Depositional facies and aqueous-solid geochemistry of travertine-depositing hot springs (Angel Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.)

Journal of Sedimentary Research

Volumn 70, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 565-585

  Fouke, Bruce W ^a   Farmer, Jack D ^b,f   Des Marais, David J ^b   Pratt, Lisa ^c   Sturchio, Neil C ^d   Burns, Peter C ^e   Discipulo, Mykell K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^c INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^e University of Notre Dame   (United States)

^f ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR; ANALYTICAL GEOCHEMISTRY; BACTERIA; CALCITE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBONATE MINERALS; CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY; DEGASSING; GROUNDWATER; HOT SPRINGS; HYDROCHEMISTRY; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; LAKES; LIMESTONE; NEEDLES; PHASE INTERFACES; RESERVOIRS (WATER); SPRINGS (COMPONENTS); SULFUR COMPOUNDS;

AIR WATER INTERFACES; BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS; DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON; GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; LOWER TEMPERATURES; METABOLIC PATHWAYS; MICROBIAL RESPIRATION; YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARKS;

DEPOSITION;

CALCIUM CARBONATE; CARBON; CARBON DIOXIDE; FRESH WATER; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; OXYGEN;

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT; GEOCHEMISTRY; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; TRAVERTINE;

ARTICLE; BIOLOGY; CHEMICAL MODEL; CHEMISTRY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; HEAT; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; NASA DISCIPLINE EXOBIOLOGY; NON-NASA CENTER; PH; SEDIMENT; UNITED STATES;

NASA DISCIPLINE EXOBIOLOGY; NON-NASA CENTER;

