War stories: The causes and consequences of public views of war

War Stories: The Causes and Consequences of Public Views of War

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-329

  Baum, Matthew A ^a   Groeling, Tim J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890674397     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (300)

1. Adamic, Lada A., and Natalie Glance. "The Political Blogosphere and the 2004 U.S. Election: Divided They Blog." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Link Discovery, 36-43. Chicago, August 21-25, 2005. Link-KDD '05. New York: ACM, 2005. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1134271.1134 277 (accessed December 1, 2008).
2. AFP. "Obama Surfs the Web to the White House." Sydney Morning Herald, November 5, 2008. http://news.smh.com.au/technology/obama-surfs-the-web-tothe-white-house-20081105-5icx.html (accessed December 1, 2008).
3. Alan, Jeff, and James Martin Lane. Anchoring America: The Changing Face of Network News. Chicago: Bonus Books, 2003.
4. Allen, Barbara Ann, Luc Juillet, Gilles Paquet, and Jeffrey Roy. E-governance and Government Online in Canada: Partnerships, People, and Prospects. Ottawa: Faculty of Administration, University of Ottawa, 2000.
5. Allen, Cleo J. "Foreign News Coverage in Selected U.S. Newspapers 1927-1997: A Content Analysis." Ph.D. diss., Louisiana State University, 2005.
6. Allen, Mike. "Pelosi Calls Iraq a 'Failure.'" Politico, February 10, 2008. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0208/8422.html (accessed December 1, 2008).
7. Almond, Gabriel A. The American People and Foreign Policy. New York: Praeger, 1950.
8. Alterman, Eric. What Liberal Media? New York: Basic Books 2003.
9. Althaus, Scott L. "Free Falls, High Dives, and the Future of Democratic Accountability." Paper presented at the Princeton Conference on Media and Accountability. Princeton, NJ, November 30-December 1, 2007.
10. Althaus, Scott, Jill Edy, Robert Entman, and Patricia Phalen. "Revising the Indexing Hypothesis: Officials, Media, and the Libya Crisis." Political Communication 13: 407-21,1996.
11. Altman, Douglas G. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. London: Chapman and Hall, 1991. American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE). ASNE Statement of Principles.Revised August 28, 2002. http://www.asne.org/kiosk/archive/principl.htm (accessed September 7, 2005).
12. Anttiroiko, Ari-Veikko. Introduction to Democratic E-Governance. Hershey, PA: IGI Publishing, 2004.
13. Armstrong, Jerome, and Markos Moulitsas Zúniga. Crashing the Gate: Netroots, Grassroots, and the Rise of People-Powered Politics. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co., 2006.
14. Arnold, R. Douglas. The Logic of Congressional Action. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
15. Associated Press. 2007. "Associated Press Facts and Figures," April 16, 2007. http://www.ap.org/pages/about/about.html (accessed December 1, 2008).
16. Bacon, Perry, Jr. "Can Lieberman Survive Iraq?" Time, June 25, 2006. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1207783,00.html (accessed December 1, 2008).
17. Bai, Matt. "Preview: Working for the Working-Class Vote." New York Times Magazine, October 15, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/19/magazine/19obama-t.html (accessed December 1, 2008).
18. Baker, William D., and John R. Oneal. "Patriotism or Opinion Leadership? The Nature and Origins of the "Rally 'Round the Flag" Effect." Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 (October): 661-87, 87.
19. Baum, Matthew A. "The Constituent Foundations of the Rally-Round-the-Flag Phenomenon." International Studies Quarterly 46: 263-98, 2002.
20. Baum, Matthew A. Soft News Goes to War: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy in the New Media Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
21. Baum, Matthew A.. "Going Private: Public Opinion, Presidential Rhetoric, and the Domestic Politics of Audience Costs in U.S. Foreign Policy Crises." Journal of Conflict Resolution 48 (October): 603-31, 31.
22. Baum, Matthew A.. "How Public Opinion Constrains the Use of Force: The Case of Operation Restore Hope." Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 (June): 187-226, 226.
23. Baum, Matthew A., and Tim Groeling. "New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse." Political Communication 25 (4): 345-65, 2008.
24. Baum, Matthew A., and Philip Gussin. "In the Eye of the Beholder: How Information Shortcuts Shape Individual Perceptions of Bias in the Media." Quarterly Journal of Political Science 3: 1-31,2008.
25. Baum, Matthew A., and Samuel Kernell. "Has Cable Ended the Golden Age of Presidential Television?" American Political Science Review 93: 99-114,1999.
26. Baum, Matthew A., and Philip B. K. Potter. "The Relationship between Mass Media, Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis." Annual Review of Political Science 11: 39-66,2008.
27. Beaumont, Thomas. "Iowa's Top Statesmen Have Low U.S. Profile." The Des Moines Register, online edition, October 10, 2005. http://nl.newsbank.com (accessed December 1, 2008).
28. Beckel, Robert. Interview with Fox News' Catherine Herridge, June 16, 2007.
29. Beinart, Peter. "Admit It: The Surge Worked." Washington Post, January 18, 2009, B07.
30. Bennett, W. Lance. "Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States." Journal of Communication 40:2, 1990.
31. Bennett, W. Lance. News: The Politics of Illusion. 3rd ed. New York: Longman, 1997.
32. Bennett, W. Lance. "The Burglar Alarm That Just Keeps Ringing: A Response to Zaller." Political Communication 20 (April/June): 131-38, 2003.
33. Bennett, W. Lance, Regina Lawrence, and Steven Livingston. "None Dare Call It Torture: Indexing and the Limits of Press Independence in the Abu Ghraib Scandal." Journal of Communication 56 (3): 467-85, 2006.
