Ries crater and suevite revisited-Observations and modeling Part II: Modeling

Meteoritics and Planetary Science

Volumn 48, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 590-627

  Artemieva, N A ^a,b,c   Wunnemann K ^b   Krien, F ^b   Reimold, W U ^b,d   Stoffler D ^b  

^a PLANETARY SCIENCE INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE   (Germany)

^c INSTITUTE OF GEOSPHERE DYNAMICS   (Russian Federation)

^d HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876416674     PISSN: 10869379     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/maps.12085     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Ackermann W. 1958. Geologisch-petrographische Untersuchungen im Ries. Geologisches Jahrbuch 75:135-182.
2. 2 from carbonates: An experimental approach. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65:2615-2632.
3. A'Hearn M. B., Belton M. J. S., Delamere W. A., Kissel J., Klaasen K. P., McFadden L. A., Meech K. J., Melosh H. J., Schultz P. H., Sunshine J. M., Thomas P. C., Veverka J., Yeomans D. K., Baca M. W., Busko I., Crockett C. J., Collins S. M., Desnoyer M., Eberhardy C. A., Ernst C. M., Farnham T. L., Feaga L., Groussin O., Hampton D., Ipatov S. I., Li J.-Y., Lindler D., Lisse C. M., Mastrodemos N., Owen W. M., Richardson J. E., Wellnitz D. D., and White R. L. 2005. Deep Impact: Excavating comet Tempel 1. Science 310:258-264.
4. Amsden A. A., Ruppel H. M., and Hirt C. W. 1980. SALE: A simplified ALE computer program for fluid flows at all speeds. LA-8095 Report. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratories. 101 p.
5. Artemieva N. 2007. Possible reasons of shock melt deficiency in the Bosumtwi drill cores. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42:883-894.
6. Artemieva N. and Ivanov B. 2004. Launch of Martian meteorites in oblique impacts. Icarus 171:84-101.
7. Artemieva N. and Morgan J. 2009. Modeling the formation of the K-Pg boundary layer. Icarus 201:768-780.
8. Artemieva N., Karp T., and Milkereit B. 2004. Investigating the Lake Bosumtwi impact structure: Insight from numerical modeling. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 5, doi:10.1029/2004GC000733.
9. Artemieva N., Wünnemann K., Meyer C., Reimold W. U., and Stöffler D. 2009. Ries crater and suevite revisited: Part II modelling (abstract #1526). 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. CD-ROM.
10. Bahlburg H., Wiess R., and Wünnemann K. 2010. Low energy deposition in the Chicxulub crater during the impact to post-impact transition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 295:170-176.
11. Barlow N. G. 2005. A review of Martian impact crater ejecta structures and their implications for target properties. In Large meteorite impacts III, edited by Kenkmann T., Hörz F., and Deutsch A. GSA Special Paper 384. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 433-442.
12. Barlow N. G. and Perez C. B. 2003. Martian impact crater ejecta morphologies as indicators of the distribution of subsurface volatiles. Journal of Geophysical Research 108:5085, doi:10.1029/2002JE002036.
13. Barlow N. G., Koroshetz J., and Dohm J. M. 2001. Variations in the onset diameter for Martian layered ejecta morphologies and their implications for subsurface volatile reservoirs. Geophysical Research Letters 28:3095-3098.
14. Barnouin-Jha O. S. and Schultz P. H. 1998. Lobateness of impact ejecta deposits from atmospheric interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research 103:25, 739-25, 756.
15. Boynton W. V., Feldman W. C., Squyres S. W., Prettyman T. H., Brückner J., Evans L. G., Reedy R. C., Starr R., Arnold J. R., Drake D. M., Englert P. A. J., Metzger A. E., Mitrofanov I., Trombka J. I., d'Uston C., Wänke H., Gasnault O., Hamara D. K., Janes D. M., Marcialis R. L., Maurice S., Mikheeva I., Taylor G. J., Tokar R., and Shinohara C. 2002. Distribution of hydrogen in the near-surface of Mars: Evidence for subsurface ice deposits. Science 297:81-85.
16. Branney M. J. and Brown R. J. 2011. Impactoclastic density current emplacement of terrestrial meteorite-impact ejecta and the formation of dust pellets and accretionary lapilli: Evidence from Stac Fada, Scotland. Journal of Geology 119:275-292.