CALCIUM CARBONATE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON ISOTOPES; EXOBIOLOGY; FRESH WATER; GEOLOGIC SEDIMENTS; HEAT; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; MODELS, CHEMICAL; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WYOMING;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0041684598     PISSN: 15271404     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1306/2DC40929-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. ALLEN, E.T., AND DAY, A.L., 1935, Hot Springs of the Yellowstone National Park, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 466, 525 p.
2. 2-rich travertine depositing spring in the California Coast Range: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, p. 2883-2890.
3. BANNER, J.L., AND HANSON, G.N., 1990, Calculation of simultaneous isotopic and trace element variations during water-rock interaction with application to carbonate diagenesis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, p. 3123-3127.
4. BARGAR, K.E., 1978, Geology and thermal history of Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 1444, p. 1-54.
5. BARNES, I., 1965, Geochemistry of Birch Creek, Inyo County, California: A travertine depositing creek in an arid climate: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 29, p. 85-112.
6. BARNES, I., AND O'NEIL, J.R., 1971, Calcium-magnesium carbonate solid solutions from Holocene conglomerate cements and travertine in the Coast Range of California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 35, p. 699-718.
7. BARNS, S.M., AND NIERZWICKI-BAUER, S., 1997, Microbial diversity in modern subsurface, ocean, and surface environments, in Banfield, J.F., and Nealson, K.H., eds., Geomicrobiology: Interactions Between Microbes and Minerals: Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, p. 35-71.
8. BAR-YOSEF, O., AND KRA, R.S., 1994, Late Quaternary chronology and paleoclimates of the eastern Mediterranean: Radiocarbon: Tucson, Arizona, Radiocarbon, 256 p.
9. BENSON, L., 1994, Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 1. Sequence of formation and elevational distribution of carbonate deposits (tufas): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 109, p. 55-87.
10. BENSON, L., WHITE, L.D., AND RYE, R., 1996, Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 4. Comparison of stable isotope values of carbonate deposits (tufas) and the Lahontan lake-level record: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 122, p. 45-76.
11. BERNER, R.A., 1980, Early Diagenesis: A Theoretical Approach: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, Princeton Series in Geochemistry, 241 p.
12. BETHKE, C.M., 1996, Geochemical Reaction Modeling, Concepts and Applications: New York, Oxford University Press, 397 p.
13. BISCHOFF, J.L., LUDWIG, K., GARCIA, J.F., CARBONELL, E., VAQUERO, M., STAFFORD, T.W., JR., AND JULL, A.J.T., 1994, Dating of the basal Aurignacian sandwich at Abric Romani (Catalunya, Spain) by radiocarbon and uranium-series: Journal of Archeological Science, v. 21, p. 541-551.
14. BROCK, T.D., 1978, Thermophylic Microorganisms and Life at High Temperatures: New York, Springer-Verlag, 465 p.
15. BUCCINO, G., D'ARGENIO, B., FERRERI, V., BRANCACCIO, L., FERRERI, M., PANICHI, C., AND STANZIONE, D., 1978, I. Travertini della bassa valle del Tanagro (Campania) studio geomorfologio, sedimentologico e geochimico: Società Geologica Italiana, Bollettino, v. 97, p. 617-646.
16. BUCZYNSKI, C., AND CHAFETZ, H.S., 1991, Habit of bacterially induced precipitates of calcium carbonate and the influence of medium viscosity on mineralogy: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 61, p. 226-233.
17. 86Sr throughout Phanerozoic time: Geology, v. 10, p. 516-519.
18. BUSENBERG, E., AND PLUMMER, L.N., 1986, A comparative study of the dissolution and crystal growth kinetics of calcite and aragonite, in Mumpton, F.A., ed., U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 1578, p. 139-168.
19. CABOI, R., CIDU, R., FANFANI, L., ZUDDAS, P., AND ZUDDAS, P.P., 1991, Geochemistry of Funtana Maore travertine (central Sardinia, Italy): Mineralogica et Petrographica Acta, v. 34, p. 77-93.
20. CHAFETZ, H.S., AKDIM, B., JULIA, R., AND REID, A., 1998, Mn- and Fe-rich black travertine shrubs: bacterially (and nannobacterially) induced precipitates: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 68, p. 404-412.
21. CHAFETZ, H.S., AND BUCZYNSKI, C., 1992, Bacterially induced lithification of microbial mats: Palaios, v. 7, p. 277-293.
22. CHAFETZ, H.S., AND FOLK, R.L., 1984, Travertine: Depositional morphology and the bacterially constructed constituents: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 54, p. 289-386.
23. CHAFETZ, H.S., AND LAWRENCE, J.R., 1994, Stable isotope variability within modern travertine: Géographie Physique et Quaternaire, v. 48, p. 257-273.
