Reliability and validity of findings in ergonomics research

Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 1-46

  Kanis, H ^a  

^a DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

human agency; investigative syntaxes; measurement by fiat; reliability; validity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890792713     PISSN: 1463922X     EISSN: 1464536X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2013.802058     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Altman, D. G. and Bland, J. M. 1983. Measurement in Medicine: The Analysis of Method Comparison Studies. The Statistician, 32: 307 - 317. doi: 10.2307/2987937
2. Anastasi, A. 1986. " Evolving Concepts of Test Validation ". In Annual Review of Psychology Vol. 37, 1 - 16.
3. Annett, J. 2002. Subjective Rating Scales: Science or Art?. Ergonomics, 45: 966 - 987. doi: 10.1080/00140130210166951
4. Arthur, W. Jr., Bell, S. T., Edwards, B. D., Day, E. A., Tubre, T. C. and Tubre, A. H. 2005. Convergence of Self-Report and Archival Crash Involvement Data: A Two-Year Longitudinal Follow-Up. Human Factors, 47: 303 - 313. doi: 10.1518/0018720054679416
5. Arthur, W. Jr., Edwards, B. D., Bell, S. T., Villado, A. J. and Bennett, W. Jr. 2005. Team Task Analysis: Identifying Task and Jobs That Are Team Bases. Human Factors, 47: 654 - 669. doi: 10.1518/001872005774860087
6. Atkinson, G. and Nevill, A. M. 1998. Statistical Methods for Assessing Measurement Error (Reliability) in Variables Relevant to Sports Medicine. Sports Medicine, 26: 217 - 238. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199826040-00002
7. Azar, N. R., Andrews, D. M. and Callaghan, J. P. 2005. Accuracy of Spine Cumulative Loading Using Self-Reported Duration and Frequency Information during Non-Occupational Tasks. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35: 687 - 696. doi: 10.1016/j.ergon.2005.02.002
8. Babbie, E. 2004. The Practice of Social Research, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
9. Bao, S. and Silverstein, B. 2005. Estimation of Hand Force in Ergonomic Job Evaluations. Ergonomics, 48: 288 - 301. doi: 10.1080/0014013042000327724
10. Bao, S., Spielholz, P., Howard, N. and Silverstein, B. 2006. Quantifying Repetitive Hand Activity for Epidemiological Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders - Part I: Individual Exposure Assessment. Ergonomics, 49: 361 - 380. doi: 10.1080/00140130500520214
11. Belz, S. M., Robinson, G. S. and Casali, J. G. 2004. Temporal Separation and Self-Rating of Alertness as Indicators of Driver Fatigue in Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators. Human Factors, 46: 154 - 169. doi: 10.1518/hfes.46.1.154.30393
12. Ben-Bassat, T. and Shinar, D. 2006. Ergonomic Guidelines for Traffic Sign Design Increase Sign Comprehension. Human Factors, 48: 182 - 195. doi: 10.1518/001872006776412298
13. Bercini, D. H. 1992. Pretesting Questionnaires in the Laboratory: An Alternative Approach. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 2: 241 - 248.
14. Bland, J. M. and Altman, D. G. 1986. Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement. The Lancet, 343: 307 - 310. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8
15. Bland, J. M. and Altman, D. G. 1996. Measurement Error. BMJ, 312: 1654 doi: 10.1136/bmj.312.7047.1654
16. Bland, J. M. and Altman, D. G. 1999. Measuring Agreement in Method Comparison studies. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8: 135 - 160. doi: 10.1191/096228099673819272
17. Bland, J. M. and Altman, D. G. 2003. Applying the Right Statistics: Analyses of Measurement Studies. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 22: 85 - 93. doi: 10.1002/uog.122
18. Blangsted, A. K., Hansen, K. and Jensen, C. 2004. Validation of a Commercial Software Package for Quantification of Computer Use. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34: 237 - 241. doi: 10.1016/j.ergon.2004.04.003
19. Bloor, M. 1997. " Techniques of Validation in Qualitative Research: A Critical Commentary ". In Context and Method in Qualitative Research, Edited by: Miller, G. and Dingwall, R. 37 - 48. London: Sage.