34. Bennett, W. Lance. When the Press Fails: Political Power and the News Media from Iraq to Katrina. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
35. Berinsky, Adam. "Assuming the Costs of War: Events, Elites, and American Public Support for Military Conflict." Journal of Politics 69: 975-97,2007.
36. Berinsky, Adam, and James N. Druckman. "Public Opinion Research, Presidential Rhetoric, and Support for the Iraq War." Public Opinion Quarterly 71 (Spring): 126-41, 41.
37. Bethell, Tom. "Strange New Respect." The American Spectator 25 (9), September 1992.
38. Bigg, Matthew. "Talk Show Hosts Voice Alarm at McCain's Rise." Reuters.com, February 6, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSN062819 0220080206?feedType=RSS&feedName=politicsNews&rpc=22&sp=true.
39. Bimber, Bruce, and Richard Davis. Campaigning Online: The Internet in U.S. Elections. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
40. Bimber, Bruce, Andrew Flanagin, and Cynthia Stohl. "Reconceptualizing Collective Action in the Contemporary Media Environment." Communication Theory 15: 365-88,2005.
41. Blechman, Barry, and Stephen Kaplan. Force Without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1978.
42. Blumler, Jay G., and Dennis Kavanagh. "The Third Age of Political Communication: Influences and Features." Political Communication 16: 209-30,1999.
43. Boettcher, William A. III, and Michael D. Cobb. "Echoes of Vietnam? Casualty Framing and Public Perceptions of Success and Failure in Iraq." Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (December): 831-54, 54.
44. Bolton, Alexander. "GOP Preps for Talk Radio Confrontation." The Hill, June 27, 2007.
45. Bowers, Chris. "ACTION: Freeze Out Fox News." Posted to MyDD.com, February 21, 2007. http://www.mydd.com/story/2007/2/21/131213/634 (accessed December 1, 2008).
46. Brecher, Michael, and Jonathan Wilkenfeld. International Crisis Behavior Project, 1918-2004. Version 7, 2006. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/icb (accessed December 1, 2008).
47. Bresnahan, John. "Reid Labels Military Leader 'Incompetent.'" Politico, June 14, 2007. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0607/4490.html (accessed July 6, 2007).
48. Brody, Richard. Assessing Presidential Character: The Media, Elite Opinion, and Public Support. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991.
49. Brody, Richard, and Catherine R. Shapiro. "Policy Failure and Public Support: The Iran-Contra Affair and Public Assessment of President Reagan." Political Behavior 11 (4): 353-69, 1989.
50. Bumiller, Elisabeth. "In Aftermath of Article, McCain Gathers Donations." New York Times online edition, February 23, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/23/us/politics/23mccain.html?_r=2&hp&oref=slogin&oref=slogin (accessed December 1, 2008).
51. Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. The American Voter. New York: Wiley, 1960.
52. Canes-Wrone, Brandice. Who Leads Whom? Presidents, Policy, and the Public. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
53. Caplan, Bryan. The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.
54. Cappella, Joseph N., and Kathleen H. Jamieson. Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
55. CBS News. "Text of Bush Speech: President Declares End to Major Combat in Iraq," May 1, 2003. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/05/01/iraq/main551946.shtml (accessed December 1, 2008).
56. CBS/New York Times. "The Connecticut Democratic Primary Exit Poll," August 9, 2006. http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/CBSNews_polls/ctexitpoll.pdf (accessed December 1, 2008).
57. Chadwick, Andrew. "Bringing E-Democracy Back In: Why It Matters for Future Research on E-Governance." Social Science Computer Review 21 (Winter): 443-55, 55.
58. Chapman, Terrence, and Dan Reiter. "The United Nations Security Council and the Rally 'Round the Flag Effect." Journal of Conflict Resolution 48: 886-909,2004.
59. Clayman, Steven, and John Heritage. "Questioning Presidents: Journalistic Deference and Adversarialness in the Press Conferences of U.S. Presidents Eisenhower and Reagan." Journal of Communication 52: 749-75,2002.
60. Clinton, Hillary. "Senator Clinton Questions General David Petraeus and Ambassador Ryan Crocker on Iraq at Senate Armed Services Committee Hearing," September 11, 2007. http://clinton.senate.gov/news/statements/record.cfm?id=282410.
61. CNN. "McCain, Obama Go Head to Head in Last Debate," October 15, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/15/debate.transcript/(accessed December 1, 2008).
62. Cobb, Michael D. "Casualties of War: Media, Knowledge and Opinions about the War in Iraq." North Carolina State University. Unpublished manuscript, 2008. Congressional Quarterly Almanac. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1953-2006.
63. Converse, Philip E. "The Nature and Origin of Belief Systems in Mass Publics." In Ideology and Discontent. Edited by David Apter, 15-46. New York: Free Press, 1964.
64. Cook, Timothy. "Domesticating a Crisis: Washington Newsbeats and Network News after the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait." In Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War. Edited by W. Lance Bennett and David Paletz, 105-30. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
65. Cooper, Charles. "Murdoch to Media: You Dug Yourself a Huge Hole." CNET News, November 16, 2008. http://news.cnet.com/8301-10787_3-1009819460.html.
66. Cooper, Michael, and Jeff Zeleny. "Obama Strives to Retain Some Flexibility on His Iraq Policy." New York Times, July 3, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/03/us/politics/03cnd-policy.html?_r=1&hp=&pagewanted=all (accessed December 1, 2008).
67. Coulter, Ann. Treason. New York: Crown Forum, 2003.
68. Couric, Katie. "Speech to National Press Club." Transcript, UCLA Communication Studies Archive online, September 26, 2007.
69. Cox, Gary, and Eric Magar. "How Much Is Majority Status in the U.S. Congress Worth?" American Political Science Review 93: 299-309,1999.
