Chronic Cardiac Care: A Practical Guide to Specialist Nurse Management

Chronic Cardiac Care: A Practical Guide to Specialist Nurse Management

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-153

  Stewart, Simon ^a,b   Inglis, Sally ^b   Hawkes, Anna ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^c BOND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890659155     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470750599     Document Type: Book

References (367)

1. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Onupuu S, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors and impact of urbanisation. Circulation 2001; 104:2746-2753.
2. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounupuu S, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases, part II: variations in cardiovascular disease by specific ethnic groups and geographic regions and prevention strategies. Circulation 2001; 104:2855-2864.
3. Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds. The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from disease, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Boston, MA: Harvard School of Public Health, 1996.
4. Omran AR. The epidemiological transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1971; 49:509-538.
5. World Health Organisation. Atlas of heart disease & stroke (Chapter 13, Global burden of coronary heart disease). Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2005. http://www.who.int/cardiovascular diseases/resources/atlas/en/print.html. Accessed June 2005.
6. Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Alexa B, et al. Lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease. Lancet 1999; 353:89-92.
7. Henry K, Melroe H, Huebsch J, et al. Severe premature coronary artery disease with protease inhibitors. Lancet 1998; 351:1328.
8. Hsue PY, Giri K, Erickson S, et al. Clinical features of acute coronary syndromes in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Circulation 2004; 109:316-319.
9. United Nations world population prospects: the 1998 revision. 2005. Accessed online 21 June 2005. http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/93D90E2E55DFA003CA256A7100188A7C
10. Carroll K, Majeed A, Firth C, et al. Prevalence and management of coronary heart disease in primary care: population-based cross-sectional study using a disease register. J Public Health 2003; 25:29-35.
11. Knopp RH. Risk factors for CAD in women. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89:28E-35E.
12. Kannel WB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, et al. An investigation of heart disease in families: the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Epidemiol 1979; 110:281-290.
13. Bhopal R, Hayes L, White M, et al. Ethnic and socio-economic inequalities in coronary heart disease, diabetes and risk factors in Europeans and South Asians. J Public Health Med 2002; 24(2):95-105.
14. Rutter MK, Meigs JB, Sullivan LM, et al. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and prediction of cardiovascular events in the Framingham Offspring Study. Circulation 2004; 110:380-385.
15. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2003; 107:499-511.
16. Hoffman JI, Kaplan S, Liberthson RR. Prevalence of congenital heart disease. Am Heart J 2004;147(3):398-400.
17. Bostom AG, Silbershatz H, Rosenberg IH, et al. Nonfasting plasma total homocysteine levels and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in elderly Framingham men and women. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:1077-1080.
18. Bunker SJ, Colquhoun DM, Esler MD, et al. "Stress" and coronary heart disease: psychosocial risk factors. National Heart Foundation of Australia position statement update. Med J Aust 2003; 178:272-276.
19. Wells AJ. Passive smoking as a cause of heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24:546-554.
20. Kannel WB, Feinleb M. Natural history coronary of angina pectoris in the Framingham Study. Prognosis and survival. Am J Cardiol 1972; 29:154-163.
21. Voss R, Cullen P, Schulte H, et al. Prediction of risk of coronary events in middleaged men in the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster Study (PROCAM) using neural networks. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31:1253-1262.
22. Salomaa V, Keonen M, Koukkunen H, et al. Decline in out-of-hospital coronary heart disease deaths has contributed the main part to the overall decline in coronary heart disease mortality rates among persons 35 to 64 years of age in Finland. Circulation 2003; 10:691-696.
23. Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1349-1357.
24. Downs JR, Clearfield M,Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels. Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 1998; 279:1615-1622.
25. Ballantyne C, Arroll B, Shepherd J. Lipids and CVD management: towards a global consensus. Eur Heart J 2005 (E-pub Jun 21): In press.
26. Karpe F, Boquist S, Tang R, et al. Remnant lipoproteins are related to intimamedia thickness of the carotid artery independently of LDL cholesterol and plasma triglycerides. J Lipid Res 2001; 42:17-21.