17. Brown R. J., Branney M. J., Maher C., and Davila Harris P. 2009. Origin of accretionary lapilli within ground-hugging density currents: Evidence from pyroclastis couplets on Tenerife. Geological Society of America Bulletin 122:305-320.
18. Chapman C. R. and McKinnon W. B. 1986. Cratering of planetary satellites. In Satellites, edited by Burns J. A. and Matthews M. S. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press. pp. 492-580.
19. Cohen A. J. 1961. Asteroid- or comet-impact hypothesis of tektite origin: The moldavite strewn fields. In Tektites, edited by O'Keefe J. A. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 189-211.
20. Colgate S. A. and Sigurgeirsson R. 1973. Dynamic mixing of water and lava. Nature 244:552-555.
21. Collins G. S., Melosh H. J., and Ivanov B. A. 2004. Modeling damage and deformation in impact simulations. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 39:217-231.
22. Collins G. S., Kenkmann T., Osinski G. R., and Wünnemann K. 2008a. Mid-size complex crater formation in mixed crystalline-sedimentary targets: Insight from modeling and observations. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43:1955-1977.
23. Collins G. S., Morgan J., Barton P., Christeson G. L., Gulick S., Urrutia J., Warner M., and Wünnemann K. 2008b. Dynamic modeling suggests terrace zone asymmetry in the Chicxulub crater is caused by target heterogeneity. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 270:221-230.
24. Coney L., Gibson R. L., Reimold W. U., and Koeberl C. 2007. Lithostratigraphic and petrographic analysis of ICDP drill core LB-07A, Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42:569-589.
25. Deutsch A., Luetke S., and Heinrich V. 2007. The ICDP Lake Bosumtwi impact crater scientific drilling project (Ghana): Core LB-08A litho-log, related ejecta, and shock recovery experiments. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42:635-654.
26. Dienes J. K., and Walsh J. M. 1970. Theory of impact: Some general principles and the method of Eulerian codes. In High-velocity impact phenomena, edited by Kinslow R. New York: Academic Press. pp. 82-104.
27. Dressler B. O., Sharpton V. L., Morgan J., Buffler R., Moran D., Smit J., Stöffler D., and Urrutia J. 2003. Investigating a 65 Ma-old smoking gun: Deep drilling of the Chicxulub impact structure. Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 84:125-130.
28. Engelhardt W. von. 1990. Distribution, petrography, and shock metamorphism of the ejecta of the Ries crater in Germany-A review. Tectonophysics 171:259-273.
29. Engelhardt W. von. 1997. Suevite breccia of the Ries impact crater, Germany: Petrography, chemistry and shock metamorphism of crystalline rock clasts. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 32:545-554.
30. Engelhardt W. von. and Graup G. 1980. Origin and transport of suevite, Ries crater, Germany. Meteoritics 15:287.
31. Engelhardt W. von. and Graup G. 1984. Suevite of the Ries crater, Germany: Source rocks and implications for cratering mechanics. Geologische Rundschau 73:447-481.
32. Engelhardt W. von, Stöffler D., and Schneider W. 1969. Petrologische Untersuchungen im Ries. Geologica Bavarica 61:229-295.
33. Engelhardt W. von, Luft E., Arndt J., Schock H., and Weiskirchner W. 1987. Origin of moldavites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51:1425-1443.
34. Engelhardt W. von, Arndt J., Fecker B., and Pankau H. G. 1995. Suevite breccia from the Ries crater, Germany: Origin, cooling history and devitrification of impact glasses. Meteoritics 30:279-293.
35. Ferrière L., Koeberl C., and Reimold W. U. 2007. Drill coreLB-08A, Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana: Petrographic and shock metamorphic studies of material from the central uplift; Bosumtwi crater drilling project. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42:611-633.
36. French B. M. 1970. Possible relationship between impact and igneous petrogenesis, as indicated by the Sudbury structure, Ontario, Canada. Bulletin of Volcanology 34:466-517.
37. Füchtbauer H., von der Brelie G., Dehme R., Förstner U., Gall H., Höfling R., Hoefs J., Hollerbach A., Hufnagel H., Jankoeski B., Jung W., Malz H., Mertes H., Rothe P., Salger M., Wehner H., and Wolf M. 1977. Tertiary lake sediments of the Ries, research borehole Nördlingen 1973-A summary. Geologica Bavarica 75:13-19.