24. CHAFETZ, H.S., RUSH, P.F., AND UTECH, N.M., 1991a, Microenvironmental controls on mineralogy and habit of CaCO3 precipitates: an example from an active travertine system: Sedimentology, v. 38, p. 107-126.
25. 13C signatures of seasonal laminae comprising travertine stromatolites: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 61, p. 1015-1028.
26. CHAPELLE, F.H., 1993, Ground-Water Microbiology and Geochemistry: New York, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 424 p.
27. CHESTERMAN, C.W., AND KLEINHAMPL, F.J., 1991, Travertine Hot Springs: Mono County California: California Geology, v. 44, p. 171-190.
28. CIPRIANI, N., ERCOLI, A., MALESANI, P., AND VANNUCCI, S., 1977, I travertini di Rapolano Terme (Siena): Società Geologica Italiana, Memorie v. 11, p. 31-46.
29. CLAYPOOL, G.E., HOLSER, W.T., KAPLAN, I.R., SAKAI, H., AND ZAK, I., 1980, The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation: Chemical Geology, v. 28, p. 199-260.
30. COPLEN, T.B., WINOGRAD, I.J., LANDWEHR, J.M., AND RIGGS, A.C., 1994, 500,000-year stable carbon isotopic record from Devil's Hole, Nevada: Science, v. 263, p. 361-365.
31. CRAIG, H., 1953, The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 12, p. 53-92.
32. CRAIG, H., 1957, Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass-spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 6, p. 186-196.
33. DANDURAND, J.L., GOUT, R., HOEFS, G., MENSCHEL, G., SCHOTT, J., AND USDOWSKI, E., 1982, Kinetically controlled variations of major components and carbon and oxygen isotopes in a calcite-precipitating spring: Chemical Geology, v. 36, p. 299-315.
34. DES MARAIS, D.J., 1978, Varíable water temperature trap for the separation of gas mixtures: Analytical Chemistry, v. 48, p. 1651-1652.
35. 2 outgassing: Field measurements of precipitation rates in comparison to theoretical predictions: Chemical Geology, v. 97, p. 285-294.
36. DREVER, J.I., 1988, The Geochemistry of Natural Waters: Prentice Hall, New York, 437 p.
37. EHLERINGER, J.R., HALL, A.E., AND FARQUHAR, G.D., 1993, Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-Water Relations: New York, Academic Press, 553 p.
38. FARMER, J.D., AND DES MARAIS, D.J., 1994a, Exopaleontology and the search for a fossil record on Mars: Lunar and Planetary Science, v. 25, p. 367-368.
39. FARMER, J.D., AND DES MARAIS, D.J., 1994b, Biological versus inorganic processes in stromatolite morphogenesis: Observations from mineralizing sedimentary systems, in Stal, L.J., and Caumette, P., eds., Microbial Mats: Structure, Development, and Environmental Significance: NATO ASI Series in Ecological Sciences, v. G35, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 61-68.
40. FAURE, G., 1986, Principles of Isotope Geology: New York, Wiley, 589 p.
41. 2 in boreal forest ecosystems: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 10, p. 629-640.
42. FOLK, R.L., 1993, SEM imaging of bacteria and nannobacteria in carbonate sediments and rocks: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 63, p. 990-999.
43. FOLK, R.L., 1994, Interaction between bacteria, nannobacteria, and mineral precipitation in hot springs of central Italy: Géographie Physique et Quaternaire, v. 48, p. 233-246.
44. FOLK, R.L., AND LAND, L.S., 1975, Mg/Ca ratio and salinity: Two controls over crystallization of dolomite: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, v. 59, p. 60-68.
45. FOLK, R.L., CHAFETZ, H.S., AND TIEZZI, P.A., 1985, Bizarre forms of depositional and diagenetic calcite in hot spring travertine, central Italy, p. 349-369.
46. FORD, T.D., AND PEDLEY, H.M., 1996, A review of tufa and travertine deposits of the world: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 41, p. 117-175.
47. 86Sr chronostratigraphy and dolomitization history of the Seroe Domi Formation, Curacao (Netherlands Antilles): Facies, v. 35, p. 293-320.
48. FRIEDMAN, I., 1970, Some investigations of the deposition of travertine from hot springs: I. The isotope chemistry of a travertine-depositing spring: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 34, p. 1303-1315.
49. FRIEDMAN, I., AND O'NEIL, J., 1977, Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest:, United States Geological Survey, p. KK1-KK12.
50. GIVEN, R.K., AND WILKINSON, B.H., 1985, Kinetic control of morphology, composition, and mineralogy of abiotic sedimentary carbonates: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 55, p. 109-119.
51. GONFIANTINI, R., 1986, Environmental Isotopes in Lake Studies, in Fritz, P., and Fontes, J.C., eds., Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geology: The Terrestrial Environment Part B: Amsterdam, Elsevier, v. 2, p. 113-168.
52. GONFIANTINI, R., PANICHI, C., AND TONGIORGI, E., 1968, Isotopic disequilibrium in travertine deposition: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 5, p. 55-58.
53. GROSSMAN, E.L., AND KU, T.-L., 1986, Oxygen and carbon isotope fractionation in biogenic calcite: Chemical Geology, v. 59, p. 59-74.