27. Hamsten A, Silveira A, Boquist S, et al. The Apolipoprotein CI content of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins independently predicts early atherosclerosis in healthy middle-aged men. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:1013-1017.
28. Walldius G, Junger I, Holme I, et al. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotien A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS) study: a prospective study. Lancet 2001; 358:2026-2033.
29. American Heart Association - National and international statistics. Accessed online 15 June 2005. http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1105390918119HDSStats2005Update.pdf
30. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. and the National high blood pressure education program coordinating committee. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure: The JNC 7 Report. JAMA 2003; 289:2560-2572.
31. The American Heart Association 2005: Diabetes http://www.americanheart.org/ presenter.jhtml?identifier=4546. Accessed June 2005.
32. British Heart Foundation Coronary Heart Disease Statistics. Accessed online June 25 2005. http://www.bhf.org.uk/professionals/index.asp?secondlevel=519
33. Liese AD, Schulz M, Moore CG, et al. Dietary patterns, insulin sensitivity and adiposity in the multi-ethnic insulin resistance atherosclerosis study population. Br J Nutr 2004; 92:973-84.
34. Vasan RS, Sullivan LM, Wilson PF, et al. Relative importance of borderline and elevated levels of coronary heart disease risk factors. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:393-402.
35. Marsh SA, Coombs JS. Exercise and the endothelial cell. Int J Cardiol 2005; 99(2):165-169.
36. Spencer CG, Martin SC, Felmeden DC, et al. Relationship of homocysteine to markers of platelet and endothelial activation in "high risk" hypertensives: a substudy of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. Int J Cardiol. 2004; 94:293-300.
37. Agatisa PK, Mathews KA, Bromberger JT, et al. Coronary and aortic calcification in women with a history of major depression. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165(11):1229-1236.
38. Onupuu S, Negassa A, Yusuf S., for the INTERHEART Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364:937-952.
39. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. for the INTERHEART Investigator. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11 119 cases and 13,648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART Study): case control study. Lancet 2004; 364:953-962.
40. MacIntyre K, Stewart S, Capewell S, et al. Heart of inequality - the relationship between socio-economic deprivation and death from a first acute myocardial infarction: a population-based analysis. BMJ 2001; 322: 1152-1153.
41. Wilson DK, Kirtland KA, Ainsworth BE, et al. Socioeconomic status and perceptions of access and safety for physical activity. Ann Behav Med 2004; 28(1):20-28.
42. Bos V, Kunst AE, Garssen J, et al. Socioecconomic inequalities within ethnic groups in The Netherlands, 1995-2000. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005; 59(4):329-335.
43. Pekkanen J, Uutela A, Valkonen T, et al. Coronary risk factor levels: differences between educational groups in 1972-87 in eastern Finland. J. Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49:144-149.
44. Tenconi MT, Devoti G, Comelli M, and RIFLE research group. Role of socioeconomic indicators in the prediction of all causes and coronary heart disease mortality in over 12,000 men - the Italian RIFLE pooling project. Eur J Epidemiol 2000; 16:565-571.
45. Kim MC, Kini A, Sharma SK. Refractory angina pectoris mechanism and therapeutic options. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39(6):923-934.
46. Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina - summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the management of patients with chronic stable angina). Circulation 2003; 107:149-158.
47. European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris. Recommendation of the task force of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 1997; 18:394-413.
48. Abrams J. Chronic stable angina. New Engl J Med 2005; 352:2524-2533.
49. Mannheimer C, Camici P, Chester MR, et al. The problem of chronic refractory angina. Report from the ESC Joint Study Group on the treatment of refractory angina. Eur Heart J 2002; 23:355-370.
50. Stewart S. Refractory to medical treatment but not to nursing care: can we do more for patients with chronic angina pectoris? Eur J Cardiov Nursing 2003; 2:169-170.