38. Gall H. and Müller D. 1975. Reutersche Blöcke-Ausseralpine Fremdgesteine interschiedlicher Herkunft in jungtertiären und quartären Sedimenten Südbayerns. Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie 15:207-228.
39. Gault D. E. 1973. Displaced mass, depth, diameter, and effects of oblique trajectories for impact craters formed in dense crystalline rocks. The Moon 6:32-44.
40. Glasstone S. and Dolan P. 1977. The effects of nuclear weapons, 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Defense and Department of Energy. p. 653.
41. Gohn G. S., Koeberl C., Miller K. G., Reimold W. U., Browning J. V., Cockell C. S., Horton J. W., Kenkmann T., Kulpecz A. A., Powars D. S., Sanford W. E., and Voytek M. A. 2008. Deep drilling into the Chesapeake Bay impact structure. Science 320:1740-1745.
42. Graup G. 1977. Die Petrographie der kristallinen Gesteine der Forschungsbohrung Nördlingen 1973. Geologica Bavarica 75:219-229.
43. Graup G. 1978. Das Kristallin des Nördlinger Ries. Petrographische Zusammensetzung und Auswurfsmechanismus der kristallinen Trümmermassen, Struktur des kristallinen Untergrundes und Beziehungen zum Moldanubikum. Stuttgart, Germany: Ferdinand Enke Verlag. 190 p.
44. Graup G. 1981. Terrestrial chondrules, glass spherules and accretionary lapilli from the suevite, Ries crater, Germany. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 55:407-418.
45. Grieve R. A. F. and Cintala M. J. 1992. An analysis of differential impact melt-crater scaling and implications for the terrestrial impact record. Meteoritics 27:526-539.
46. Grieve R. A. F., Robertson P. B., and Dence M. R. 1981. Constraints on the formation of ring impact structures, based on terrestrial data. Proceedings, 12th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. pp. 37-57.
47. Grieve R. A. F., Ames D. A., Morgan J. V., and Artemieva N. 2010. The evolution of Onaping formation in the Sudbury impact structure. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 45:759-782.
48. Groussin O., A'Hearn M., Belton M. J. S., Farnham T., Feaga L., Kissel J., Lisse C. M., Melosh J., Schultz P., Sunshine J., and Veverka J. 2010. Energy balance of the Deep Impact experiment. Icarus 205:627-637.
49. Gulick S., Barton P., Christeson G., Morgan J., McDonald M., Mendoza K., Pearson Z., Surendra A., Urrutia J., Vermeesch P. M., and Warner M. 2008. Importance of pre-impact crustal structure for the asymmetry of the Chicxulub impact crater. Nature Geoscience 1:131-135.
50. Hawke B. R. and Head J. W. 1977. Impact melt on lunar crater rims. In Impact and explosion cratering, edited by Roddy D. J., Pepin R. O., and Merrill R. B. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 815-842.
51. Head J. W., III and Wilson L. 1989. Basaltic pyroclastic eruptions: Influence of gas-release patterns and volume fluxes on fountain structure, and the formation of cinder cones, spatter cones, rootless flows, lava ponds, and lava flows. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 37:261-271.
52. Hofmann B. A. and Gnos E. 2006. New finds of shatter cones in distal Ries Ejecta, Bernhardzell, Eastern Switzerland (abstract). Meteoritics & Planetary Science 41:A78.
53. Holsapple K. A. and Housen K. R. 2007. A crater and its ejecta: An interpretation of deep impact. Icarus 187:345-356.
54. Horn P., Pohl J., and Pernicka E. 1983. Siderophile elements in the graded fall-back unit from the Ries crater, Germany. Meteoritics 18:317.
55. Horton, J. W., Jr., Aleinikoff J. N., Kunk M. J., Gohn G. S., Edwards L. E., Self-Trail J. M., Powars D. S., and Izett G. A. 2005. Recent research on the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, USA-Impact debris and reworked ejecta. In Large meteorite impacts III, edited by Kenkmann T., Hörz F., and Deutsch A. GSA Special Paper 384. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 147-170.