20. Bohle, P., Tilley, A. J. and Brown, S. 2001. Psychometric Evaluation of the Early/Late Preferences Scale. Ergonomics, 44: 887 - 900. doi: 10.1080/00140130110064694
21. Carlton, L. G. and Newell, K. M. 1993. " Force Variability and Characteristics of Force Production ". In Variability and Motor Control, Edited by: Newell, K. M. and Corcos, D. 15 - 36. Leeds: Human Kinetics.
22. Carmines, E. G. and Zeller, R. A. 1987. Reliability and Validity, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
23. Chiou, W. K., Chen, W. J., Lin, Y. H. and Wong, M. K. 2000. The Functional Evaluation of a Back Belt Rehabilitation of Low-Back Pain Patients. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 26: 615 - 623. doi: 10.1016/S0169-8141(00)00030-5
24. Cicourel, A. 1964. Method and Measurement in Sociology, New York: The Free Press.
25. Clauser, C., Tebbetts, I., Bradtmiller, B., McConville, J. and Gordon, C. C. 1988. Measurer's Handbook: U.S. Army Anthropometric Survey, 1987-1988, Natick, MA: United States Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center. Technical Report, Natick /TR-88/043
26. Coeckelbergh, T. R.M., Brouwer, W. H., Cornelissen, F. W. and Kooijman, A. C. 2004. Predicting Practical Fitness to Drive in Drivers with Visual Field Defects Caused by Ocular Pathology. Human Factors, 46: 748 - 760. doi: 10.1518/hfes.46.4.748.56818
27. Cronbach, L. J. 1971. " Test validation ". In Educational Measurement, Edited by: Thorndike, R. L. 443 - 507. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
28. Dahlberg, R., Karlqvist, L., Bildt, C. and Nykvist, K. 2004. Do Work Technique and Musculoskeletal Symptoms Differ between Men and Women Performing the Same Type of Work Tasks?. Applied Ergonomics, 35: 521 - 529. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2004.06.008
29. de Looze, P. M., van Greuningen, K., Rebel, J., Kingma, I. and Kuijer, P. P.F.M. 2000. Force Direction and Physical Load in Dynamic Pushing and Pulling. Ergonomics, 43: 377 - 390. doi: 10.1080/001401300184477
30. DeVocht, J. W., Wilder, D. G., Bandstra, E. R. and Spratt, K. F. 2006. Biomechanical Evaluation of Four Different Mattresses. Applied Ergonomics, 37: 297 - 304. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2005.07.002
31. Diaz-Morales, J. F. and Sanchez-Lopez, M. P. 2005. Composite Scales of Morningness and Preferences: Preliminary Validity Data in Peruvian Undergraduates. Ergonomics, 48: 354 - 363. doi: 10.1080/0014013042000327661
32. Dickerson, C. R., Martin, B. J. and Chaffin, D. B. 2006. The Relationship between Shoulder Torques and the Perception of Muscular Effort in Loaded Reaches. Ergonomics, 49: 1036 - 1051. doi: 10.1080/00140130600730960
33. Durso, F. T., Bleckley, M. K. and Dattel, A. R. 2006. Does Situation Awareness Add to the Validity of Cognitive Tests?. Human Factors, 48: 721 - 733. doi: 10.1518/001872006779166316
34. Earle-Richardson, G., Jenkins, P. L., Strogatz, D., Bell, E. M. and May, J. J. 2006. Development and Initial Assessment of Objective Fatigue Measures for Apple Harvest Work. Applied Ergonomics, 37: 719 - 727. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2005.12.002