51. Lewin RJ. Improving quality of life in patients with angina. Heart 1999; 82:654-655.
52. Lewin RJ, Furze G, Robinson J, et al. A randomised controlled trial of a selfmanagement plan for patients with newly diagnosed angina. Br J Gen Pract 2002; 52:194-201.
53. Campeau L. Grading of angina pectoris (letter). Circulation 1976; 54:522-523.
54. Bertrand ME, Simoons ML, Fox KAA, et al. Management of acute coronary syndromes: acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST segment elevation. Recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2000; 21:1406-1432.
55. Rose GA. The diagnosis of ischaemic heart pain and intermittent claudication in field surveys. Bull World Health Organ 1962; 27:645-658.
56. Jackson G. Clinical benefits of a metabolic approach to the management of coronary patients. Eur Heart J Suppl 1999 1:O28-O31.
57. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S, et al. A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the committee on vascular lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 1994; 89:2462-2478.
58. Ross R. The Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993; 362:801-809.
59. McGill HC, McMahan CA, Herderick EE, et al. Origin of atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescence. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72(5):1307S-1315S.
60. Kavey RM, Daniels SR, Lauer RM, et al. American Heart Association Guidelines for Primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. Circulation 2003; 107:1562-1566.
61. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S, et al. A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histiological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on vascular lesions of the council on arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15:1512-1531.
62. Davies MJ, Thomas A. Thrombosis and acute coronary-artery lesions in sudden cardiac ischaemic death. N Engl J Med 1984;310(18):1137-1140.
63. Stanley WC, Recchia FA, Lopaschuk GD. Myocardial substrate metabolism in the normal and failing heart. Physiol Rev 2005; 85:1093-1129.
64. Stanley WC, Chandler MP. Energy metabolism in the normal and failing heart: potential for therapeutic interventions. Heart Fail Rev 2002; 7(24):115-130.
65. Lee L, Horowitz JD, Frenneaux M. Metabolic manipulation in ischaemic heart disease, a novel approach to treatment. Eur Heart J 2004; 25(7):634-641.
66. Lopaschuk GD, Belke DD, Gamble J, et al. Regulation of fatty acid oxidation in the mammalian heart in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994; 1213:263-276.
67. Liedtke, AJ. Alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the acutely ischaemic heart. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1981; 23(5):321-336.
68. Stanley WC. Partial fatty acid oxidation inhibitors for stable angina. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2002; 11(5):615-629.
69. Taegtmeyer H, Roberts AF, Raine AE. Energy metabolism in reperfused heart muscle: metabolic correlates to return of function. JAmColl Cardiol 1985; 6(4):864-870.
70. Depre C, Vanoverschelde JL, Taegtmeyer H. Glucose for the heart. Circulation 1999; 99(4):578-588.
71. Lampe FC, Whincup PH,Wannamethee SG, et al. The natural history of prevalent ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men. Eur Heart J 2000; 21:1052-1062.
72. Hemingway H, Shipley M, Britton A, et al. Prognosis of angina with and without a diagnosis: 11-year follow-up in the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. BMJ 2003; 327:895.
73. Rose G, Hamilton PS, Keen H, et al. Myocardial ischaemia, risk factors and death from coronary heart disease. Lancet 1977; 1:105-109.
74. Murphy NF, Stewart S, Hart CL, et al. A population study of the long-term consequences of angina: 20 year follow-up of the Renfrew-Paisley study. Submitted for publication.
75. Sigurdsson E, Sigfusson N, Agnarsson U, et al. Long-term prognosis of different forms of coronary heart disease: the Reykjavik Study. Int J Epidemiol 1995; 24:58-68.
76. Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen L, Hagman M, et al. Natural history of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris in a general population sample of middle-aged men: a 16-year follow-up of the Primary Prevention Study, Goteborg, Sweden. J Intern Med 1998; 244:495-505.
77. Wood P. Diseases of the Heart and Circulation. London: Chapman and Hall, 1968.
78. Braunwald E, Grossman W. Clinical aspects of heart failure. In: Braunwald E, ed. Heart Disease, 4th edn. New York: WB Saunders,1992, p. 444.
