Support for employment equity policies: A self-enhancement approach

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

Volumn 123, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 49-64

  Hideg, Ivona ^a   Ferris, D Lance ^b  

^a WILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Affirmative action; Employment equity; Gender; Self affirmation; Self enhancement; Self image threat

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891150783     PISSN: 07495978     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.11.002     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Aiken L.S., West S.G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions 1991, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
2. Bargh J.A., Chen M., Burrows L. Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 71:230-244.
3. Bell M.P., Harrison D.A., McLaughlin M.E. Asian American attitudes toward affirmative action in employment: Implications for the model minority myth. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 1997, 33:356-377.
4. Bliese P. Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability. Multi-level theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions 2000, 349-381. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. K. Klein, S. Kozlowski (Eds.).
5. Bobo L., Kluegel J.R. Opposition to race-targeting: Self-interest, stratification ideology, or racial attitudes?. American Sociological Review 1993, 58:443-464.
6. Bobocel D.R., Son Hing L.S., Davey L.M., Stanley D.J., Zanna M.P. Justice-based opposition to social policies: Is it genuine?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 75:653-669.
7. Callanan G., Benzing C. Assessing the role of internships in the career-oriented employment of graduating college students. Education and Training 2004, 46:82-89.
8. Catalyst (2011). 2011 Catalyst census: Fortune 500 women executive officers and top earners. New York, NY: Catalyst.
9. Chen Y., Ferris D.L., Kwan M., Yan M., Zhou M., Hong Y. Self-love's lost labor: A self-enhancement model of workplace incivility. Academy of Management Journal 2013, 56:1199-1219.
10. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychological Bulletin 1992, 112:155-159.
11. Cohen G.L., Garcia J., Purdie-Vaughns V., Apfel N., Brzustoski P. Recursive processes in self-affirmation: Intervening to close the minority achievement gap. Science 2009, 324(5925):400-403.
12. Critcher C.R., Dunning D., Armor D.A. When self-affirmations reduce defensiveness: Timing is key. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2010, 36:947-959.
13. Evans D.C. A comparison of the other-directed stigmatization produced by legal and illegal forms of affirmative action. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:121-130.
14. Evans M.G. A Monte Carlo study of the effects of correlated method variance in moderated multiple regression analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1985, 36:305-323.
15. Fein S., Spencer S.J. Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1997, 73:31-44.
16. Feingold A. Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 1994, 116:429-456.
17. Ferris D.L., Brown D.J., Heller D. Organizational supports and organizational deviance: The mediating role of organization-based self-esteem. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2009, 108:279-286.
18. Ferris D.L., Lian H., Brown D.J., Pang F.X.J., Keeping L.M. Self-esteem and job performance: The moderating role of self-esteem contingencies. Personnel Psychology 2010, 63:561-593.
19. Fletcher J.F., Chalmers M. Attitudes of Canadians toward affirmative action: Opposition, value pluralism, and nonattitudes. Political Behavior 1991, 13(1):67-95.
20. Fugate M., Prussia G.E., Kinicki A.J. Managing employee withdrawal during organizational change: The role of threat appraisal. Journal of Management 2012, 38:890-914.
21. Harris P.R., Napper L. Self-affirmation and the biased processing of the threatening health-risk information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2009, 31:1250-1263.
22. Harrison D.A., Kravitz D.A., Mayer D.M., Leslie L.M., Lev-Arey D. Understanding attitudes toward affirmative action programs in employment: Summary and meta-analysis of 35 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91:1013-1036.
23. Heatherton T.F., Polivy J. Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1991, 60:895-910.
24. Heilman M.E., Alcott V.B. What I think you think of me: Women's reactions to being viewed as beneficiaries of preferential selection. Journal of Applied Psychology 2001, 86:574-582. 10.1037/0021-9010.86.4.574.