56. Hörz F. 1965. Untersuchungen an Riesgläsern. Beiträge zur Mineralogie und Petrologie 11:621-661.
57. Hörz F., Gall H., Hüttner R., and Oberbeck V. R. 1977. Shallow drilling in the Bunte Breccia impact deposits, Ries crater, Germany. In Impact and explosion cratering, edited by Roddy D. J., Pepin R. O., and Merrill R. B. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 425-488.
58. Hörz F., Ostertag R., and Rainey D. A. 1983. Bunte Breccia of the Ries: Continuous deposit of large impact craters. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21:1667-1725.
59. Hüttner R. and Schmidt-Kaler H. 1999. Erläuterungen zur geologischen Karte des Rieses 1:50000. Geologica Bavarica 104:7-76.
60. Ivanov B. A. 2001. Mars/Moon cratering rate ratio estimates. Space Science Reviews 96:87-104.
61. 2 degassing in the Cretaceous-Tertiary event? Numerical modelling of shock recovery experiments. In Catastrophic events and mass extinctions: Impacts and beyond, edited by Koeberl C. and Macleod K. G. GSA Special Paper 356. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 587-594.
62. Izrael Y. A. 2002. Radioactive fallout after nuclear explosions and accidents. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 281 pp.
63. Jankowski B. 1977a. The graded unit on top of the suevite layer in the borehole Nördlingen 1973. Geologica Bavarica 75:155-162.
64. Jankowski B. 1977b. Die Postimpakt-Sedimente in der Forschungsbohrung Nördlingen 1973. Geologica Bavarica 75:21-36.
65. Kenkmann T., Collins G. S., Wittmann A., Wünnemann K., Reimold W. U., and Melosh H. J. 2009. A model for the formation of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater as revealed by drilling and numerical simulation. In The ICDP-USGS Deep Drilling Project in the Chesapeake Bay Impact Structure: Results from the Eyreville core holes, edited by Gohn G. S., Koeberl C., Miller K. G., and Reimold W. U. GSA Special Paper 458. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 571-585.
66. Kenkmann T., Wünnemann K., Deutsch A., Poelchau M. H., Schäfer F., and Thoma K. 2011. Impact cratering in sandstone: The MEMIN pilot study on the effect of pore water. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 46:890-902.
67. Kieffer S. W. 1971. Shock metamorphism of the Coconino sandstone at Meteor Crater, Arizona. Journal of Geophysical Research 76:5449-5473.
68. Kieffer S. W. and Simonds C. H. 1980. The role of volatiles and lithology in the impact cratering process. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 18:143-181.
69. Koeberl C., Brandstätter F., Niedermayer G., and Kurat G. 1988. Moldavites from Austria. Meteoritics 23:325-332.
70. Koeberl C., Milkereit B., Overpeck J. T., Scholz C. A., Peck J., and King J. 2005. The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi impact crater, Ghana, West Africa, drilling project: A first report (abstract #1830). 36th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. CD-ROM.
71. Koeberl C., Brandstätter F., Glass B. P., Hecht L., Mader D., and Reimold W. U. 2007. Uppermost impact fallback layer in the Bosumtwi crater (Ghana): Mineralogy, geochemistry, and comparison with Ivory Coast tektites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42:709-729.
72. Kraus R. G., Swift D. C., Hicks D. G., and Stewart S. T. 2012. High accuracy equations of state for planetary collision modeling (abstract #2649). 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. CD-ROM.
73. Lange J.-M. 1990. Tektite der Niederlausitz. Natur und Landschaft Bezirk Cottbus NLBC 12:77-94.
74. Lindström M., Shuvalov V., and Ivanov B. 2005. Lockne crater as a result of marine-target oblique impact. Planetary and Space Science 53:803-815.
75. Masaitis V. L., Naumov M. V., and Mashchak M. S. 1999. Anatomy of the Popigai impact crater, Russia. In Large meteorite impacts and planetary evolution II, edited by Dressler B. O. and Sharpton V. L. GSA Special Paper 339. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 1-17.
76. McGlaun J. M., Thompson S. L., and Elrick M. G. 1990. CTH: A three-dimensional shockwave physics code. International Journal of Impact Engineering 10:351-360.
77. Melosh H. J. 1979. Acoustic fluidization: A new geologic process? Journal of Geophysical Research 84:7513-7520.
78. Melosh H. J. 1989. Impact cratering: A geologic process. New York: Oxford University Press. 245 p.
79. 2. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42:2079-2098.
