New evidence for persistent impact-generated hydrothermal activity in the Miocene Ries impact structure, Germany

Meteoritics and Planetary Science

Volumn 48, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 2491-2516

  Arp, Gernot ^a   Kolepka, Claudia ^a   Simon, Klaus ^a   Karius, Volker ^a   Nolte, Nicole ^a   Hansen, Bent T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890867046     PISSN: 10869379     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/maps.12235     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. 40Ar dating of the early to middle miocene upper freshwater molasse in eastern Bavaria (Germany). International Journal of Earth Sciences 97:115-134.
2. Allen E. T. and Day A. L. 1935. Hot springs of the Yellowstone National Park. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication 466:1-525.
3. Ames D. E., Watkinson D. H., and Parrish R. R. 1998. Dating of a regional hydrothermal system induced by the 1850 Ma Sudbury impact event. Geology 26:447-450.
4. Ames D. E., Jonasson I. R., Gibson H. L., and Pope K. O. 2006. Impact-generated hydrothermal system constraints from the large Paleoproterozoic Sudbury crater, Canada. In Biological processes associated with impact events, edited by Cockell C., Gilmour I., and Koeberl C. Berlin: Springer. pp. 55-100.
5. Arp G. 1995. Lacustrine bioherms, spring mounds, and marginal carbonates of the Ries impact crater (Miocene, Southern Germany). Facies 33:35-90.
6. Arp G., Hofmann J., and Reitner J. 1998. Microbial fabric formation in spring mounds ("microbialites") of alkaline salt lakes in the Badain Jaran Sand Sea, PR China. Palaios 13:581-592.
7. Arp G., Thiel V., Reimer A., Michaelis W., and Reitner J. 1999. Biofilm exopolymers control microbialite formation at thermal springs discharging into the alkaline Pyramid Lake, Nevada, U.S.A. Sedimentary Geology 126:159-176.
8. Arp G., Blumenberg M., Hansen B. T., Jung D., Kolepka C., Lenz O., Nolte N., Poschlod K., Reimer A., and Thiel V. 2013. Chemical and ecological evolution of the Miocene Ries impact crater lake, Germany: A re-interpretation based on the Enkingen (SUBO 18) drill core. Geological Society of America Bulletin 125:1125-1145.
9. Artemieva N. A., Wünnemann K., Krien F., Reimold W. U., and Stöffler D. 2013. Ries crater and suevite revisited-Observations and modelling, Part II: Modeling. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 48:590-627.
10. Banner J. L. and Hanson G. N. 1990. Calculation of simultaneous isotopic and trace element variations during water-rock interaction with applications to carbonate diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54:3123-3137.
11. Barrat J. A., Boulègue J., Tiercelin J. J., and Lesourd M. 2000. Strontium isotopes and rare-earth element geochemistry of hydrothermal carbonate deposits from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64:287-298.
12. Bau M. 1991. Rare-earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid-rock interaction and their significance of the oxidation state of Europium. Chemical Geology 93:219-230.
13. Bau M. and Dulski P. 1996. Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman Iron-Formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Research 79:37-55.
14. Bau M. and Möller P. 1992. Rare earth element fractionation in metamorphogenic hydrothermal calcite, magnesite and siderite. Mineralogy and Petrology 45:231-246.
15. Bauberger W., Mielke H., Schmeer D., and Stettner G. 1974. Petrographische Profildarstellung der Forschungsbohrung Nördlingen 1973 (von Meter 263 an bis zur Endteufe im Maßstab 1:200). Geologica Bavarica 72:33-34.
16. Bolten R. H. 1977. Die karbonatischen Ablagerungen des obermiozänen Kratersees im Nördlinger Ries. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
17. Bolten R. and Gall H. 1978. Der Wallersteiner Felsen-Ein geologisches Phänomen. Nordschwaben 6:18-21.
18. 4) crystals in calcite travertine at Twitya Spring, a warm sulphur spring in Canada's Northwest Territories. Sedimentary Geology 203:36-53.
19. Buchner E., Schmieder M., Schwarz W. H., and Trieloff M. 2013. Das Alter des Meteoritenkraters Nördlinger Ries-Eine Übersicht und kurze Diskussion der neueren Datierungen des Riesimpakts. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 164:433-445.
20. Cande S. C. and Kent D. V. 1995. Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Journal of Geophysical Research 100:6093-6095.