54. GUO, L., AND RIDING, R., 1992, Aragonite laminae in hot water travertine crusts, Rapolano Terme, Italy: Sedimentology, v. 39.
55. GUO, L., ANDREWS, J., RIDING, R., DENNIS, P., AND DRESSER, Q., 1996, Possible microbial effects on stable carbon isotopes in hot spring travertine: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 66, p. 468-473.
56. HAYES, J.M., DES MARAIS, D.J., PETERSON, D.W., SCHOELLER, D.A., AND TAYLOR, S.F., 1977, High precision stable isotope ratios from microgram samples: Advances in Mass Spectrometry, v. 7, p. 475-180
57. HERMAN, J.S., 1994, Karst geomicrobiology and redox chemistry: State of the science: Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 12, p. 137-140.
58. 2 outgassing and calcite precipitation in Falling Spring Creek, Virginia, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 62, p. 251-262.
59. HERMAN, J.S., AND LORAH, M.M., 1988, Calcite precipitation rates in the field: Measurement and prediction for a travertine-depositing spring: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, p. 2347-2355.
60. 2 concentration, pH, temperature, and species: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 8, p. 91-102.
61. HORITA, J., AND WESLOWSKI, D.J., 1994, Liquid-vapor fractionation of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of water from the freezing to critical points: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 3425-3437.
62. HULSTON, J.R., 1977, Isotope work applied to geothermal systems at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand: Geothermics, v. 5, p. 89-96.
63. JONES, B., AND RENAUT, R.W., 1996a, Influence of thermophilic bacteria on calcite and silica precipitation in hot springs with water temperatures above 90°C: Evidence from Kenya and New Zealand: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, p. 72-83.
64. JONES, B., AND RENAUT, R.W., 1996b, Morphology and growth of aragonite crystals in hot spring travertine at Lake Bogoria, Kenya: Sedimentology, v. 43.
65. JONES, B., RENAUT, R.W., AND ROSEN, M.R., 1996, High temperature (>90°C) calcite precipitation at Waikite Hot Springs, North Island, New Zealand: Geological Society of London Journal, v. 153, p. 481-496.
66. JONES, B., RENAUT, R.W., AND ROSEN, M.R., 1998, Microbial biofacies in hot spring sinters: A model based on Ohaaki Pool, North Island, New Zealand: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 68, p. 413-134.
67. KHARAKA, Y.K., MARINER, R.H., BULLEN, T.D., KENNEDY, B.M., AND STURCHIO, N.C., 1991, Geochemical investigations of hydraulic connections between Corwin Springs Known Geothermal Area and adjacent parts of Yellowstone National Park, in Sorey, M., ed., Effects of Potential Geothermal Development in the Corwin Springs Known Geothermal Resources Area, Montana, on the Thermal Features of Yellowstone National Park: U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4052, p. F1-F38.
68. KIM, S.-T., AND O'NEIL, J.R., 1997, Equilibrium and non-equilibrium oxygen isotope effects in synthetic carbonates: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 3461-3475.
69. KITANO, Y., 1962a, A study of the polymorphic transformation of calcium carbonate in thermal springs with an emphasis on the effect of temperature: Chemical Society of Japan, Bulletin v. 35, p. 1980-1985.
70. KITANO, Y., 1962b, The behavior of various inorganic ions in the separation of calcium carbonate from a bicarbonate solution: Chemical Society of Japan, Bulletin v. 35, p. 1973-1980.
71. LIBES, S.M., 1992, An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry: New York, Wiley, 734 p.
72. LIPPMANN, F., 1973, Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 228 p.
73. LLOYD, R.M., 1966, Oxygen isotope enrichment of sea water by evaporation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 30, p. 801-814.
74. LOVE, K.M., AND CHAFETZ, H.S., 1988, Diagenesis of laminated travertine crusts, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 58, p. 541-445.
75. LOVE, K.M., AND CHAFETZ, H.S., 1990, Petrology of Quaternary travertine deposits, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, in Herman, J.S., and Hubbard, D.A., eds., Travertine-Marl: Stream deposits in Virginia: Charlottesville, Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, p. 65-78.
76. LUCAS, W.J., AND BERRY, J.A., 1985, Inorganic Carbon Uptake by Aquatic Photosynthetic Organisms: Rockville, Maryland, American Society of Plant Physiologists, 494 p.
77. 238U dating of the Devil's Hole calcite vein: Science, v. 258, p. 284-287.
78. 18O isotopic disequilibrium in biological carbonates: I. Patterns: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 151-162.
79. 18O isotopic disequilibrium in biological carbonates: II. In vitro simulation of kinetic isotope effects: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 163-171.
