation. Obesity 2010, 18:1283-1288.
88. Schantz S.L., Widholm J.J., Rice D.C. Effects of PCB exposure on neuropsychological function in children. Environmental Health Perspectives 2003, 111:357-376.
89. Shakkebaek N.E., Rajpert-De Meyts E., Main K.M. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: An increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Human Reproduction 2001, 16:972-978.
90. Sharpe R.M., Skakkebaek N.E. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: Mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects. Fertility and Sterility 2008, 89:33-38.
91. Sjödin A., Wong L.T., Jones R.S., Park A., Zhang Y., Hodge C., et al. Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the United States population: 2003-2004. Environmental Science and Technology 2008, 42:1377-1384. 10.1021/es702451p.
92. Somm E., Schwitzgebel V.M., Toulotte A., Cederroth C.R., Combescure C., Nef S., et al. Perinatal exposure to bisphenol A alters early adipogenesis in the rat. Environmental Health Perspectives 2009, 117:1549-1555.
93. Stapleton H.M., Sjodin A., Jones R.S., Niehoser S., Zhang Y., Patterson D.G. Serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foam recyclers and carpet installers working in the United States. Environmental Science and Technology 2008, 42:3453-3458.
94. Stevens A., Begum G., White A. Epigenetic changes in the hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin gene: A mechanism linking maternal undernutrition to obesity in the offspring?. European Journal of Pharmacology 2011, 660:194-201.
95. Strom B.L., Schinnar R., Ziegler E.E., Barnhart K.T., Sammel M.D., Macones G.A., et al. Exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood. JAMA 2001, 286:807-814.
96. Swan S.H., Main K.M., Liu F., Stewart S.L., Kruse R.L., Calafat A.M., et al. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 2005, 113:1056-1061.
97. Takahashi O., Oishi S. Disposition of orally administered 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A) in pregnant rats and the placental transfer to fetuses. Environmental Health Perspectives 2000, 108:931-935.
98. Tan J., Loganath A., Chong Y.S., Obbard J.P. Exposure to persistent organic pollutants in utero and related maternal characteristics on birth outcomes: A multivariate data analysis approach. Chemosphere 2009, 74:428-433.
99. Tando S., Itoh K., Yaoi T., Ikeda J., Fujiwara Y., Fushiki S. Effects of pre- and neonatal exposure to bisphenol A on murine brain development. Brain and Development 2007, 29:352-356.
100. Trasande L., Attina T.M., Blustein J. Association between urinary bisphenol A concentration and obesity prevalence in children and adolescents. JAMA 2012, 308:1113-1121.
101. Vandenberg L.N., Colborn T., Hayes T.B., Heindel J.J., Jacobs D.R., Lee D.H., et al. Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses. Endocrine Reviews 2012, 33:378-455.
102. Vasiliu O., Muttineni J., Karmaus W. In utero exposure to organochlorines and age at menarche. Human Reproduction 2004, 19:1506-1512.
103. Viberg H., Fredriksson A., Eriksson P. Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2003, 192:95-106.
104. Viberg H., Mundy W., Eriksson P. Neonatal exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) results in changes in BDNF, CaMKII and GAP-43, biochemical substrates of neuronal survival, growth, and synaptogenesis. Neurotoxicology 2008, 29:152-159.
105. vom Saal F.S., Akingbemi B.T., Belcher S.M., Birnbaum L.S., Crain D.A., Eriksen M., et al. Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: Integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure. Reproductive Toxicology 2007, 24:131-138.
106. Vom Saal F.S., Myers J. Bisphenol A and risk of metabolic disorders. JAMA 2008, 300:1353-1355.
107. Wang J., Sun B., Hou M., Pan X., Li X. The environmental obesogen bisphenol A promotes adipogenesis by increasing the amount of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the adipose tissue of children. International Journal of Obesity 2012, 37(7):999-1005.
108. Warner M., Samuels S., Mocarelli P., Gerthou P.M., Needham L., Patterson D.G., et al. Serum dioxin concentrations and age at menarche. Environmental Health Perspectives 2004, 112:1289-1292.
109. Wei J., Lin Y., Li Y., Ying C., Chen J., Song L., et al. Perinatal exposure to bisphenol A at reference dose predisposes offspring to metabolic syndrome in adult rats on a high-fat diet. Endocrinology 2011, 152:3049-3061.
110. Welsh M., Saunders P., Fisken M., Scott M., Hutchison G., Smith L., et al. Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2008, 118:1479-1490.
111. Whitehead J.P., Richards A.A., Hickman I.J., Macdonald G.A., Prins J.B. Adiponectin-A key adipokine in the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2006, 8:264-280.
112. Wohlfahrt-Veje C., Andersen H.R., Jensen T.K., Grandjean P., Skakkebæk N.E., Main K.M. Smaller genitals at school age in boys whose mothers were exposed to non-persistent pesticides in early pregnancy. International Journal of Andrology 2012, 35:273-282.
113. Wolff M.S., Britton J.A., Boguski L., Hochman S., Maloney N., Serra N., et al. Environmental exposures and puberty in inner-city girls. Environmental Research 2008, 107:393-400.
114. Wolff M.S., Teitelbaum S.L., Pinney S.M., Windham G., Liao L., Biro F., et al. Investigation of relationships between urinary biomarkers of phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols and pubertal stages in girls. Environmental Health Perspectives 2010, 118:1039-1046.
115. Wu K., Xu X., Liu J., Guo Y., Li Y., Huo X. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in umbilical cord blood and relevant factors in neonates from Guiyu, China. Environmental Science and Technology 2010, 44:813-819.
116. Xi W., Wan H.T., Zhao Y.G., Wong M.H., Giesy J.P., Wong C.K. Effects of perinatal exposure to bisphenol A and di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate on gonadal development of male mice. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 2012, 19:2515-2527.
117. Yang C.Y., Yu M.L., Wuo H.R., Lai T.J., HSu CC C.C., Lambert G., et al. The endocrine and reproductive function of the female Yucheng adolescents prenatally exposed to PCBs/PCDFs. Chemosphere 2005, 61:355-360.
118. Zhang J.M., Konkle A.T., Zup S.L., McCarthy M.M. Impact of sex and hormones on new cells in the developing rat hippocampus: A novel source of sex dimorphism?. European Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 27:791-800.
119. Zoeller R.T., Dowling A.L.S., Vas A. Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls exerts thyroid hormone-like effects on the expression of RC3/Neurogranin and myelin basic protein messenger ribonucleic acids in the developing rat brain. Endocrinology 2000, 141:181-189.
120. Zoeller R.T., Rovet J. Timing of thyroid hormone action in the developing brain: Clinical observations and experimental findings. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2004, 16:809-818.