79. Packer M. Survival in patients with chronic heart failure and its potential modification by drug therapy. In: Cohn J, ed. Drug Treatment of Heart Failure, 2nd edn. Secaucus, New Jersey: ATC International, 1988, p. 273.
80. Poole-Wilson PA. Changing ideas in the treatment of heart failure: an overview Cardiology 1987; 74:53-7
81. Hunt SA, Baker Dw, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. (Committee to revise the 1995 guidelines for the evaluation and management of heart failure) 2001. Accessed online 29 June 2005. http://www. acc.org/clinical/guidelines/failure/II characterization.htm#II A
82. Swedburg K, Cleland J, Dargie H, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure: executive summary (update 2005). The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of CHF of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:1115-1140.
83. Krum H, Gilbert RE. Demographics and concomitant disorders in heart failure. Lancet 2003; 362:147-158.
84. Krum H, Jelinek M, Stewart S, Sindone A, Hawkes A, Atherton J. On behalf of the National Heart Foundation of Australia and Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand Chronic Heart Failure Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Writing Panel. Guidelines for the Prevention, Detection and Management of People with Chronic Heart Failure in Australia, 2006.
85. Brixius K, Reuter H, Bloch W, et al. Altered hetero- and homeometric autoregulation in the terminally failing human heart. Eur J Heart Fail 2005; 7:29-35.
86. Taylor MR, Bristow MR. The emerging pharmacogenomics of the beta-adrenergic receptors. Congest Heart Fail 2004; 10:281-288.
87. Narula J, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Apoptosis and cardiomyopathy. Curr Opin Cardiol 2000; 15(3): 183-188.
88. Schrier RW, Abraham WT. Mechanisms of disease: hormones and hemodynamics in heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999; 341(8): 577-585.
89. Suresh DP, Lamba S, Abraham WT. New developments in heart failure: role of endothelin and the use of endothelin receptor antagonists. J Card Fail 2000; 6(4): 359-368.
90. Blum A, Miller H. Pathophysiological role of cytokines in congestive heart failure. Ann Rev Med 2001; 52:15-27.
91. Aukrust P, Gullestad L, Ueland, Damas JK, Yndestad A. Inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in chronic heart failure: potential therapeutic implications. Ann Med 2005; 37:74-85.
92. Stewart AL, Greenfield S, Hays RD, et al. Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic conditions - results from the medical outcomes study. JAMA 1989; 262:907-913.
93. Fryback DG, Dasbach EJ, Klein R, et al. The Beaver Dam health outcomes study - initial catalog of health-state quality factors. Med Dec Making 1993; 13:89-102.
94. Juenger J, Schellberg D, Kraemer S, et al. Health related quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure: comparison with other chronic diseases and relation to functional variables. Heart 2002; 87:235-241.
95. Koenig HG. Depression in hospitalized older patients with congestive heart failure. Gen Hosp Psych 1998; 20:29-43.
96. Levenson JW, McCarthy EP, Lynn J, et al. The last six months of life for patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48:S101-S109.
97. Krumholz HM, Phillips RS, Hamel MB, et al. Resuscitation preferences among patients with severe congestive heart failure: results from the SUPPORT project. Circulation 1998; 98:648-655.
98. Krumholz HM, Phillips RS, Hamel MB, et al. Resuscitation preferences among patients with severe congestive heart failure: results from the SUPPORT project. Circulation 1998; 98:648-655.
99. Murray SA, Boyd K, Kendall M, et al. Dying of lung cancer or cardiac failure: a community-based, prospective qualitative interview study of patients and their carers. BMJ 2002; 325:931-34.
100. Haldeman GA, Croft JB, Giles WH, Rashidee A. Hospitalization of patients with heart failure: national hospital discharge survey 1985-1995. Am Heart J 1999; 137:352-60.