80. MCKAY, D.S., GIBSON, E.K., THOMAS-KEPTRA, K.L., VALI, H., ROMANEK, C.S., CLEMETT, S.J., CHILLIER, X.D.F., MAECHLING, C.R., AND ZARE, R.N., 1996, Search for past life on Mars: possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteorite ALH84001: Science, v. 273, p. 924-930.
81. MCSWEEN, H.Y., JR., 1997, Evidence for life in a Martian meteorite?, Geological Society of America, GSA Today, v. 7, p. 1-7.
82. 2 and the precipitation of calcite: American Journal of Science, v. 285, p. 318-327.
83. MOOK, W.G., BOMMERSON, J.C., AND STAVERMAN, W.H., 1974, Carbon isotope fractionation between dissolved bicarbonate and gaseous carbon dioxide: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 22, p. 169-176.
84. MORSE, J.W., AND BENDER, M.L., 1990, Partition coefficients in calcite: Examination of factors influencing the validity of experimental results and their application to natural systems: Chemical Geology, v. 82, p. 265-277.
85. MORSE, J.W., AND MACKENZIE, F.T., 1990, Geochemistry of Sedimentary Carbonates: Amsterdam, Elsevier, Developments in Sedimentology, v. 48, 705 p.
86. O'NEIL, J.R., CLAYTON, R.N., AND MAYEDA, T.K., 1969, Oxygen isotope fractionation in divalent metal carbonates: Journal of Chemical Physics, v. 51, p. 5547-5558.
87. PACE, N.R., 1997, A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere: Science, v. 276, p. 734-740.
88. PANICHI, C., AND GONFIANTINI, R., 1978, Environmental isotopes in geothermal studies: Geothermics, v. 6, p. 143-161.
89. PATTERSON, W.P., SMITH, G.R., AND LOHMANN, K.C., 1993, Continental paleothermometry and seasonality using the isotopic composition of aragonitic otoliths of freshwater fishes, in Swart, P.K., ed., Climate Change in Continental Isotope Records: Geophysical Monograph Series, v. 78, p. 191-202.
90. PEALE, A.C., 1883, Mammoth or White Mountain Hot Springs of Gardiner's River, in Hayden, F.V., ed., Twelfth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories: Part II. Yellowstone National Park Geology - Thermal Springs - Topography: Washington, D.C., p. 71-84.
91. PEDLEY, H.M., 1990, Classification and environmental models of cool freshwater tufas: Sedimentary Geology, v. 68, p. 143-154.
92. PENTECOST, A., 1990, The formation of travertine shrubs: Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming: Geological Magazine, v. 127, p. 159-168.
93. PENTECOST, A., 1995a, Formation of laminate travertine at Bogno Vignone, Italy: Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 12, p. 239-251.
94. PENTECOST, A., 1995b, Geochemistry of carbon dioxide in six travertine-depositing waters of Italy: Journal of Hydrology, v. 167, p. 263-278.
95. PENTECOST, A., 1995c, Significance of the biomineralizing microniche in a Lyngbya (cyanobacterium) travertine: Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 13, p. 213-222.
96. PENTECOST, A., 1995d, The Quaternary travertine deposits of Europe and Asia Minor: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 14, p. 1005-1028.
97. PENTECOST, A., AND SPIRO, B., 1990, Stable carbon and oxygen isotope composition of calcites associated with modern freshwater cyanobacteria and algae: Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 8, p. 17-26.
98. PENTECOST, A., AND VILES, H.A., 1994, A review and reassessment of travertine classification: Géographie Physique et Quaternaire, v. 48, p. 305-314.
99. PIERCE, K.L., ADAMS, K.D., AND STURCHIO, N.C., 1991, Geologic setting of the Corwin Springs Known Geothermal Area-Mammoth Hot Springs area in and adjacent to Yellowstone, in Sorey, M., ed., Effects of Potential Geothermal Development in the Corwin Springs Known Geothermal Resources Area, Montana, on the Thermal Features of Yellowstone National Park: U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4052, p. C1-C37.
100. 2O: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, p. 1011-1040.
101. POPP, B.N., ANDERSON, T.F., AND SANDBERG, P.A., 1986, Brachiopods as indicators of original isotope composition in some Paleozoic limestones: Geological Society of America, Bulletin v. 56, p. 715-727.
102. 13C fractionation in the ocean: a model versus measurements: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 11, p. 267-278.
103. RENAUT, R.W., AND JONES, B., 1996, Controls on aragonite and calcite precipitation in hot spring travertine at Chemurkeu, Lake Bogoria, Kenya: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, p. 801-818.
104. ROBINSON, M., AND CLAYTON, R.N., 1969, Carbon-13 fractionation between aragonite and calcite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 33, p. 997-1002.
105. ROMANEK, C.S., GROSSMAN, E.L., AND MORSE, J.W., 1992, Carbon isotope fractionation in synthetic aragonite and calcite: Effects of temperature and precipitation rate: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 419-430.
106. SANDERS, J.E., AND FRIEDMAN, G.M., 1967, Origin and occurrence of limestones, in Chilinger, G.V., Bissell, H.J., and Fairbridge, R.W., eds., Carbonate Rocks: Amsterdam, Elsevier, Developments in Sedimentology, v. 9, 322 p.