80. Melosh H. J. and Ivanov B. A. 1999. Impact crater collapse. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science 27:385-415.
81. Meyer C. 2011. Internal work reports for the project "Suevite of the Ries crater" led by W. U. Reimold, K. Wünnemann and D. Stöffler and funded by the German Science Foundation. Projects RE 528/4-1 and/4-2.
82. Meyer C. 2012. Sedimentological, structural and geochemical investigations of the suevite of the impact crater Nördlinger Ries, Germany. Ph.D. thesis, Free University, Berlin.
83. Moore J. G. and Peck D. L. 1962. Accretionary lapilli in volcanic rocks of the western continental United States. Journal of Geology 70:182-193.
84. Morgan J. W., Janssens M.-J., Hertogen J., Gros J., and Takahashi H. 1979. Ries impact crater, southern Germany-Search for meteoritic material. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43:803-815.
85. Mouginis-Mark P. J. 1987. Water or ice in the Martian regolith? Clues from rampart craters seen at very high resolution. Icarus 71:268-286.
86. Mungall J. E., Ames D. E., and Hanley J. J. 2004. Geochemical evidence from the Sudbury Structure for crustal redistribution by large bolide impacts. Nature 429:546-548.
87. Newsom H. E., Graup G., Sewards T., and Keil K. 1986. Fluidization and hydrothermal alteration of the suevite deposit at the Ries crater, West Germany, and implications for Mars. Proceedings, 17th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Journal of Geophysical Research 91:E239-E251.
88. Newsom H. E., Graup G., Iseri D. A., Geissman J. W., and Keil K. 1990. The formation of the Ries crater, West Germany; Evidence of atmospheric interactions during a larger cratering event. In Global catastrophes in Earth history; An interdisciplinary conference on impacts, volcanism and mass mortality, edited by Sharpton V. L. and Ward P. D. GSA Special Paper 247. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 195-206.
89. Oberbeck V. R. 1975. The role of ballistic erosion and sedimentation in lunar stratigraphy. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 13:337-362.
90. Oberbeck V. R., Morrison R. H., and Hörz F. 1975. Transport and emplacement of crater and basin deposits. The Moon 13:9-26.
91. Onorato P. I. K., Uhlmann D. R., and Simonds C. H. 1978. The thermal history of the Manicouagan impact melt sheet, Quebec. Journal of Geophysical Research 83:2789-2798.
92. Osinski G. R. 2004. Impact melt rocks from the Ries structure, Germany: An origin as impact melt flow. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226:529-543.
93. Osinski G. R., Grieve R. A. F., and Spray J. G. 2004. The nature of the ground mass of surficial suevite from the Ries impact structure, Germany, and constraints on its origin. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 39:1655-1683.
94. Parfitt E. A. and Wilson L. 2008. Fundamentals of physical volcanology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 230.
95. Peredery W. V. and Morrison G. G. 1984. Discussion of the origin of the Sudbury Structure. In The geology and ore deposits of the Sudbury Structure, edited by Pye E. G., Naldrett A. J., and Giblin P. E. Special Volume 1. Toronto: Ontario Geological Survey. pp. 491-511.
96. Pernicka E., Horn P., and Pohl J. 1987. Chemical record of the projectile in the graded fall-back sedimentary unit from the Ries crater, Germany. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 86:113-121.
97. Piekutowski A. J. 1977. Cratering mechanisms observed in laboratory-scale high-explosive experiments. In Impact and explosion cratering, edited by Roddy D. J., Pepin R. O., and Merrill R. B. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 67-102.
98. Pierazzo E., Vickery A. M., and Melosh H. J. 1997. A reevaluation of impact melt production. Icarus 127:408-423.
99. Pierazzo E., Artemieva N. A., and Ivanov B. A. 2005. Starting conditions for hydrothermal systems underneath Martian craters: Hydrocode modeling. In Large meteorite impacts III, edited by Kenkmann T., Hörz F., and Deutsch A. GSA Special Paper 384. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 443-457.
100. Pierazzo E., Artemieva N., Asphaug E., Baldwin E. C., Cazamias J., Coker R., Collins G. S., Crawford D. A., Davison T., Elbeshausen D., Holsapple K. A., Housen K. R., Korycansky D. G., and Wünnemann K. 2008. Validation of numerical codes for impact and explosion cratering: Impact on strengthless and metal targets. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43:1917-1938.