70. Cox, Gary, and Mathew McCubbins. Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993.
71. Crawford, Vincent, and Joel Sobel. "Strategic Information Transmission." Econometrica 50: 1431-51,1982.
72. Crittenden, Jules. "From the Mouths of Babes." Pajamas Media Online, October 4, 2007. http://pajamasmedia.com/2007/10/katie_get_your_gun.php (accessed December 1, 2008).
73. Cronkite, Walter. "We Are Mired in Stalemate." CBS Evening News, February 27, 1968.
74. Dahl, Robert A. Who Governs? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961. Dailykos.com. "Nationalizing 'The Kiss,'" August, 11, 2006. http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2006/8/11/1801/33929 (accessed December 1, 2008).
75. Dahl, Robert A. "Snapshot: The Death of American News." Daily Kos Diary by Kangro X, September 26, 2007. http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2007/9/26/111344/859 (accessed December 1, 2008).
76. Davis, Richard, and Diana Owen. New Media and American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
77. Dearing, James W., and Everett M. Rogers. Agenda-Setting. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996.
78. Della Vigna, Stefano, and Ethan Kaplan, "The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting." Unpublished manuscript. Berkeley, CA, March 30, 2003. http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~sdellavi/wp/foxvote06-03-30.pdf (accessed December 1, 2008).
79. Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. What Americans Know about Politics and Why it Matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.
80. Department of Defense (DoD). "Comments by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. Department of Defense Press Briefing," February 12, 2002.
81. Downie, Leonard, and Robert G. Kaiser. The News about the News: American Journalism in Peril. New York: Knopf, 2002.
82. Druckman, James N. "On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?" The Journal of Politics 63 (4): 1041-66, 2001.
83. Druckman, James N. "Using Credible Advice to Overcome Framing Effects." Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 17: 62-82,2001.
84. Druckman, James N.. "Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the(Ir)relevance of Framing Effects." American Political Science Review 98 (4): 671-86, 2004.
85. Dutton, Donald. "The Maverick Effect: Increased Communicator Credibility as a Result of Abandoning a Career." Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 5: 145-51,1973.
86. Eagly, Alice H., Wendy Wood, and Shelly Chaiken. "Causal Inferences about Communicators, and Their Effect on Opinion Change." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36: 424-35,1978.
87. Edwards, George C. III. The Public Presidency. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983.
88. Efron, Edith. The News Twisters. Los Angeles: Nash Pub, 1971.
89. Eggerton, John. "Schumer Comments Prompt New Fairness Doctrine Concerns." Broadcasting and Cable, November 5, 2008. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/index.asp?layout=talkbackCommentsFull&talk_back_header_id=6566 552&articleid=ca6611851 (accessed December 1, 2008).
90. Eichenberg, Richard. "Victory Has Many Friends: U.S. Public Opinion and the Use of Military Force, 1981-2005." International Security 30: 140-77,2005.
91. Eichenberg, Richard C., Richard J. Stoll, and Matthew Lebo. "War President: The Approval Ratings of George W. Bush." Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (December): 783-808, 808.
92. Entman, Robert M. Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
93. Erskine, Hazel. "The Polls: Exposure to Public Information." Public Opinion Quarterly 27: 658-62,1963.
94. Exit Poll. United States General Election Exit Poll, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/ushouse.pdf (accessed December 1, 2008).
95. Farrell, Henry, and Daniel Drezner. "The Power and Politics of Blogs." Public Choice 134: 15-30,2008.
96. Fearon, James D. "Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes." American Political Science Review 88: 577-92,1994.
97. Feaver, Peter D., and Christopher Gelpi. Choosing Your Battles: American Civil-Military Relations and the Use of Force. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
98. Feenstra, Robert C., Robert E. Lipsey, Haiyan Deng, Alyson C. Ma, and Hengyong Mo. "World Trade Flows: 1962-2000." Working Paper 11040. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. http://www.nber.org/papers/w11040 (accessed December 1, 2008).
99. Fishkin, James. S., and Peter Laslett, eds. Debating Deliberative Democracy. Boston:Blackwell, 2003.
100. Fordham, Benjamin, and Christopher Sarver. "Militarized Interstate Disputes and United States Uses of Force." International Studies Quarterly 45: 455-66,2001.
101. Fountain, Jane. Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001.
102. Franken, Al. Lies (and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them). New York: Plume, 2004.
103. Franklin, Charles. "Ten Months of Opinion Change on War and More." Pollster. com. http://www.pollster.com/blogs/ten_months_of_opinion_change_o.php. November 6, 2007.
104. Friedman, Thomas. "The Internet Wars." New York Times, April 11, 1998, 25.
105. Ganassi, Michelle. "Marine Sues Murtha for Slander." The Daily American. September 26, 2008. http://www.dailyamerican.com/articles/2008/09/26/news/news/news451.txt.
106. Gartner, Scott S. "The Multiple Effects of Casualties on Public Support for War: An Experimental Approach." American Political Science Review 102 (February): 95-106, 106.
107. Gartner, Scott S., and Gary M. Segura. "Race, Casualties, and Opinion in the Vietnam War." Journal of Politics 62 (February): 115-46, 46.
108. Gelpi, Christopher, Peter Feaver, and Jason Reifler. "Casualty Sensitivity and the War in Iraq." International Security 30 (3): 7-46, 2005-2006.
109. Gentzkow, Matthew, and Jesse M. Shapiro. "What Drives Media Slant? Evidence from U.S. Daily Newspapers." Unpublished manuscript. University of Chicago and NBER, 2006.
110. Gibler, Douglas M., and Meredith Reid Sarkees. "Measuring Alliances: The Correlates of War Formal Interstate Alliance Dataset, 1816-2000." Journal of Peace Research 41 (2): 211-22, 2004.