25. Heilman M.E., Battle W.S., Keller C.E., Lee R.A. Type of affirmative action policy: A determinant of reactions to sex-based preferential selection?. Journal of Applied Psychology 1998, 83:190-205.
26. Heilman M.E., Block C.J., Lucas J.A. Presumed incompetent? Stigmatization and affirmative action efforts. Journal of Applied Psychology 1992, 77:536-544.
27. Heilman M.E., Block C.J., Stathatos P. The affirmative action stigma of incompetence: Effects of performance information ambiguity. Academy of Management Journal 1997, 40:603-625.
28. Heilman M.E., Simon M.C., Repper D.P. Intentionally favored, unintentionally harmed? Impact of sex-based preferential selection on self-perceptions and self-evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology 1987, 72:62-68.
29. Hideg I., Michela J.L., Ferris D.L. Overcoming negative reactions of nonbeneficiaries to employment equity: The effect of participation in policy formulation. Journal of Applied Psychology 2011, 96:363-376.
30. Hitt M.A., Keats B.W. Empirical identification of the criteria for effective affirmative action programs. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 1984, 20:203-222.
31. Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (2012). Guidelines for the employment equity act and regulations. <>. http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/equality/employment_equity/tools/guidelines/gdln1.shtml#page6.
32. Izard C.E., Libero D.Z., Putnam P., Haynes O.M. Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 64:847-860.
33. Jain H.C., Sloane P.J., Horwitz F.M., Taggar S., Weiner N. Employment equity and affirmative action: An international comparison 2003, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY.
34. Kalev A., Dobbin F., Kelly E. Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies. American Sociological Review 2006, 71:589-617.
35. Kelley H.H. The process of causal attribution. American Psychologist 1973, 28:107-128.
36. Kidder D.L., Lankau M.J., Chrobot-Mason D., Mollica K.A., Friedman R.A. Backlash toward diversity initiatives: Examining the impact of diversity program justification, personal and group outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management 2004, 15:77-102.
37. Kling K.C., Hyde J.S., Showers C.J., Buswell B.N. Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 1999, 125:470-500.
38. Kluegel J.R., Smith E.R. Affirmative action attitudes: Effects of self-interest, racial affect, and stratification beliefs on whites' views. Social Forces 1983, 61:797-824.
39. Knouse S.B., Fontenot G. Benefits of the business college internship: A research review. Journal of Employment Counseling 2008, 45:61-66.
40. Konrad A.M., Linnehan F. Formalized HRM structures: Coordinating equal employment opportunity or concealing organizational practices. Academy of Management Journal 1995, 38:787-820.
41. Konrad A.M., Linnehan F. Race and sex differences in line managers' reactions to equal employment opportunity and affirmative action interventions. Group & Organization Management 1995, 20:409-439.
42. Kravitz D.A., Klineberg S.L. Reactions to two versions of affirmative action among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. Journal of Applied Psychology 2000, 85:597-611.
43. Kravitz D.A., Platania J. Attitudes and beliefs about affirmative action: Effects of target and of respondent sex and ethnicity. Journal of Applied Psychology 1993, 78:928-938.
44. Lehman B.J., Crano W.D. The pervasive effects of vested interest on attitude-criterion consistency in political judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2002, 38:101-112.
45. Loewenstein G. Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1996, 65:272-292.
46. Matheson K., Echenberg A., Taylor D.M., Rivers D. Women's attitudes toward affirmative action: Putting actions in context. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1994, 24:2075-2096.
47. McQueen A., Klein W. Experimental manipulations of self-affirmation: A systematic review. Self and Identity 2006, 5:289-354.
48. Miller D.T. The norm of self-interest. American Psychologist 1999, 54:1053-1060.
49. Nacoste R.W., Hummels B. Affirmative action and the behavior of decision makers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1994, 24:595-613.
50. Pfeffer J., Fong C.T. Building organization theory from first principles: The self-enhancement motive and understanding power and influence. Organization Science 2005, 16:372-388.
51. Podsakoff P.M., MacKenzie S.B., Lee J.-Y., Podsakoff N.P. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:879-903.