101. Plado J., Personen L. J., Koeberl C., and Elo S. 2000. The Bosumtwi meteorite impact structure, Ghana: A magnetic model. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 35:723-732.
102. Pohl J., Stöffler D., Gall H., and Ernstson K. 1977. The Ries impact crater. In Impact and explosion cratering, edited by Roddy D. J., Pepin R. O., and Merrill R. B. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 343-404.
103. Quaide W. L. and Oberbeck V. R. 1968. Thickness determinations of the lunar surface layer from lunar impact craters. Journal of Geophysical Research 73:5247-5270.
104. Raschke U., Reimold W. U., and Schmitt R. T. 2013. Petrography and geochemistry of the impactites of the ICDP drill core D1c from Lake El'gygytgyn, NE Russia. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 48.
105. Reimold W. U., Coney L., Koeberl C., and Gibson R. L. 2006. ICDP borehole LB-07A (Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana): An overview and first multidisciplinary results (abstract #1350). 37th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. CD-ROM.
106. Reimold W. U., Hansen B. K., Jakob J., Artemieva N. A., Wünnemann K., and Meyer C. 2011. Petrography of the impact breccias of the Enkingen (SUBO 18) drill core, southern Ries crater, Germany: New estimate of impact melt volume. Geological Society of America Bulletin 124:104-132.
107. Riehle J. R. 1973. Calculated compaction profiles of rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs. Geological Society of America Bulletin 84:2193-2216.
108. Roddy D. J. and Davis L. K. 1977. Shatter cones formed in large scale experimental explosion craters. In Impact and explosion cratering, edited by Roddy D. J., Pepin R. O., and Merill R. B. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 715-750.
109. Roddy D. J., Schuster S. H., Rosenblatt M., Grant L. B., Hassig P. J., and Kreyenhagen K. N. 1987. Computer simulations of large asteroid impacts into oceanic and continental sites: Preliminary results on atmospheric passage, cratering and ejecta dynamics. International Journal of Impact Engineering 5:525-541.
110. Schultz P. H. and Gault D. E. 1982. Impact ejecta dynamics in an atmosphere: Experimental results. Proceedings, 13th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. pp. 696-697.
111. Schultz P. H., Ernst C. M., and Anderson J. J. B. 2005. Expectations for crater size and photometric evolution from the Deep Impact collision. Space Science Reviews 117:207-239.
112. Senft L. E. and Stewart S. T. 2007. Modeling impact cratering in layered surfaces. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: doi:10.1029/2007JE002894.
113. Shuvalov V. V. 1999. Multi-dimensional hydrodynamic code SOVA for interfacial flows: Application to thermal layer effect. Shock Waves 9:381-390.
114. Shuvalov V. V. and Artemieva N. A. 2004. Numerical modeling of phreatomagmatic explosions. GFF 126(1):50.
115. Shuvalov V. V. and Dypvik H. 2004. Ejecta formation and crater development of the Mjølnir impact. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 39:467-479.
116. Stöffler D. 1971. Progressive metamorphism and classification of shocked and brecciated crystalline rocks at impact craters. Journal of Geophysical Research 76:5541-5551.
117. Stöffler D. 1977. Research drilling Nördlingen 1973: Polymict breccias, crater basement, and cratering model of the Ries impact structure. Geologica Bavarica 75:443-458.
118. Stöffler D. and Grieve R. A. F. 2007. Impactites. In Metamorphic rocks: A classification and glossary of terms, recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, edited by Fettes D. and Desmons J. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 82-92, 111-125, and 126-242.
119. Stöffler D., Gault D. E., Wedekind J., and Polkowski J. 1975. Experimental hypervelocity impact into quartz sand: Distribution and shock metamorphism of ejecta. Journal of Geophysical Research 80:4062-4077.
120. Stöffler D., Ewald U., Ostertag R., and Reimold W. U. 1977. Research drilling Nördlingen 1973 (Ries): Composition and texture of polymict impact breccias. Geologica Bavarica 75:163-189.
121. Stöffler D., Artemieva N., and Pierazzo E. 2002. Modeling the Ries-Steinheim impact event and the formation of the moldavite strewn field. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 37:1893-1907.