35. Ebel, R. L. 1961. Must All Tests Be Valid?. American Psychologist, 16: 640 - 647. doi: 10.1037/h0045478
36. Ebersole, M. L. and Armstrong, T. J. 2006. Analysis of an Observational Rating Scale for Repetition, Posture, and Force in Selected Manufacturing Settings. Human Factors, 48: 487 - 498. doi: 10.1518/001872006778606912
37. Essendrop, M., Schibye, B. and Hansen, K. 2001. Reliability of Isometric Muscle Strength Tests for the Trunk, Hands and Shoulders. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 28: 379 - 387. doi: 10.1016/S0169-8141(01)00044-0
38. Fenety, P. A., Putnam, C. and Walker, J. M. 2000. In-Chair Movement: Validity, Reliability and Implications for Measuring Sitting Discomfort. Applied Ergonomics, 31: 383 - 393. doi: 10.1016/S0003-6870(00)00003-X
39. Foddy, W. 1998. An Empirical Evaluation of In-Depth Probes Used to Pretest Survey Questions. Sociological Methods and Research, 27: 103 - 133. doi: 10.1177/0049124198027001003
40. Fothergill, D. M. and Sims, J. R. 2000. Aerobic Performance of Special Operations Forces Personnel after a Prolonged Submarine Deployment. Ergonomics, 43: 1489 - 1500. doi: 10.1080/001401300750003925
41. Francis, G. and Oxtoby, C. 2006. Building and Testing Optimized Keyboards for Specific Text Entry. Human Factors, 48: 279 - 287. doi: 10.1518/001872006777724390
42. Fryman, M. A. 2002. Quality and Process Improvement, Albany, NY: Delmar-Thomson Learning.
43. Gall, B. and Parkhouse, W. 2004. Changes in Physical Capacity as a Function of Age in Heavy Manual Work. Ergonomics, 47: 671 - 687. doi: 10.1080/00140130410001658691
44. Guilford, J. P. 1954. Psychometric Methods, New York: McGraw-Hill.
45. Gutierrez, J. L.G., Jimenez, B. M., Hernandez, E. G. and Lopez, A. L. 2005. Spanish Version of the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI): Factorial Replication, Reliability and Validity. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35: 737 - 746. doi: 10.1016/j.ergon.2005.02.007
46. Haber, J. and LoBiondo-Wood, G. 2006. " Reliability and Validity ". In Nursing Research, 335 - 356. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier.
47. Hale, A. R., van de Waterbeemd, H. A., Potter, R., Heming, B. H., Swuste, P. H.J.J. and Guldenmund, F. W. 2004. Developing an Effective Diagnosis for Safety Improvement in Steelworks. Occupational Ergonomics, 4: 229 - 240.
48. Hamilton, W. I. and Clarke, T. 2005. Driver Performance Modeling and its Practical Application to Railway Safety. Applied Ergonomics, 36: 661 - 670. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2005.07.005
49. Harris, D., Chan-Pensley, J. and McGarry, S. 2005. The Development of a Multidimensional Scale to Evaluate Motor Vehicle Dynamic Qualities. Ergonomics, 48: 964 - 982. doi: 10.1080/00140130500181967
50. Hopkins, W. G. 2000. Measures of Reliability in Sports Medicine and Science. Sports Medicine, 30: 1 - 15. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200030010-00001
51. ISO 5725. 1994. Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results, Geneva: International Standard Organisation.