21. Cantrell K. J. and Byrne R. H. 1987. Rare earth element complexation by carbonate and oxalate ions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51:591-605.
22. Chafetz H. S. and Lawrence J. R. 1994. Stable isotopic variability within modern travertines. Géographie Physique et Quaternarie 48:257-273.
23. 3 precipitates: An example from an active travertine system. Sedimentology 38:107-126.
24. Chao E. C. T., Hüttner R., and Schmidt-Kaler H. 1978. Principal exposures of the Ries meteorite crater in Southern Germany. München: Bayerisches Geologisches Landesamt. 84 p., 1 map.
25. Council T. C. and Bennett P. C. 1993. Geochemistry of ikaite formation at Mono Lake, California: Implications for the origin of tufa mounds. Geology 21:971-974.
26. Daubar I. J. and Kring D. A. 2001. Impact-induced hydrothermal systems: Heat sources and lifetimes (abstract #1727). 32nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. CD-ROM.
27. De Baar H. J. W., Bacon M. P., and Brewer P. G. 1985. Rare earth elements in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49:1943-1959.
28. Dressler B., Graup G., and Matzke K. 1969. Die Gesteine des kristallinen Grundgebirges im Nördlinger Ries. Geologica Bavarica 61:201-228.
29. Eardley A. J. 1938. Sediments of Great Salt Lake, Utah. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 22:1305-1411.
30. Elderfield H. 1988. The oceanic chemistry of the rare-earth elements. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 325:105-126.
31. Engelhardt W. von. 1972. Shock produced rock glasses from the Ries crater. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 36:265-292.
32. Engelhardt W. von. 1990. Distribution, petrography and shock metamorphism of the ejecta of the Ries crater in Germany a review. Tectonophysics 171:259-273.
33. Engelhardt W. von. 1997. Suevite breccia of the Ries impact crater, Germany: Petrography, chemistry and shock metamorphism of crystalline rock clasts. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 32:545-554.
34. Engelhardt W. von, Arndt J., Fecker B., and Pankau H. G. 1995. Suevite breccia from the Ries crater, Germany: Origin, cooling history and devitrification of impact glasses. Meteoritics 30:279-293.
35. Escobar-Sanchez J. E. and Urrutia-Fucugauchi J. 2010. Chicxulub crater post-impact hydrothermal activity-Evidence from Paleocene carbonates in the Santa Elena Borehole. Geofisica Internacional 49:97-106.
36. Farmer J. D. 2000. Hydrothermal systems: Doorways to early biosphere evolution. GSA Today 10:1-9.
37. Farmer J. D. and Des Marais D. J. 1999. Exploring for a record of ancient Martian life. Journal of Geophysical Research 104:26977-26995.
38. Faure G. 1977. Principles of isotope geology. New York: Wiley. 464 p.
39. Fouke B. W. 2011. Hot-spring systems geobiology: Abiotic and biotic influences on travertine formation at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, USA. Sedimentology 58:170-219.
40. Fouke B. W., Farmer J. D., Des Marais D. J., Pratt L., Sturchio N. C., Burns P. C., and Discipulo M. K. 2000. Depositional facies and aqueous-Solid geochemistry of travertine-depositing hot springs (Angel Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.). Journal of Sedimentary Research 70:565-585.
41. Fouke B. W., Bonheyo G. T., Sanzenbacher E., and Frias-Lopez J. 2003. Partitioning of bacterial communities between travertine depositional facies at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40:1531-1548.
42. Friedman G. M. 1959. Identification of carbonate minerals by staining methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 29:87-97.
43. Friedman L. 1970. Some investigations of the deposition of travertine from Hot Springs-1. The isotopic chemistry of a travertine-depositing spring. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 34:1303-1315.
44. Gonfiantini R., Panichi C., and Tongiorgi E. 1968. Isotopic disequilibrium in travertine deposition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 5:55-58.
45. Gümbel C. W. 1870. Über den Riesvulkan und über vulkanische Erscheinungen im Rieskessel. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1:153-200.
46. Guo L. and Riding R. 1998. Hot-spring travertine facies and sequences, Late Pleistocene, Rapolano Terme, Italy. Sedimentology 45:163-180.
47. Guo L. and Riding R. 1999. Rapid facies changes in Holocene fissure ridge hot spring travertines, Rapolano Terme, Italy. Sedimentology 46:1145-1158.