122. Stöffler D., Artemieva N. A., Ivanov B. A., Hecht L., Kenkmann T., Schmitt R. R., Tagle R. A., and Wittmann A. 2004. Origin and emplacement of the impact formations at Chicxulub, Mexico, as revealed by the ICDP deep drilling at Yaxcopoil-1 and by numerical modeling. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 39:1035-1067.
123. Stöffler D., Artemieva N. A., Wünnemann K., Reimold W. U., Jacob J., Hansen B., and Summerson I. A. T. 2013. Ries crater and suevite revisited-Observations and modeling. Part I-observations. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 48. This issue.
124. Sturm S. 2011. Distribution of megablocks in the Ries crater, Germany: Implications for complex craters in the solar system from remote sensing and field analyses. MSc thesis, University of Münster, Germany. 199 p.
125. Sturm S., Willmes M., Hiesinger H., Kenkmann T., and Pösges G. 2011. Megablocks in the Ries Impact Crater, Germany: New discoveries and statistical analysis of distribution and lithologies (abstract #1705). 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. CD-ROM.
126. Sugita S., Schultz P. H., and Adams M. A. 1998. Spectroscopic measurements of vapor clouds due to oblique impacts. Journal of Geophysical Research 103E:19247-19441.
127. Tagle R. and Hecht L. 2006. Geochemical identification of projectiles in impact rocks. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 41:1721-1735.
128. Thompson S. L. and Lauson H. S. 1972. Improvements in the Chart D radiation-hydrodynamic CODE III: Revised analytic equations of state. Report SC-RR-71 0714. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Sandia National Laboratory. 119 p.
129. Ugalde H. A., Artemieva N., and Milkereit B. 2005. Numerical modeling and petrophysical constraints on the magnetic signature of impact structures. In Large meteorite impacts III, edited by Kenkmann T., Hörz F., and Deutsch A. GSA Special Paper 384. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 25-42.
130. United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992. 2000. DoE/NV-209-REV 15. Las Vegas: U.S. DoE. 185 p. (available online http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_209_REV15.pdf)
131. Valentine G. A. and Wohletz K. H. 1989. Numerical models of Plinian eruption column and pyroclastic flows. Journal of Geophysical Research 94:1867-1887.
132. Wilson C. J. N. 1980. The role of fluidization in the emplacement of pyroclastic flows: An experimental approach. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 8:231-249.
133. Wilson C. J. N. 1984. The role of fluidization in the emplacement of pyroclastic flows, 2: Experimental results and their interpretation. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 20:55-84.
134. Wittmann A. and Kenkmann T. 2009. Fluidization of the Ries crater's ejecta blanket. 72nd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, abstract 5392. Meteoritics & Planetary Science Supplement 44:A219.
135. Wittmann A., Schmitt R. T., Kring D. A., Reimold W. U., and Povenmire H. 2009. Petrology of impact melt rocks from the Chesapeake Bay crater, USA. In The ICDP-USGS Deep Drilling Project in the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Results from the Eyreville core holes, edited by Gohn G. S., Koeberl C., Miller K. G., and Reimold W. U. GSA Special Paper 458. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 377-396.
136. Wittmann A., Goderis S., Claeys P., Vahhaecke F., Deutsch A., and Adolph L. 2013. Petrology of impactites from El'gygytgyn crater: Breccias in ICDP-drill core 1C, glassy impact melt rocks and spherules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 48, doi:10.1111/maps.12019.
137. Wohletz K. H. and Sheridan M. F. 1983. Martian rampart crater ejecta: Experiments and analysis of melt-water interaction. Icarus 56:15-37.
138. Wünnemann K. and Ivanov B. A. 2003. Numerical modeling of the impact crater depth-diameter dependence in an acoustically fluidized target. Planetary and Space Sciences 51:831-845.
139. Wünnemann K., Morgan J. V., and Jödicke H. 2005. Is Ries crater typical for its size. An analysis based on old and new geophysical data and numerical modeling. In Large meteorite impacts III, edited by Kenkmann T., Hörz F., and Deutsch A. GSA Special Paper 384. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 67-83.
140. Wünnemann K., Collins G. S., and Melosh H. J. 2006. A strain-based porosity model for use in hydrocode simulations of impacts and implications for transient crater growth in porous targets. Icarus 180:514-527.
141. Wünnemann K., Collins G. S., and Osinski G. R. 2008. Numerical modeling of impact melt production in porous rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 269:530-539.