52. Jainta, S. and Jaschinski, W. 2002. Fixation Disparity: Binocular Vergence Accuracy for a Visual Display at Different Positions Relative to the Eyes. Human Factors, 44: 443 - 450. doi: 10.1518/0018720024497736
53. Jainta, S., Jaschinski, W. and Baccino, T. 2004. No Evidence for Prolonged Latency of Saccadic Eye Movements due to Intermittent Light of a CRT Computer Screen. Ergonomics, 47: 105 - 114. doi: 10.1080/0014013032000157904
54. Johnsson, C., Kjellberg, K., Kjellberg, A. and Lagerstrøm, M. 2004. A Direct Observation Instrument for Assessment of Nurses' Patient Transfer Technique (DINO). Applied Ergonomics, 35: 591 - 601. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2004.06.004
55. Kanis, H. 1997. Variation in Results of Measurement Repetition of Human Characteristics and Activities. Applied Ergonomics, 28: 155 - 163. doi: 10.1016/S0003-6870(96)00071-3
56. Kanis, H. 2000. Questioning Validity in the Area of Ergonomics/Human Factors. Ergonomics, 43: 1947 - 1965. doi: 10.1080/00140130050201418
57. Kanlayanaphotporn, R., Williams, M., Fulton, I. and Trott, P. 2002. Reliability of the Vertical Spinal Creep Response Measured in Sitting (Asymptomatic and Low-Back Pain Subjects). Ergonomics, 45: 240 - 247. doi: 10.1080/00140130110115840
58. Keir, P. J. and Mogk, J. P.M. 2005. The Development and Validation of Equations to Predict Grip Force in the Workplace: Contributions of Muscle Activity and Posture. Ergonomics, 48: 1243 - 1259. doi: 10.1080/00140130500277591
59. Kolich, M. and Taboun, S. M. 2004. Ergonomics Modeling and Evaluation of Automobile Seat Comfort. Ergonomics, 47: 841 - 863. doi: 10.1080/0014013042000193273
60. Koppelaar, E. and Wells, R. 2005. Comparison of Measurement Methods for Quantifying Hand Force. Ergonomics, 48: 983 - 1007. doi: 10.1080/00140130500120841
61. Kouchi, M. and Mochimaru, M. 2004. Analysis of 3D Face Forms for Proper Sizing and CAD of Spectacle Frames. Ergonomics, 47: 1499 - 1516. doi: 10.1080/00140130412331290907
62. Larivière, C., Plamondon, A., Lara, J., Tellier, C., Boutin, J. and Dagenais, A. 2004. Biomechanical Assessment of Gloves: A Study of the Sensitivity and Reliability of Electromyographic Parameters Used to Measure the Activation and Fatigue of Different Forearm Muscles. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34: 101 - 116. doi: 10.1016/j.ergon.2004.02.002
63. Lee, J. D. and See, K. A. 2004. Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance. Human Factors, 46: 50 - 80.
64. Leung, A. W.S., Chan, C. C.H. and He, J. 2004. Structural Stability and Reliability of the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory among Chinese VDT Workers. Applied Ergonomics, 35: 233 - 241. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2004.02.004
65. Lin, J. H., McGorry, R. W., Dempsy, P. G. and Chang, C. C. 2006. Handle Displacement and Operator Responses to Pneumatic Nutrunner Torque Buildup. Applied Ergonomics, 37: 367 - 376. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2005.05.013
66. Long, T. and Johnson, M. 2000. Rigour, Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing, 4: 30 - 37. doi: 10.1054/cein.2000.0106
67. Lowe, B. D. 2004. Accuracy and Validity of Observational Estimates of Shoulder and Elbow Posture. Applied Ergonomics, 35: 159 - 171. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2004.01.003
68. Luximon, A. and Goonetilleke, R. S. 2004. Foot Shape Modeling. Human Factors, 46: 304 - 315. doi: 10.1518/hfes.46.2.304.37346
69. McDowell, T. W., Wiker, S. F., Dong, R. G., Welcome, D. E. and Schopper, A. W. 2006. Evaluation of Psychometric Estimates of Vibratory Hand-Tool Grip and Push Forces. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 36: 119 - 128. doi: 10.1016/j.ergon.2005.09.001
70. McGorry, R. W., Chang, C. C. and Dempsey, P. G. 2004. A Technique for Estimation of Wrist Angular Displacement in Radial/Ulnar Deviation and Flexion/Extension. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34: 21 - 29. doi: 10.1016/j.ergon.2004.01.005
71. McGraw, K. O. and Wong, S. P. 1996. Forming Inferences about Some Intraclass Correlation Coefficients. Psychological Methods, 1: 30 - 46. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.30