48. Guo L., Andrews J., Riding R., Dennis P., and Dresser Q. 1996. Possible microbial effects on stable carbon isotopes in hot-spring travertines. Journal of Sedimentary Research 66A:468-473.
49. Hecht L., Freiberger R., Gilg H. A., Grundmann G., and Kostitsyn Y. A. 1999. Rare earth element and isotope (C, O, Sr) characteristics of hydrothermal carbonates: Genetic implications for dolomite-hosted talc mineralization at Göpfersgrün (Fichtelgebirge, Germany). Chemical Geology 155:115-130.
50. Hecht L., Wittmann A., Schmitt R. T., and Stöffler D. 2004. Composition of impact melt particles and the effects of post-impact alteration in suevitic rocks at the Yaxcopoil-1 drill core, Chicxulub crater, Mexico. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 39:1169-1186.
51. Horn P., Müller-Sohnius D., Köhler H., and Graup G. 1985. Rb-Sr systematics of rocks related to the Ries Crater, Germany. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 75:384-392.
52. Hoyle J., Elderfield H., Glendhill A., and Greaves M. 1984. The behavior of the rare earth elements during mixing of river and sea waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48:143-149.
53. Hu X., Wang Y. L., and Schmitt R. A. 1988. Geochemistry of sediments on the Rio Grande Rise and the redox evolution of the South Atlantic Ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52:201-207.
54. Jankowski B. 1981. Die Geschichte der Sedimentation im Nördlinger Ries und Randecker Maar. Bochumer geologische und geotechnische Arbeiten 6:1-315.
55. Johannesson K. H. and Lyons W. B. 1994. The rare earth element geochemistry of Mono Lake water and the importance of carbonate complexing. Limnology and Oceanography 39:1141-1154.
56. Johannesson K. H., Lyons W. B., and Bird D. A. 1994. Rare earth element concentrations and speciation in alkaline lakes from the western U.S.A. Geophysical Research Letters 21:773-776.
57. Jones B. and Renaut R. W. 1995. Noncrystallographic calcite dendrites from hot-spring deposits at Lake Bogoria, Kenya. Journal of Sedimentary Research 65:154-169.
58. Jones B. and Renaut R. W. 2010. Calcareous spring deposits in continental settings. Developments in Sedimentology 61:177-224.
59. Jung D., Sturm S., Arp G., Pohl J., and Kenkmann T. 2011. First descriptions of two new borehole profiles from the Ries impact crater, Germany (abstract #5456). Meteoritics & Planetary Science 46:A117.
60. Kele S., Demény A., Siklósy Z., Németh T., Tóth M., and Kovács M. 2008. Chemical and stable isotope composition of recent hot-water travertines and associated thermal waters, from Egerszalók, Hungary: Depositional facies and non-equilibrium fractionation. Sedimentary Geology 211:53-72.
61. Kele S., Özkul M., Fórizs I., Gökgöz A., Baykara M. O., Alçiçek M. C., and Németh T. 2011. Stable isotope geochemical study of Pamukkale travertines: New evidences of low-temperature non-equilibrium calcite-water fractionation. Sedimentary Geology 238:191-212.
62. Kempe S. and Kazmierczak J. 1997. A terrestrial model for an alkaline Martian hydrosphere. Planetary and Space Science 45:1493-1499.
63. Kitano Y. 1963. Geochemistry of calcareous deposits found in hot springs. The Journal of Earth Sciences Nagoya University 11:68-100.
64. Koban C. G. and Schweigert G. 1993. Microbial origin of travertine fabrics-Two examples from Southern Germany (Pleistocene Stuttgart travertines and Miocene Riedöschingen travertine). Facies 29:251-263.
65. Lindgren P., Parnell J., Bowden S., Taylor C., Osinski G. R., and Lee P. 2009. Preservation of biological markers in clasts within impact melt breccias from the Haughton impact structure, Devon Island. Astrobiology 9:391-400.
66. Lottermoser B. G. 1992. Rare earth elements and hydrothermal ore formation processes. Ore Geology Reviews 7:25-41.
67. Lüders V., Möller P., and Dulski P. 1993. REE Fractionation in carbonates and fluorites. In Formation of hydrothermal vein deposits, edited by Möller P. and Lüders V. Monograph series on mineral deposits 30:133-150.