101. Westert GP, Lagoe RJ, Keskimaki I, et al. An international study of hospital readmissions and related utilization in Europe and the USA. Health Policy 2002; 61:269-278.
102. Stewart S, MacIntyre K, McCleod ME, et al. Trends in heart failure hospitalisations in Scotland, 1990-1996: an epidemic that has reached its peak? Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 209-217.
103. MacIntyre K, Capewell S, Stewart S, et al. Evidence of improving prognosis in heart failure: trends in case-fatality in 66,547 patients hospitalised between 1986 and 1995. Circulation 2000; 102:1126-1131.
104. Ho KKL, Anderson KM, Karmel WB, et al. Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in the Framingham Heart Study subjects. Circulation 1993; 88:107-115.
105. Stewart S, MacIntyre K, Hole DA, et al. More malignant than cancer? Five-year survival following a first admission for heart failure in Scotland? Eur J Heart Failure 2001; 3:315-322.
106. Peeters A, Mamun AA, Willekens F, et al. for NEDCOM. A cardiovascular life history: a life course analysis of the original Framingham Heart Study cohort. Eur Heart J 2002; 23:458-466.
107. Jong P, Vowineckel E, Liu PP, et al. Prognosis and determinants of survival in patients newly hospitalised for heart failure: a population based study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162:1689-1694.
108. Cowie MR, Wood DA, Coats AJS, et al. Survival of patients with a new diagnosis of heart failure: a population based study. Heart 2001; 83:505-510.
109. Lynn J. An 88-year-old woman facing the end of life. JAMA 1997; 277(20):1633-1640.
110. Brenna TD, Haas GJ. The role of prophylactic implantable cardioverter defibrillators in heart failure: recent trials usher in a new era of device therapy. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2005; 2:40-45.
111. Levy D, Kenchaiah S, Larson MG, et al. Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1397-1402.
112. Jouven X, Desnos M, Guerot C, et al. Idiopathic atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for mortality. The Paris Prospective Study. Eur Heart J 1999; 20:896-899.
113. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, et al. for the ACC, AHA, ESC & NASPE. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002; 104:2118-2150.
114. Coumel P. Neural aspects of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. In: Falk RH, Prodrid PJ, eds. Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms and Management. New York: Raven Press, 1992, pp. 109-125.
115. Frost L, Johnsen SP, Pedersen L, et al. Seasonal variation in hospital discharge diagnosis of atrial fibrillation: a population-based study. Epidemiology 2002; 13:211-215.
116. Murphy NF, Stewart S, MacIntyre K, et al. Seasonal variation in morbidity and mortality related to atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 2004; 97:283-288.
117. Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, Belanger AJ, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation: The Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1996; 131:790-795.
118. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, et al. Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82:2N-9N
119. Bharti S, Lev M. Histology of the normal and diseases atrium. In: Falk RH, Prodrid PJ, eds. Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms and Management. New York: Raven Press, 1992, pp. 15-39.
120. Moe GK, Abildskov JA. Atrial fibrillation as a self-sustaining arrhythmia independent of focal discharge. Am Heart J 1959; 58:59-70.
121. Moe GK, Abildskov JA. Observations on the ventricular dysrhythmia associated with atrial fibrillation in the dog heart. Circ Res 1964; 4:447-460.
122. Berry C, Stewart S, Payne EM, et al. Electrical cardioversion for atrial fibrillation: outcomes in 'real life' clinical practice. Int J Cardiol 2001; 81:29-35.
123. Skanes AC, Mandapati R, Berenfeld O, et al. Spatiotemporal periodicity during atrial fibrillation in the isolated sheep heart. Circulation 1998; 98:1236-1248.
124. Yue L, Feng J, Gaspo R, et al. Ionic remodeling underlying action potential changes in a canine model of atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 1997; 81:512-525.
125. Manios EG, Kanoupakis EM, Mavrakis HE, et al. Sinus pacemaker function after cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation: is sinus node remodeling related with recurrence? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001; 12:800-806.