111. Goldberg, Bernard. Bias. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2003.
112. Gorman, Bill. "Record 71+ Million Watch Election Night TV Coverage." TVby thenumbers.com, November 5, 2008. http://tvbythenumbers.com/2008/11/05/record-71-million-watch-election-night-tv-coverage/7667 (accessed December 1, 2008).
113. Graber, Doris. Mass Media and American Politics. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1997.
114. Groeling, Tim. "Virtual Discussion: Web-based Discussion Forums in Political Science" September 1, 1999. Department of Communication Studies, UCLA. Paper 19990901. http://repositories.cdlib.org/commstudies/19990901 (accessed December 1, 2008).
115. Groeling, Tim. "When Politicians Attack: The Causes, Contours, and Consequences of Partisan Communication." Ph.D. diss., University of California, San Diego, 2001.
116. Groeling, Tim. "Who's the Fairest of Them All? An Empirical Test for Partisan Bias on ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox News." Presidential Studies Quarterly 38:628-54, 2008.
117. Groeling, Tim, and Matthew A. Baum. "Crossing the Water's Edge: Elite Rhetoric, Media Coverage and the Rally-Round-the-Flag Phenomenon." Journal of Politics 70 (October): 1-21, 2008.
118. Groeling, Tim, and Matthew A. Baum. "Journalist Incentives and Media Coverage of Elite Foreign Policy Evaluations." Conflict Management and Peace Science 26, 2009.
119. Groeling, Tim, and Samuel Kernell. "Is Network News Coverage of the President Biased?" Journal of Politics 60:1063-87, 1998.
120. Groseclose, Tim, and Jeffrey Milyo. "A Measure of Media Bias." Quarterly Journal of Economics 120:1191-237, 2005.
121. Halberstam, David. The Powers that Be. Champaign-Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000.
122. Hallin, Daniel. The 'Uncensored War': The Media and Vietnam. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986.
123. Hamilton, James T. All the News That's Fit to Sell: How the Market Transforms Information into News. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
124. Hamilton, Lee. "How to Forge Ahead." Washington Quarterly 24 (Spring): 123-30, 2001.
125. Harper, Tim. "Obama Takes His Lumps on Website: Democrat Nominee's Perceived Shift to Centre Has His Backers Fuming That He Has Sold out." Toronto Star, July 5, 2008. http://www.thestar.com/article/454847 (accessed December 1, 2008).
126. Harrington, Joseph E., Jr. "Economic Policy, Economic Performance, and Elections." American Economic Review 83:27-42, 1993.
127. Hart, Roderick P. Campaign Talk: Why Elections Are Good for Us. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.
128. Hazlett, Thomas W., and David W. Sosa. "Was the Fairness Doctrine a 'Chilling Effect'? Evidence from the Post-deregulation Radio Market." The Journal of Legal Studies 26:279-301, 1997.
129. Hermann, Richard, Philip Tetlock, and Penny Visser. "Mass Public Decisions to Go to War: A Cognitive-Interactionist Framework." American Political Science Review 93:553-73, 1999.
130. Herrmann, Richard, James Voss, Tonya Schooler, and Joseph Ciarrochi. "Images in International Relations: An Experimental Test of Cognitive Schemata." International Studies Quarterly 41:403-33, 1997.
131. Hess, Stephen. Live from Capitol Hill. Studies of Congress and the Media. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1991.
132. Hetherington, Marc J, and Michael Nelson. "Anatomy of a Rally Effect: George W. Bush and the War on Terrorism." PS: Political Science and Politics 36:37-42, 2003.
133. Hindman, Douglas B. "Media System Dependency and Public Support for the Press and President." Mass Communication and Society 7:29-42, 2004.
134. Hindman, Matthew. "The Real Lessons of Howard Dean: Reflections on the First Digital Campaign." Perspectives on Politics 3:121-28, 2005.
135. Hofstetter, C Richard. Bias in the News: Network Television Coverage of the 1972 Election Campaign. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1976.
136. Holsti, Ole. Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy, rev. ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004.
137. Holsti, Ole R, and James N. Rosenau. "The Structure of Foreign Policy Beliefs among American Leaders." Journal of Politics 52:94-125, 1990.
138. Holsti, Ole R, and James N. Rosenau. "Liberals, Populists, Libertarians, and Conservatives: The Link between Domestic and International Affairs." International Political Science Review 17 (January): 29-35, 1996.
139. Howell, William, and Douglas Kriner. "Congress, the President, and the Iraq War's Domestic Political Front." In Congress Reconsidered. 9th ed. Edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008.
140. Howell, William, and Douglas Kriner. "Political Elites and Public Support for War." Unpublished manuscript, 2008.
141. Howell, William G, and Jon C. Pevehouse. While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.
142. Hurst, Steven. "Both Left and Right Pile on Obama: Supporters Say It's a Smart Move to the Middle; GOP Sees a Wedge." AP story on MSNBC, July 5, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25536472/(accessed December 1, 2008).
143. Hurwitz, Jon, and Mark Peffley. "How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? A Hierarchical Model." American Political Science Review 81:1099-120, 1987.
144. iMedia Connection. "The Score: The Popularity of Blogs." July 13, 2006. http://www.imediaconnection.com/content/10359.asp (accessed December 1, 2008).
145. Iyengar, Shanto, and Donald R Kinder. News That Matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
146. Iyengar, Shanto, and Adam Simon. "News Coverage of the Gulf Crisis and Public Opinion: A Study of Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing." Communication Research 20 (3): 365-83, 1993.
147. Jacobson, Gary C. A Divider, Not a Uniter: George W. Bush and the American People. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006.
148. Jacobson, Gary C. "The War, the President, and the 2006 Midterm Congressional Elections." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 12-15, 2007.
149. Jaffe, Matthew. "Democrats Already Discrediting Upcoming Petraeus Report: Senators Suggest They Don't Expect Any New Information, Just White House Spin." ABC News. September 8, 2007. http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=3575785 (accessed December 1, 2008).
150. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, and Paul Waldman. The Press Effect: Politicians, Journalists, and the Stories That Shape the Political World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
151. Jarvis, Sharon. The Talk of the Party. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.
152. Jentleson, Bruce W. "The Pretty Prudent Public: Post Post-Vietnam American Opinion on the Use of Military Force." International Studies Quarterly 36:49-74, 1992.
153. Jentleson, Bruce W, and Rebecca L. Britton. "Still Pretty Prudent: Post-Cold War American Public Opinion on the Use of Military Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution 42:395-417, 1998.
154. Katz, Elihu. "And Deliver Us from Segmentation." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 546:22-33, 1996.
155. Keen, Judy. "Bush to Troops: Mission Accomplished." USA Today, June 5, 2003. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2003-06-05-bush-qatar_x.htm (accessed December 1, 2008).
156. Kernell, Samuel. Going Public. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1997.
157. Kernell, Samuel, and Gary Jacobson. The Logic of American Politics. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2006.
158. King, Gary, Michael Tomz, and Jason Wittenberg. "Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation." American Journal of Political Science 44 (April): 341-55, 2000.
159. Koeske, Gary, and William Crano. "The Effect of Congruous and Incongruous Source-Statement Combinations upon the Judged Credibility of a Communication." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 4:384-99, 1968.
160. Koppelman, Alex. "Who Wanted to 'Cut and Run' from Somalia?" Salon.com, http://www.salon.com/politics/war_room/2006/09/25/clinton/index.html September 26, 2006.
161. Kovach, Bill, and Tom Rosenstiel. "Campaign Lite: Why Reporters Won't Tell Us What We Need to Know." Washington Monthly, January 1, 2001.
162. Krosnick, Jon A, and Donald R. Kinder. "Altering the Foundations of Support for the President through Priming." American Political Science Review 84:497-512, 1990.
163. Krugman, Paul. "Quagmire of the Vanities." New York Times, January 8, 2007.
164. Krosnick, Jon A, and Donald R. Kinder. "A Surge, and Then a Stab." New York Times, September 14, 2007.
165. Kuhberger, Anton. "The Influence of Framing on Risky Decisions: A Metaanalysis." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 75 (July): 23-55, 1998.
166. Kuklinski, James, and Norman Hurley. "On Hearing and Interpreting Political Messages: A Cautionary Tale of Citizen Cue-Taking." The Journal of Politics 56:729-51, 1994.
167. Kull, Steven, and I. M. Destler. Misreading the Public: The Myth of a New Isolationism. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999.
168. Kull, Steven, and Clay Ramsey. "The Myth of the Reactive Public: American Public Attitudes on Military Fatalities in the Post-Cold War Period." In Public Opinion and the International Use of Force. Edited by Phillip Everts and Pierangelo Isneria. London: Routledge, 2001.
169. Kull, Steven, Clay Ramsay, and Evan Lewis, "Misperceptions, the Media, and the Iraq War," Political Science Quarterly 118 (Winter): 575-90, 2003-2004.
170. Kurtz, Howard. "Republican Convention Gets Under Way; Kerry Interviewed on 'The Daily Show.'" CNN's Reliable Sources, August 29, 2004.
171. Kurtz, Howard. "Controversy over Limbaugh's Statement; Justice Thomas Assails Anita Hill." CNN's Reliable Sources, October 7, 2007. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0710/07/rs.01.html (accessed December 1, 2008).
172. Larson, Eric V. Casualties and Consensus: The Historical Role of Casualties in the Domestic Support for U.S. Military Operations. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996.
173. Larson, Eric V. "Putting Theory to Work: Diagnosing Public Opinion on the US Intervention in Bosnia." In Being Useful: Policy Relevance and International Relations Theory. Edited by Miroslav Nincic and Joseph Lepgold. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.
174. Lau, Richard, and David Redlawsk. "Voting Correctly." American Political Science Review 91:585-98, 1997.
175. Levy, Jack S. "The Diversionary Theory of War: A Critique." In Handbook of War Studies. Edited by M. I. Midlarsky. New York: Unwin-Hyman, 1989.
176. Lippmann, Walter. Liberty and the News. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Howe, 1920.
177. Levy, Jack S. Public Opinion. New York: Macmillan, 1922.
178. Levy, Jack S. The Method of Freedom. New York: Macmillan, 1934.
179. Levy, Jack S. Essays in the Public Philosophy. Boston: Little, Brown, 1955.
180. Livingston, Steven, and Todd Eachus. "Humanitarian Crises and U.S. Foreign Policy: Somalia and the CNN Effect Reconsidered." Political Communication 12:413-29, 1995.
181. Loven, Jennifer. "Obama: Media Response to Iraq Remarks Overblown." Associated Press, July 5, 2008. http://2008caucus.blogspot.com/2008/07/obama-saysmedia-response-to-iraq.html (accesed July 5, 2008).
182. Lupia, Arthur, and Mathew D McCubbins. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
183. Lupia, Arthur, and Gisela Sin. "Which Public Goods Are Endangered? How Evolving Communication Technologies Affect the Logic of Collective Action." Public Choice 117:315-31, 2003.
184. Lynd, Robert, and Helen Merrell Lynd. Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace, 1929.
185. Maggiotto, Michael A, and Eugene R. Wittkopf. "American Public Attitudes toward Foreign Policy." International Studies Quarterly 25:601-31, 1981.
186. Mayhew, David. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974.
187. McCombs, Maxwell E, and Donald L. Shaw. "The Agenda-Setting Function of the Mass Media." Public Opinion Quarterly 36:176-87, 1972.