68. McCarville P. and Crossey L. J. 1996. Post-impact hydrothermal alteration of the Manson impact structure. Geological Society of America Special Papers 302:347-379.
69. McLennan S. M. 1989. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements, edited by Lipin B. R. and McKay G. A. Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 21. Washington, D.C.: Mineralogical Society of America. pp. 1209-1264.
70. Michard A. 1989. Rare earth element systematics in hydrothermal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53:745-750.
71. Moffett J. W. 1990. Microbially mediated cerium oxidation in seawater. Nature 345:421-423.
72. Möller P., Dulski P., Savascin Y., and Conrad M. 2004. Rare earth elements, yttrium and Pb isotope ratios in thermal spring and well waters of West Anatolia, Turkey: A hydrochemical study of their origin. Chemical Geology 206:97-118.
73. Möller P., Dulski P., and Özgür N. 2008. Partitioning of rare earths and some major elements in the Kizildere geothermal field, Turkey. Geothermics 37:132-156.
74. Murray R. W., Buchholtz Ten Brink M. R., Gerlach D. C., Price Russ G. III, and Jones D. L. 1991. Rare earth, major, and trace elements in chert from the Franciscan Complex and Monterey Group, California: Assessing REE sources to fine-grained marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55:1875-1895.
75. Muttik N., Kirsimäe K., Somelar P., and Osinski G. R. 2008. Post-impact alteration of surficial suevites in Ries crater, Germany: Hydrothermal modification or weathering processes? Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43:1827-1840.
76. Muttik N., Kirsimäe K., and Vennemann T. W. 2010. Stable isotope composition of smectite in suevites at the Ries crater, Germany: Implications for hydrous alteration of impactites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 299:190-195.
77. Muttik N., Kirsimae K., Newsom H. E., and Williams L. B. 2011. Boron isotope composition of secondary smectite in suevites at the Ries crater, Germany; Boron fractionation in weathering and hydrothermal processes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 310:244-251.
78. Nathan H. 1926. Geologische Untersuchungen im Ries. Das Gebiet des Blattes Möttingen. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilage-Band, B 53:31-97.
79. Naumov M. V. 2002. Impact-generated hydrothermal systems: Data from Popigai, Kara, and Puchezh-Katunki impact structures. In Impacts in Precambrian Shields, edited by Plado J. and Pesonen L. J. Berlin: Springer. pp. 117-171.
80. Nelson M. J., Newsom H. E., Spilde M. N., and Salge T. 2012. Petrographic investigation of melt and matrix relationships in Chicxulub crater Yaxcopoil-1 brecciated melt rock and melt rock-bearing suevite (846-885 m, units 4 and 5). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 86:1-20.
81. Newsom H. E. 1980. Hydrothermal alteration of impact melt sheets with implications for Mars. Icarus 44:207-216.
82. Newsom H. E. and Hagerty J. J. 2003. Limits to the presence of impact-induced hydrothermal alteration in small impact craters on the Earth: Implications for the importance of small craters on Mars. Workshop Report "Impact Cratering: Bridging the Gap Between Modeling and Observations (Houston, Texas, 7.-9.02.2003), " abstract 8049.
83. Newsom H. E., Graup G., Sewards T., and Keil K. 1986. Fluidization and hydrothermal alteration of the suevite deposit at the Ries crater, West Germany, and implications for Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, B, Solid Earth and Planets 91:E239-E251.
84. Osinski G. R. 2005. Hydrothermal activity associated with the Ries impact event, Germany. Geofluids 5:202-220.
85. Osinski G. R., Spray J. G., and Lee P. 2001. Impact-induced hydrothermal activity within the Haughton impact structure, Arctic Canada: Generation of a transient, warm, wet oasis. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 36:731-745.
86. Osinski G. R., Grieve R. A. F., and Spray J. G. 2004. The nature of the groundmass of surficial suevite from the Ries impact structure, Germany, and constraints on its origin. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 39:1655-1683.
87. Osinski G. R., Lee P., Parnell J., Spray J. G., and Baron M. 2005. A case study of impact-induced hydrothermal activity: The Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 40:1859-1877.
88. Osinski G. R., Grieve R. A. F., Collins G. S., Marion C., and Sylvester P. 2008. The effect of target lithology on the products of impact melting. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43:1939-1954.