52. Podsakoff P.M., MacKenzie S.B., Podsakoff N.P. Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology 2012, 63:539-569.
53. Pyburn K.M., Ployhart R.E., Kravitz D.A. The diversity-validity dilemma: Overview and legal context. Personnel Psychology 2008, 61:143-151.
54. Ratner R.K., Miller D.T. The norm of self-interest and its effects on social action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81:5-16.
55. Sedikides C. Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 65:317-338.
56. Sherman D.K., Cohen G.L. Accepting threatening information: Self-affirmation and the reduction of defensive biases. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2002, 1:119-123.
57. Sherman D.K., Cohen G.L. The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory. Advances in experimental social psychology 2006, Vol. 38:183-242. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
58. Sherman D.K., Cohen G.L., Nelson L.D., Nussbaum A.D., Bunyan D.P., Garcia J. Affirmed yet unaware: Exploring the role of awareness in the process of self-affirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2009, 97:745-764.
59. Sherman D.A.K., Nelson L.D., Steele C.M. Do messages about health risks threaten the self? Increasing the acceptance of threatening health messages via self-affirmation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2000, 26:1046-1058.
60. Son Hing L.S., Bobocel D.R., Zanna M.P., Garcia D.M., Gee S.S., Orazietti K. The merit of meritocracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2011, 101:433-450.
61. Sowell T. Affirmative action around the world: An empirical study 2004, Yale University Press, New Haven.
62. Spann G.A. The law of affirmative action: Twenty-five years of Supreme Court decisions on race and remedies 2000, New York University Press, New York.
63. Spencer S.J., Fein S., Wolfe C.T., Fong C., Dunn M.A. Automatic activation of stereotypes: The role of self-image threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1998, 24:1139-1152.
64. Spencer S.J., Zanna M.P., Fong G.T. Establishing a causal chain: Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 89:845-851.
65. Swim J.K., Cohen L.L. Overt, covert, and subtle sexism: A comparison between the attitudes toward women and modern sexism scales. Psychology of Women Quarterly 1997, 21:103-118.
66. Tougas F., Veilleux F. The response of men to affirmative action strategies for women: The study of a predictive model. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 1990, 22:424-432.
67. Tay C., Ang S., Van Dyne L. Personality, biographical characteristics, and job interview success: A longitudinal study of the mediating effects of interviewing self-efficacy and the moderating effects of internal locus of causality. Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91:446-454. 10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.446.
68. Tesser A. On the confluence of self-esteem maintenance mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2000, 4:290-299.
69. Tougas F., Beaton A.M. Affirmative action in the work place: For better or for worse. Applied Psychology: An International Review 1993, 42:253-264.
70. Turner M.E., Pratkanis A.R. Effects of preferential and meritorious selection on performance: An examination of intuitive and self-handicapping perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1993, 19:47-58.
71. Turner M.E., Pratkanis A.R., Hardaway T.J. Sex differences in reactions to preferential selection: Towards a model of preferential selection as help. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 1991, 6:797-814.
72. Twenge J.M., Crocker J. Race and self-esteem: Meta-analyses comparing Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians. Psychological Bulletin 2002, 128:371-408. 10.1037/0033-2909.128.3.371.
73. Unzueta M.M., Gutiérrez A.S., Ghavami N. How believing in affirmative action quotas affects white women's self-image. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2010, 46:120-126.
74. Unzueta M.M., Lowery B.S. Defining racism safely: The role of self-image maintenance on white Americans' conceptions of racism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2008, 44:1491-1497.
75. Unzueta M.M., Lowery B.S., Knowles E.D. How believing in affirmative action quotas protects white men's self-esteem. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2008, 105:1-13.
76. Yanar B., Budworth M., Latham G.P. The effect of verbal self-guidance training for overcoming employment barriers: A study of Turkish women. Applied Psychology: An International Review 2009, 58:586-601.