107. SCHWARCZ, H.P., LIRITZIS, Y., AND DIXON, A., 1980, Absolute dating of travertines from Petralona Cave, Khalkidiki Peninsula, Greece: Anthropos, v. 7, p. 152-73.
108. SCHWARCZ, H.P., 1997, Uranium series dating, in Taylor, R.E., and Aitken, M.J., eds., Chronometric Dating in Archaeology: Advances in Archeological and Museum Science: New York, Plenum Press, p. 159-182.
109. SOREY, M.L., 1991, Effects of potential geothermal development in the Corwin Springs known geothermal resources area, Montana, on the thermal features of Yellowstone National Park: U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4052, 110 p.
110. SOREY, M.L., AND COLVARD, E.M., 1997, Hydrologic investigations in the Mammoth Corridor, Yellowstone National Park and vicinity, U.S.A.: Geothermics, v. 26, p. 221-249.
111. STAUDT, W.J., AND SCHOONEN, M.A.A., 1995, Sulfate incorporation into sedimentary carbonates, in Vairavamurthy, M.A., and Schoonen, M.A.A., eds., Geochemical Transformations of Sedimentary Sulfur: American Chemical Society, Symposium Series, v. 612, p. 332-345.
112. STETTER, K.O., 1996, Hyperthermophiles in the history of life, in Bock, G.R., and Goode, J.A., eds., Evolution of Hydrothermal Environments on Earth (and Mars?): Chichester, U.K., Wiley, p. 1-10.
113. STURCHIO, N.C., 1990, Radium isotopes, alkaline earth diagenesis, and age determination of travertine from Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 5, p. 631-640.
114. STURCHIO, N.C., MURRELL, M.T., PIERCE, K.L., AND SOREY, M.L., 1992, Yellowstone travertine: U-series ages and isotope ratios (C, O, Sr, U), in Kharaka, Y.K., and Maest, K.M. eds., Water-Rock Interaction: Rotterdam, Balkema, p. 1427-1430.
115. STURCHIO, N.C., PIERCE, K.L., MURRELL, M.T., AND SOREY, M.L., 1994, Uranium-series ages of travertine and timing of the last glaciation in the northern Yellowstone area, Wyoming-Montana: Quaternary Research, v. 41, p. 265-277.
116. TARUTANI, T., CLAYTON, R.N., AND MAYEDA, T.K., 1969, The effect of polymorphism and magnesium substitution on oxygen fractionation between calcium carbonate and water: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 33, p. 987-996.
117. THODE, H.G., SHIMA, M., REES, C.E., AND KRISHNAMURTY, K.V., 1965, Carbon-13 isotope effects in systems containing carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, carbonate, and metal cations: Canadian Journal of Chemistry, v. 43, p. 582-595.
118. TRUESDELL, A.H., AND HULSTON, J.R., 1986, Isotopic evidence on environments of geothermal systems, in Fritz, P., and Fontes, J.C., eds., Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geology: The Terrestrial Environment Part A: Amsterdam, Elsevier, v. 2, p. 179-226.
119. TRUESDELL, A.H., NATHESON, M., AND RYE, R.O., 1977, The effects of boiling and dilution on the isotopic compositions of Yellowstone Thermal Waters: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 82, p. 3694-3703.
120. 3 precipitation: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 42, p. 267-276.
121. VAIRAVAMURTHY, M.A., AND SCHOONEN, M.A.A., 1995, Geochemical Transformations of Sedimentary Sulfur, American Chemical Society Symposium Series, v. 612, 467 p.
122. VALLEY, J.W., EILER, J.M., GRAHAM, C.M., GIBSON, E.K., ROMANEK, C.S., AND STOLPER, E.M., 1997, Low-temperature carbonate concretions in the martian meteorite ALH84001: Evidence from stable isotopes and mineralogy: Science, v. 275, p. 6133-1638.
123. VEIZER, J., 1983, Chemical diagenesis in carbonates: Theory and application of trace element technique, in Arthur, M.A., and Anderson, T.J., eds., Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary geology: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Short Course, no. 10, p. 3-100.
124. VOGEL, J.C., GROOTES, P.M., AND MOOK, W.G., 1970, Isotopic fractionation between gaseous and dissolved carbon dioxide: Zeitschrift der Physik, v. 230.
125. WALTER, M.R., AND DES MARAIS, D.J., 1993, Preservation of biological information in thermal spring deposits: Developing a strategy for the search for fossil life on Mars: Icarus, v. 101, p. 129-143.
126. WHITE, D.E., FOURNIER, R.O., MUFFLER, L.P.J., AND TRUESDELL, A.H., 1975, Physical results of research drilling in thermal areas of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 892, 70 p.
127. WINOGRAD, I.J., COPLEN, T.B., SZABO, B.J., AND RIGGS, A.C., 1988, A 250,000-year climatic record from Great Basin vein calcite: Implications for Milankovitch theory: Science, v. 242, p. 1275-1280.
128. WINOGRAD, I.J., COPLEN, T.B., LANDWEHR, J.M., RIGGS, A.C., LUDWIG, K.R., SZABO, B.J., KOLESAR, P.T., AND REVESZ, K.M., 1992, Continuous 50,000-year climate record from vein calcite in Devil's Hole, Nevada: Science, v. 258, p. 255-260.
129. WOESE, C.R., 1987, Bacterial evolutíon: Microbiology Reviews, v. 51, p. 221-271.