89. Osinski G. R., Tornabene L. L., Banerjee N. R., Cockell C. S., Flemming R., Izawa M. R. M., McCutcheon J., Parnell J., Preston L., Pickersgill A. E., Pontefract A., Sapers H. M., and Southam G. 2013. Impact-generated hydrothermal systems on Earth and Mars. Icarus 224:347-363.
90. Pache M., Reitner J., and Arp G. 2001. Geochemical evidence for the formation of a large Miocene "travertine" mound at a sublacustrine spring in a soda lake (Wallerstein Castle Rock, Nördlinger Ries, Germany). Facies 45:211-230.
91. Parnell J., Osinski G. R., Lee P., Green P. F., and Baron M. J. 2005. Thermal alteration of organic matter in an impact crater and the duration of post impact heating. Geology 33:373-376.
92. Piper D. Z. 1974. Rare earth elements in the sedimentary cycle: A summary. Chemical Geology 14:255-304.
93. Pirajno F. 2009a. Hydrothermal processes associated with meteorite impacts. In Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems, edited by Pirajno F. Berlin: Springer. pp. 1097-1130.
94. Pirajno F. 2009b. Hydrothermal processes and systems on other planets and satellites: Clues for the search of extraterrestrial life. In Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems, edited by Pirajno F. Berlin: Springer. pp. 1131-1211.
95. Pohl J. 1977. Paläomagnetische und gesteinsmagnetische Untersuchungen an den Kernen der Forschungsbohrung Nördlingen 1973. Geologica Bavarica 75:329-348.
96. Pohl J., Stöffler D., Gall H., and Ernstson K. 1977. The Ries impact crater. In Impact and explosion cratering, edited by Roddy D. J., Pepin R. G., and Merril R. B. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 343-458.
97. Pohl J., Poschlod K., Reimold W. U., Meyer C., and Jacob J. 2010. Ries crater, Germany: The Enkingen magnetic anomaly and associated drill core SUBO 18. Geological Society of America Special Papers 465:141-163.
98. Pollard W., Omelon C., Andersen D., and McKay C. 1999. Perennial spring occurrence in the Expedition Fiord area of western Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36:105-120.
99. Reich H. and Horrix W. 1955. Geophysikalische Untersuchungen im Ries und Vorries und deren geologische Bedeutung. Beiheft zum Geologischen Jahrbuch 19:1-119.
100. Reimold W. U., Hansen B. K., Jacob J., Artemieva N. A., Wünnemann K., and Meyer C. 2011. Petrography of the impact breccias of the Enkingen (SUBO 18) drill core, southern Ries crater, Germany: New estimate of impact melt volume. Geological Society of America Bulletin 124:104-132.
101. Reis O. M. 1926. Zusammenfassung über die im Ries südlich von Nördlingen auftretenden Süßwasserkalke und ihre Entstehung. Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des oberrheinischen geologischen Vereins, Neue Folge 14:176-190.
102. Renaut R. W., Owen R. B., Jones B., Tiercelin J. J., Tarits C., Ego J. K., and Konhauser K. O. 2013. Impact of lake-level changes on the formation of thermogene travertine in continental rifts: Evidence from Lake Bogoria, Kenya Rift Valley. Sedimentology 60:428-468.
103. Rocholl A., Ovtcharova M., Schaltegger U., Wijbrans J., Pohl J., Harzhauser M., Prieto J., Ulbig A., and Boehme M. 2011. A precise and accurate "astronomical" age of the Ries impact crater, Germany: A cautious note on argon dating of impact material. Geophysical Research Abstracts 13:EGU2011-13322-7.
104. Rodríguez-Berriguete A., Alonso-Zarza A. M., Cabrera M. C., and Rodriguez-Gonzalez A. 2012. The Azuaje travertine: an example of aragonite deposition in a recent volcanic setting, N Gran Canaria Island, Spain. Sedimentary Geology 277-278:61-71.
105. Rosenbaum J. and Sheppard S. M. F. 1986. An isotopic study of siderites, dolomites and ankerites at high temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50:1147-1150.
106. Russel I. C. 1889. Quaternary history of the Mono Valley, California. Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey 8:262-394.
107. Schmidt G. and Pernicka E. 1994. The determination of platinum group elements (PGE) in target rocks and fall-back material of the Nördlinger Ries impact crater, Germany. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58:5083-5090.
108. Schmieder M. and Jourdan F. 2013. The Lappajärvi impact structure (Finland): Age, duration of hydrothermal crater cooling, and implications for life. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 112:321-339.