72. Messick, S. 1989. " Validity ". In Educational Measurement, Edited by: Linn, R. L. 13 - 105. New York: Macmillan.
73. Meunier, P. and Yin, S. 2000. Performance of a 2D Image-Based Anthropometric Measurement and Clothing Sizing System. Applied Ergonomics, 31: 445 - 451. doi: 10.1016/S0003-6870(00)00023-5
74. Mogk, J. P.M. and Keir, P. J. 2003. The Effects of Posture on Forearm Muscle Loading during Gripping. Ergonomics, 46: 956 - 975. doi: 10.1080/0014013031000107595
75. Murphy, E., Dingwall, R., Greatbach, D., Parker, S. and Watson, P. 1998. Qualitative Research Methods in Health Technology Assessment: A Review of the Literature, Nottingham: University of Nottingham.
76. Nunnally, J. 1978. Psychometric Theory, New York: McGraw-Hill.
77. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. and Leech, N. L. 2005. Taking the 'Q' Out of Research: Teaching Research Methodology Courses without the Divide between Quantitative and Qualitative Paradigms. Quality & Quantity, 39: 267 - 296. doi: 10.1007/s11135-004-1670-0
78. Pawson, R. 1982. Desperate Measures. British Journal of Sociology, 33: 35 - 63. doi: 10.2307/589336
79. Pickup, L., Wilson, J. R., Norris, B. J., Mitchell, L. and Morrisroe, G. 2005. The Integrated Workload Scale (IWS): A New Self-Report Tool to Assess Railway Signaler Workload. Applied Ergonomics, 36: 681 - 693. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2005.05.004
80. Prior, L. 2004. " Doing Things with Documents ". In Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice, Edited by: Silverman, D. 76 - 94. London: Sage.
81. Qian, X. and Fan, J. 2006. Interactions of the Surface Heat and Moisture Transfer from the Human Body under Varying Climatic Conditions and Walking Speeds. Applied Ergonomics, 37: 685 - 693. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2006.01.002
82. Radovanovic, C. A.T. and Alexandre, N. M.C. 2004. Validation of an Instrument for Patient Handling Assessment. Applied Ergonomics, 35: 321 - 328. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2004.03.007
83. Richardson, M., Jones, G. and Torrance, M. 2004. Identifying the Task Variables that Influence Perceived Object Assembly Complexity. Ergonomics, 47: 945 - 964. doi: 10.1080/00140130410001686339
84. Rolfe, G. 2006. Validity, Trustworthiness and Rigour: Quality and the Idea of Qualitative Research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53: 304 - 310. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03727.x
85. Rooden, M. J. and Kanis, H. 2011. " Users' Interactions with Design Models ". In Human Factors and Ergonomics in Consumer Product Design: Methods and Techniques, Edited by: Karwowski, W., Soares, M. M. and Stanton, N. A. 429 - 439. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
86. Schmitt, N. 1996. Uses and Abuses of Coefficient Alpha. Psychological Assessment, 8: 350 - 353. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.350
87. Seale, C. 1999. The Quality of Qualitative Research, London: Sage.
88. Shenton, A. K. 2004. Strategies for Ensuring Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research Projects. Education for Information, 22: 63 - 75.
89. Silverman, D. 1997. " The Logics of Qualitative Research ". In Context and Method in Qualitative Research, Edited by: Miller, G. and Dingwall, R. 12 - 25. London: Sage.
90. Silverman, D. 2001. Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction, London: Sage.
91. Silverman, D. 2010. Doing Qualitative Research, London: Sage.
92. Simeonov, P. I., Hsiao, H., Dotson, B. W. and Ammons, D. E. 2005. Height Effects in Real and Virtual Environments. Human Factors, 47: 430 - 438. doi: 10.1518/0018720054679506
93. Smith, D. R., Andrews, D. M. and Wawrow, P. T. 2006. Development and Evaluation of the Automotive Seating Discomfort Questionnaire (ASDQ). International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 36: 141 - 149. doi: 10.1016/j.ergon.2005.09.005
94. Sothmann, M. S., Gebhardt, D. L., Baker, T. A., Kastello, G. M. and Sheppard, V. A. 2004. Performance Requirements of Physically Strenuous Occupations: Validating Minimum Standards for Muscular Strength and Endurance. Ergonomics, 47: 864 - 875. doi: 10.1080/00140130410001670372
95. Stanton, N. A. and Baber, C. 2005. Validating Task Analysis for Error Identification: Reliability and Validity of a Human Error Prediction Technique. Ergonomics, 48: 1097 - 1113. doi: 10.1080/00140130500219726
96. Steenbekkers, L. P.A. 1993. Child Development, Design Implications and Accident Prevention, Delft: Delft University Press.