188. McCormack, Megan, Scott Whitlock, and Rich Noyes. "The Iraq War on Cable TV." Media Research Center Report, 2006. http://www.mrc.org/SpecialReports/2006/IraqWarCableTV/report121906_p1.asp (accessed December 1, 2008).
189. McCumber, David. "A Ferry Captain, the FBI, and Benjamin Franklin." Seattle Post-Intelligencer Big Blog. August 22, 2007. http://blog.seattlepi.nwsource.com/thebigblog/archives/120525.asp (accessed December 1, 2008).
190. McGirk, Tim. "Collateral Damage or Civilian Massacre in Haditha?" Time, March 19, 2006. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1174649,00.html (accessed December 1, 2008).
191. McGuire, William J. "Personality and Susceptibility to Social Influence." In Handbook of Personality Theory and Research. Edited by Edgar F. Borgatta and William W. Lambert, 1130-87. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968.
192. McIntyre, Jamie. "Lawmaker says Marines Killed Iraqis 'in Cold Blood.'" CNN.com, May 19, 2006. http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/05/18/murtha.marines/index.html (accessed December 1, 2008).
193. McManus, John. "What Kind of Commodity Is News?" Communication Research 19:787-805, 1992.
194. Meernik, James, and Peter Waterman. "The Myth of the Diversionary Use of Force by American Presidents." Political Research Quarterly 49 (3): 573-90, 1996.
195. Mendelsohn, Harold, and Irving Crespi. Polls, Television and the New Politics. Scranton, PA: Chandler Publishing Co., 1970.
196. Mermin, Jonathan. "Television News and American Intervention in Somalia: The Myth of a Media-Driven Foreign Policy." Political Science Quarterly 112 (Fall): 385-404, 1997.
197. Milstein, Jeffrey. "Changes in Domestic Support and Alternative Military Actions in the Vietnam War 1965-1968." Presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Honolulu, April 3, 1969.
198. Milstein, Jeffrey. "The Vietnam War from the 1968 Tet Offensive to the 1970 Cambodian Invasion." In Mathematical Approaches to Politics. Edited by Hayward R. Alker, Karl W. Deutsch, and Antoine H. Stoetzel. New York: Elsevier Science, 1973.
199. Milstein, Jeffrey. Dynamics of the Vietnam War: A Quantitative Analysis and Predictive Computer Simulation. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974.
200. Milstein, Jeffrey S, and William C. Mitchell."Dynamics of the Vietnam Conflict: A Qualitative Analysis and Predictive Computer Simulation." Paper presented at a meeting of the Peace Research Society, Cambridge, MA, June 1968.
201. Mueller, John E. War, Presidents and Public Opinion. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973.
202. Mueller, John E. Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
203. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, 2006. http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/ (accessed December 1, 2008).
204. National Security Council (NSC). "A National Security Strategy for a New Century," 1997. http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/Strategy (accessed December 1, 2008).
205. National Security Council "National Strategy for Victory in Iraq," 2005. http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/iraq/iraq-strategy-nov2005.html (accessed December 1, 2008).
206. Nelson, Thomas, and Jennifer Garst. "Values-based Political Messages and Persuasion: Relationships among Speaker, Recipient, and Evoked Values." Political Psychology 26:489-516, 2005.
207. New York Times. "The Real Disaster." New York Times, January 11, 2007.
208. New York Times. "Legislating Leadership on Iraq." New York Times, March 29, 2007.
209. New York Times. "Four Years Later in Iraq." New York Times, April 12, 2007.
210. New York Times. "Mr. Bush Alone." New York Times, May 11, 2007.
211. Nicholson, Stephen P., Gary M. Segura, and Nathan D. Woods. "Presidential Approval and the Mixed Blessing of Divided Government." The Journal of Politics 64 (4): 701-20, 2002.
212. Niven, David. Tilt? The Search for Media Bias. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002.
213. Oneal, John R, Brad Lian, and James H. Joyner, Jr."Are the American People Pretty Prudent? Public Responses to U.S. Uses of Force, 1950-1988." International Studies Quarterly 40:261-80, 1996.
214. Page, Benjamin, and Marshall M. Bouton. The Foreign Policy Disconnect: What Americans Want from Our Leaders but Don't Get. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
215. Page, Benjamin, and Robert Entman. "The News before the Storm." In Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War. Edited by W. Lance Bennett and David L. Paletz, 82-101. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
216. Paine, Thomas. Common Sense. Online Pamphlet. Library, University of Delaware. http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/treasures/history/paine.html. 1776.
217. Patrick, Brian A, and Trevor A. Thrall., "Beyond Hegemony: Classical Propaganda Theory and Presidential Communication Strategy after the Invasion of Iraq." Mass Communication & Society 10 (1): 95-118, 2007.
218. Patterson, Thomas E. Out of Order. 2nd ed. New York: Knopf, 1993.
219. Patrick, Brian A, and Trevor A. Thrall. "Bad News, Period." PS: Political Science and Politics 29:17-20, 1996.
220. Patrick, Brian A, and Trevor A. Thrall. "Doing Well and Doing Good." Research report. Cambridge, MA: Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, Harvard University, 2000.
221. Patrick, Brian A, and Trevor A. Thrall. "The Search for a Standard: Markets and the Media." Political Communication 20 (April/June): 139-43, 2003.
222. PBS.Witness to History: Walter Cronkite, 2006. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/cronkite_w.html (accessed December 1, 2008).
223. Perla, Hector, Jr. "Days of Decision: A Framing Theory of Public Opposition to the Use of Force Abroad." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, 2005.
224. Peters, Charles. "The Case for Facing Facts: Why We Need to Acknowledge That the News from Iraq Has Been Getting Better." Newsweek 41, December 3, 2007.
225. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. News Interest/Media Update. Washington, DC: Pew, June 2005.
226. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. News Interest/Believability Survey. Washington, DC: Pew, June 2006.
227. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. Internet Now Major Source of Campaign News: Continuing Partisan Divide in Cable TV News Audiences. Washington, DC: Pew, October 31, 2008. http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1017/internet-now-major-source-of-campaignnews (accessed December 1, 2008).
228. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. Bush and Public Opinion. Washington, DC: Pew, December 18, 2008. http://peoplepress.org/reports/pdf/478.pdf (accessed March 31, 2009).
229. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. Obama's Approval Rating Slips amid Division over Economic Proposals. Washington, DC: Pew, March 16, 2009.
230. Phillips, Kate. 2007. "Fox Sets 2 Debates with Congressional Black Caucus." New York Times, in-house blog "The Caucus," March 29, 2007. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/03/29/fox-sets-2-debates-with-congressional-blackcaucus/(accessed December 1, 2008).
231. Plato. The Apology. Rev. ed. Edited by James J. Helm. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1997.
232. Popkin, Samuel. The Reasoning Voter. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
233. Powlick, Philip, and Andrew Z. Katz. "Defining the American Public Opinion/Foreign Policy Nexus." International Studies Quarterly 42:29-61, 1998.
234. Price, Vincent, and Joseph N. Cappella. "Online Deliberation and Its Influence: The Electronic Dialogue Project in Campaign 2000." IT & Society 1:303-29, 2002.
235. Prior, Markus. Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
236. Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ). "Local TV News Project-2002," 2002. http://www.journalism.org/node/225 (accessed December 1, 2008).
237. Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ). "2005 Annual Report-Cable TV Content Analysis," 2005. http://www.journalism.org/node/709 (accessed December 1, 2008).
238. Putnam, Robert. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community.New York: Free Press, 2000.
239. Pyle, Richard. "Haditha Killings Recall Vietnam's My Lai." Washington Post, June 2, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/06/02/AR2006060200936.html (accessed December 1, 2008).
240. Rahn, Wendy. "The Role of Partisan Stereotypes in Information Processing about Political Candidates." American Journal of Political Science 37:472-96. 1993.
241. Rasmussen Reports. "War on Terror Update: Confidence in War Hits New High, But Voters Less Sure When Troops Coming Home," November 13, 2008. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/mood_of_america/war_on_terror/war_on_terror_update (accessed December 1, 2008).
242. Reeder, Glenn D. "The Attribution of Morality." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44:736, 1983.
243. Reuters. "Reuters Independence and Trust Principles," 2007. http://about.reuters.com/home/aboutus/ourcompany/independencetrust.aspx (accessed December 1, 2008).
244. Reuters. "FACTBOX-Quotes from Republican Presidential Debate." Reuters Alertnet, January 31, 2008. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N302|57299.htm (accessed December 1, 2008).
245. Reynolds, Glenn H. An Army of Davids: How Markets and Technology Empower Ordinary People to Beat Big Media, Big Government, and Other Goliaths. Nashville, TN: Nelson Current, 2006.
246. Robinson, Michael J., and Kevin R. Appeal. "Network News Coverage of Congress." Political Science Quarterly 94:407-18, 1979.
247. Romano, Lois. "Internet Becoming Candidates' Domain: Dean Leads Democrats in Using Web." Washington Post, A04, June 29, 2003.
248. Rosenau, James N. Public Opinion and Foreign Policy. New York: Random House, 1961.
249. Rosenstiel, Tom. "What Are the Master Narratives about the Candidates in 2004 and How Is the Public Reacting to Them?" Internet release. Washington, DC: Project for Excellence in Journalism, July2004. www.journalism.org/resources/research/campaign2004/character/default.asp (accessed December 1, 2008).
250. Rosenthal, Andrew. "Talk to The Times: Editorial Page Editor Andrew Rosenthal." New York Times Online. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/17/business/media/24askthetimes.html, 2007.
251. Russett, Bruce. Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
252. Sabato, Larry. Feeding Frenzy: How Attack Journalism Has Transformed American Politics. New York: Free Press, 1991.
253. Salant, Jonathan. "Obama Leveraged Record Fundraising, Spending to Defeat Rivals." Bloomberg.com, November 5, 2008. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&refer=home&sid=axZ6QT0Qr3YQ (accessed December 1, 2008).
254. Sanchez, Ricardo S. "Military Reporters and Editors Luncheon Address," Washington, DC, October 12, 2007.
255. Sandlow, Marc. "America's referendum on war. Pelosi's countdown: She ticks off a list of changes, including a new Iraq strategy." San Francisco Chronicle, November 5, 2006. http://www.sfgate.com/cgibin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/11/05/PELOSI.TMP (accessed December 1, 2008).
256. Sargent, Greg. "Politico Story Saying Reid Called Generals 'Incompetent' Is Denied." TPM Café Election Central, June 14, 2007. http://electioncentral.tpmcafe.com/blog/electioncentral/2007/jun/14/reid (accessed December 1, 2008).
257. Schudson, Michael. Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers. New York: Basic Books, 1978.
258. Schultz, Kenneth A. Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
259. Schultz, Kenneth A. "The Politics of Risking Peace: Do Hawks or Doves Deliver the Olive Branch?" International Organization 59 (Winter): 1-38, 2005.
260. Schwartz, Benjamin C. Casualties, Public Opinion, and U.S. Military Intervention: Implications for U.S. Regional Deterrence Strategies. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1994.
261. Sears, David O. "College Sophomores in the Laboratory: Influences of a Narrow Data Base on Social Psychology's View of Human Nature." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 (3): 515-30, 1986.
262. Sigal, Leon V. "Sources Make the News," In Reading the News: A Pantheon Guide to Popular Culture. Edited by R. K. Manoff and M. Shudson. New York: Pantheon Books, 1986.