109. Schnetzler C. C., Philpotts J. A., and Pinson W. H. Jr. 1969. Rubidium-strontium correlation study of moldavites and Ries Crater material. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 33:1015-1021.
110. Scholl D. W. 1960. Pleistocene algal pinnacles at Searles Lake, California. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 30:414-431.
111. Schreiber B. C., Smith D., and Schreiber E. 1981. Spring peas from New York State: Nucleation and growth of fresh water hollow ooliths and pisoliths. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 51:1341-1346.
112. Shoemaker E. M. and Chao E. C. T. 1961. New evidence for the impact origin of the Ries basin, Bavaria, Germany. Journal of Geophysical Research 66:3371-3378.
113. Stähle V. and Ottemann J. 1977. Ries-Forschungsbohrung 1973: Zeolithisierung der Gläser im Suevit und Petrographie der Beckensuevite und Gangbreccien. Geologica Bavarica 75:191-217.
114. 39Ar ages of rocks and glasses from the Nördlinger Ries crater and the temperature history of impact breccias. Journal of Geophysics 51:1-11.
115. Stettner G. 1974. Das Grundgebirge in der Forschungsbohrung Nördlingen 1973 im regionalen Rahmen und seine Veränderungen durch den Impakt. Geologica Bavarica 72:35-51.
116. Stöffler D. 1977. Research drilling Nördlingen 1973: Polymict breccias, crater basement, and cratering model of the Ries impact structure. Geologica Bavarica 75:443-458.
117. Stöffler D., Ewald U., Ostertag R., and Reimold W. U. 1977. Research drilling Nördlingen 1973 (Ries): Composition and texture of polymict impact breccias. Geologica Bavarica 75:163-189.
118. Stöffler D., Reimold W. U., Jacob J., Hansen B. K., Summerson I. A. T., Artemieva N. A., and Wünnemann K. 2013. Ries crater and suevite revisited-Observations and modelling: Part I: Observations. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 48:515-589.
119. Sverjensky D. A. 1984. Europium redox equilibria in aqueous solution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 67:70-78.
120. Tang J. and Johannesson K. H. 2003. Speciation of rare earth elements in natural terrestrial waters: Assessing the role of dissolved organic matter from the modeling approach. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67:2321-2339.
121. Walter M. R., Desmarais D., Farmer J., and Hinman N. W. 1996. Lithofacies and biofacies of Mid-Paleozoic thermal spring deposits in the Drummond Basin, Queensland, Australia. Palaios 11:497-518.
122. Webb G. E., Nothdurft L. D., Kamber B. S., Kloprogge J. T., and Zhao J. X. 2009. Rare earth element geochemistry of scleractinian coral skeleton during meteoric diagenesis: A sequence through neomorphism of aragonite to calcite. Sedimentology 56:1433-1463.
123. Weber E. 1941. Geologische Untersuchungen im Ries. Das Gebiet des Blattes Wemding. Abhandlungen des Naturkunde- und Tiergartenvereins für Schwaben e.V. 3:1-248.
124. Wilcox E. 2010. Rare earth element and uranium-thorium variations in tufa from the Mono basin, CA. Quest Proceedings 2010, Oswego, State University of New York. 11-19.
125. Winkler H. A. G. 1972. Das Grundwasser im Nördlinger Ries unter Berücksichtigung der hydrologischen und hydrochemischen Beziehungen zum Speichergestein. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
126. Wolff M. and Füchtbauer H. 1976. Die karbonatische Randfazies der tertiären Süßwasserseen des Nördlinger Ries und des Steinheimer Beckens. Geologisches Jahrbuch D 14:3-53.
127. Zhou H., Greig A., Tang J., You C. F., Yuan D., Tong X., and Huang Y. 2012. Rare earth element patterns in a Chinese stalagmite controlled by sources and scavenging from karst groundwater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 83:1-18.
128. Zürcher L. and Kring D. A. 2004. Hydrothermal alteration in the core of the Yaxcopoil-1 borehole, Chicxulub impact structure, Mexico. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 39:1199-1221.
129. Zürcher L., Kring D. A., Barton M. D., Dettman D., and Rollog M. 2005. Stable isotope record of post-impact fluid activity in the core of the Yaxcopoil-1 borehole, Chicxulub impact structure, Mexico. Geological Society of America Special Papers 384:223-238.