Overt, covert, and subtle sexism: A comparison between the attitudes toward women and modern sexism scales

Psychology of Women Quarterly

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 103-118

  Swim, Janet K ^a   Cohen, Laurie L ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031287405     PISSN: 03616843     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00103.x     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1994). Implicit stereotyping and prejudice. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 55-76). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
2. Beaman, A. L., & Klentz, B. (1983). The supposed physical attractiveness bias against supporters of the women's movement: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 9, 544-550.
3. Benokraitis, N. V., & Feagin, J. R. (1986). Modern sexism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
4. Benokraitis, N. V., & Feagin, J. R. (1995). Modern sexism (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
5. Butler, D., & Geis, F. L. (1990). Nonverbal affect responses to male and female leaders: Implications for leadership evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 48-59.
6. Byrne, D. (1961). Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 713-715.
7. Crosby, F., Bromley, S. , & Saxe, L. (1980). Recent unobtrusive studies of black and white discrimination and prejudice: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 37, 546-563.
8. Eagly, A. H., & Mladinic, A. (1989). Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 543-558.
9. Eagly, A. H., & Mladinic, A. (1994). Are people prejudiced against women? Some answers from research on attitudes, gender stereotypes, and judgments of competence. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 1-35). New York: Wiley.
10. Eagly, A. H., Mladinic, A., & Otto, S. (1991). Are women evaluated more favorably than men? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 203-216.
11. Freedman, S. A., Swim, J. K., & Silverman, C. (1997). The effects of reasonable person and reasonable woman jury instructions on perceptions of and decisions about sexual harassment cases. Unpublished manuscript, The Pennsylvania State University.
12. Gaertner, S., & Dovidio, J. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In S. L. Gaertner & J. F. Dovidio (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61-89). New York: Academic.
13. Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism: Measuring ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 119-135.
14. Haddock, G., & Zanna, M. P. (1994). Preferring "Barbara Bush" to "Hillary Clinton": Categorization and the favorability of attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 25-53.
15. Haddock, C., Zanna, M. P., & Esses, V. M. (1993). Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1105-1118.
16. Larson, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. In M. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 25-29). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
17. McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale. In S. L. Gaertner & J. F. Dovidio (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91-125). New York: Academic.
18. Mulaik, S. A., James, L. H., VanAlstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 430-445.
19. Sears, D. O. (1988). Symbolic racism. In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 53-84). New York: Plenum Press.
20. Spence, J. T., & Hahn, E. D. (1997). The Attitudes Toward Women Scale and attitude change in college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 17-34.
21. Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1973). A short version of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 2, 219-220.
22. Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 199-214.
23. Tougas, F., Brown, R., Beaton, A. M., & Joly, S. (1995). Neosexism: Plus ça change, plus c'est pareil. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 842-850.
24. Trapnell, P.D., Suedfeld, P., & Paulhus, D.L. (1996). Prejudice, politics, and the Modern Sexism Scale. Unpublished manuscript, University of British Columbia.