263. Singer, J. David, and Melvin Small. National Material Capabilities Data, 1816-1985. Computer file. Ann Arbor: J. David Singer, University of Michigan; Detroit, MI: Melvin Small, Wayne State University (producers), 1990.
264. Skowronski, John, and Donald Carlson. "Social Judgment and Social Memory: The Role of Cue Diagnosticity in Negativity, Positivity, and Extremity Biases." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52:689-99, 1987.
265. Skowronski, John, and Donald Carlson. "Negativity and Extremity Biases in Impression Formation: A Review of Explanations." Psychological Bulletin 106:131-42, 1989.
266. Slantchev, Branislav. "How Initiators End Their Wars: The Duration of Warfare and the Terms of Peace." American Journal of Political Science 48 (4): 813-29, 2004.
267. Slantchev, Branislav. "Politicians, the Media, and Domestic Audience Costs." International Studies Quarterly 50 (2): 445-77, 2006.
268. Smith, Alastair. "Diversionary Foreign Policy in Democratic Systems." International Studies Quarterly 40:133-54, 1996.
269. Smith, Alastair. "International Crises and Domestic Politics." American Political Science Review 92:623-38, 1998.
270. Snider, Paul. "'Mr. Gates' Revisited: A 1966 Version of the 1949 Case Study." Journalism Quarterly 3:419-27, 1967.
271. Sniderman, Paul, Richard Brody, and Phillip Tetlock. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
272. Sobel, Richard. "What Have We Learned About Public Opinion in U.S. Foreign Policy?" In Public Opinion in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid. Edited by Richard Sobel, 269-78. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993.
273. Spence, A. Michael. Market Signaling. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.
274. Sunstein, Cass R. Republic.com. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
275. Suskind, Ron. "Faith, Certainty and the Presidency of George W. Bush." New York Times Magazine, November 17, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/17/magazine/17BUSH.html?_r=1&oref=slogin (accessed December 1, 2008).
276. Sutter, Daniel. "Can the Media Be So Liberal? The Economics of Media Bias." Cato Journal 20 (3): 431-51, 2001.
277. Tewksbury, David. "The Seeds of Audience Fragmentation: Specialization in the Use of Online News Sites." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 49:332-49, 2005.
278. Tidmarch, Charles M., and John J. Pitney, Jr. "Covering Congress." Polity 17: 463-83, 1985.
279. Tomz, Michael, Gary King, and Langche Zeng. "ReLogit: Rare Events Logistic Regression." Journal of Statistical Software 8 (2), 2003. http://www.jstatsoft.org/v08/i02/paper (accessed December 1, 2008).
280. Trammell, Kaye D., Andrew Paul Williams, Monica Postelnicu, and Kristen D. Landreville. "Evolution of Online Campaigning: Increasing Interactivity in Candidate Web Sites and Blogs Through Text and Technical Features." Mass Communication and Society 9:21-44, 2006.
281. Tuchman, Gaye. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
282. Tumulty, Karen. "John McCain, Maverick No More." Time, July 12, 2007. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1642900,00.html (accessed December 1, 2008).
283. UCLA Film and Television Archive, Research and Study Center. News and Public Affairs (NAPA) collection. 1980-2003.
284. VandeHei, Jim, and John F. Harris. "Democrats Remain Stalled on Iraq Debate." The Politico, November 30, 2007. http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3602EDC4-3048-5C12-005578659CDA41C0 (accessed December 1, 2008).
285. Vandenberg, Arthur H., Jr. The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1952.
286. Walster, Elaine, Elliot Aronson, and Darcy Abrahams. "On Increasing the Persuasiveness of a Low Prestige Communicator." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2:325-42, 1966.
287. Weaver, David, Maxwell McCombs, and Donald Shaw. "Agenda-Setting Research: Issues, Attributes, and Influences." In Handbook of Political Communication Research. Edited by Lynda Lee Kaid. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997.
288. Weisberg, Jacob. "Ballot Box: Why the Press Loves John McCain." Slate.com, October 4, 1999. http://www.slate.com/?id=1003748 (accessed December 1, 2008).
289. Wheaton, Sarah. "Political Sites Drawing More Eyeballs." New York Times, Politics Blog, June 18, 2007.
290. Whitcomb, Dan. "Democrats Cancel Fox News Debate." Reuters.com, March 9, 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN0918742820070310 (accessed December 1, 2008).
291. White, David M. "The 'Gatekeeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News." Journalism Quarterly 27: 383-90, 1950.
292. Wilson, Chris. "Cashing in on a Net Gain." US News and World Report, July 8, 2007. Downloaded from http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070708/16wild.fund.htm.
293. Wittkopf, Eugene R. Faces of Internationalism: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990.
294. Yon, Michael. "Resistance is Futile: You Will Be (Mis)Informed." MichaelYon. com, October 22, 2007. http://www.michaelyononline.com/wp/resistanceisfutile. htm (accessed December 1, 2008).
295. Zaller, John. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
296. Zaller, John. "Elite Leadership of Mass Opinion: New Evidence from the Gulf War." In Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War. Edited by W. Lance Bennett and David L. Paletz, 82-101. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
297. Zaller, John. "A Theory of Media Politics: How the Interests of Politicians, Journalists and Citizens Shape the News." Unpublished manuscript, 1999.
298. Zaller, John, and Dennis Chiu. "Government's Little Helper: U.S. Press Coverage of Foreign Policy Crises, 1941-1995." In Decisionmaking in a Glass House. Edited by Brigitte L. Nacos, Robert Y. Shapiro, and Pierangelo Isernia, 61-84. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000.
299. Zaller, John, and Stanley Feldman. "A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions versus Revealing Preferences." American Journal of Political Science 36:579-616, 1992.
300. Zalta, Edward N., principal ed. "Bayes' Theorem." In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (online), 2008. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bayestheorem/.