97. Stephens, J. P., Vos, G. A., Stevens, E. M. Jr. and Moore, J. S. 2006. Test-Retest Repeatability of the Strain Index. Applied Ergonomics, 37: 275 - 281. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2005.07.007
98. Straker, L., Burgess-Limerick, R., Pollock, C. and Egeskov, R. 2004. A Randomized and Controlled Trial of a Participative Ergonomics Intervention to Reduce Injuries Associated with Manual Tasks: Physical Risk and Legislative Compliance. Ergonomics, 47: 166 - 188. doi: 10.1080/00140130310001617949
99. Stuster, J. 2006. Validation of the Standardized Field Sobriety Test Battery at 0.08% Blood Alcohol Concentration. Human Factors, 48: 608 - 614. doi: 10.1518/001872006778606895
100. Taylor, J. C. 2000. Reliability and Validity of the Maintenance Resources Management/Technical Operations Questionnaire. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 26: 217 - 230. doi: 10.1016/S0169-8141(99)00067-0
101. Torgerson, W. 1958. Theory and Method of Scaling, New York: Wiley.
102. Toscano, E., Fubini, E. and Gaia, E. 2004. Microgravity Simulation: Physical and Psychological Workload Evaluation Tests in an Underwater Environment. Applied Ergonomics, 35: 383 - 391. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2004.02.007
103. Tran, T. V., Letowski, T. and Abouchacra, K. S. 2000. Evaluations of Acoustic Beacon Characteristics for Navigation Tasks. Ergonomics, 43: 807 - 827. doi: 10.1080/001401300404760
104. Unge, J., Hansson, G. A., Ohlsson, K., Nordander, C., Axmon, A., Winkel, J. and Skerfving, S. 2005. Validity of Self-Assessed Reports of Occurrence and Duration of Occupational Tasks. Ergonomics, 48: 12 - 24. doi: 10.1080/00140130412331293364
105. Velleman, P. F. and Wilkinson, L. 1993. Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Typologies are Misleading. American Statistician, 47: 65 - 72.
106. Village, J., Frazer, M., Cohen, M., Leyland, A., Park, I. and Yassi, A. 2005. Electromyography as a Measure of Peak and Cumulative Workload in Intermediate Care and Its Relationship to Musculoskeletal Injury: An Exploratory Ergonomic Study. Applied Ergonomics, 36: 609 - 618. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2005.01.019
107. Warming, S., Juul-Kristensen, B., Ebbehøj, N. E. and Schibye, B. 2004. An Observation Instrument for the Description and Evaluation of Patient Transfer Technique. Applied Ergonomics, 35: 603 - 614. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2004.06.007
108. Winer, B. J., Brown, D. R. and Michels, K. M. 1991. Statistical Principles in Experimental Design, New York: McGraw-Hill.
109. Yeung, S. S., Genaidy, A. M., Karwowski, W. and Leung, P. C. 2002. Reliability and Validity of Self-Reported Assessment of Exposure and Outcome Variables for Manual Lifting Tasks: A Preliminary Investigation. Applied Ergonomics, 33: 463 - 469. doi: 10.1016/S0003-6870(02)00023-6
110. Zinzen, E., Caboor, D., Verlinden, M., Cattrysse, E., Duquet, W., van Roy, P. and Clarys, J. P. 2000. Will the Use of Different Prevalence Rates Influence the Development of a Primary Prevention Program for Low-Back Problems?. Ergonomics, 43: 1789 - 1803. doi: 10.1080/001401300750004195