126. Redfield MM, Kay GN, Jenkins LS, et al. Tachycardia-related cardiomyopathy a common cause of ventricular dysfunction in patients with atrial fibrillation referred for atrioventricular ablation. Mayo Clin Proc 2000; 75:790-795.
127. Wolf P, Mitchell J, Baker C, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on mortality, stroke and medical costs. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:229-234.
128. Lip GY. The prothrombotic state in atrial fibrillation. New insights, more questions and clear answers needed. Am Heart J 2000; 140:348-350.
129. Lip GY. Does atrial fibrillation confer a hypercoagulable state? Virchow's triad revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33:1424-1426.
130. Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DA, et al. A population-based study of the long-term risks associated with atrial fibrillation: 20-year follow-up of the Renfrew/Paisley Study. Am J Med 2002; 113:359-364.
131. Juenger J, Schellberg D, Kraemer S, et al. Health related quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure: comparison with other chronic diseases and relation to functional variables. Heart 2002; 87:235-241.
132. Stewart S, MacIntyre K, McCleod MC, et al. Trends in hospital activity, morbidity and case fatality related to atrial fibrillation in Scotland, 1986-1996. Eur Heart J 2001; 22:693-701.
133. Frost L, Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L, et al. Trends in incidence and mortality in the hospital diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or flutter in Denmark, 1990-1999. Int J Cardiol 2005; 103:78-84.
134. Stewart S, Murphy N, McGuire A, et al. The current cost of angina pectoris to the National Health Service in the United Kingdom. Heart 2003; 89:848-853.
135. British Heart Foundation Coronary Heart Disease Statistics: http://www.bhf .org.uk/professionals/index.asp?secondlevel=519. Accessed June 2005.
136. American Heart Association - national and international statistics: http://www. americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1105390918119HDSStats2005Update .pdf. Accessed June 2005.
137. McMurray JJV, Stewart S. The burden of heart failure. Eur Heart J 2003; 5:I3-I113.
138. McDonagh TA, Morrison CE, Lawrence A, et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic left-ventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population. Lancet 1997; 350: 829-833.
139. Davies M, Hobbs F, Davis R, et al. Prevalence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure in the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening Study: a population based study. Lancet 2001; 358:439-444.
140. Mosterd A, Hoes AW, de Bruyne MC, et al. Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in the general population: the Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J 1999; 20:447-455.
141. Schunkert H, Broeckel U, Hense HW, et al. Left ventricular dysfunction. Lancet 1998; 351:372.
142. Gardin JM, Siscovick D, Anton-Culver H, et al. Sex, age and disease effect echocardiographic left ventricular mass and systolic function in the free-living elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 1995; 91:1739-1748.
143. Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, et al. A population based assessment of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in middle-aged and older adults: the Strong Heart Study. Am Heart J 2001; 141:439-446.
144. Nielsen OW, Hilden J, Larsen CT, et al. Cross-sectional study estimating prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in community patients at risk. Heart 2001; 86:172-178.
145. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, et al. Congestive heart failure in subjects with normal versus reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: prevalence and mortality in a population-based cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33:1948-1955.
146. Ceia F, Fonseca C, Mota T, et al. Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: the EPICA Study. Eur J Heart Fail 2002; 4:531-539.
147. McMurray J, McDonagh T, Morrison CE, et al. Dargie H. Trends in hospitalization for heart failure in Scotland 1980-1990. Eur Heart J 1993; 14:1158-1162.
148. Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Guallar-Castillon P, Banegas Banegas JR, et al. Trends in hospitalization and mortality for heart failure in Spain, 1980-1993. Eur Heart J 1997; 18:1771-1779.
149. Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fonarow GC. In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: an analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:57-64.
150. Eriksson H, Wilhelmsen L, Caidahl K, et al. Epidemiology and prognosis of heart failure. Z Kardiol 1991; 80:1-6.
151. Doughty R, Yee T, Sharpe N, et al. Hospital admissions and deaths due to congestive heart failure in New Zealand, 1988-91. NZ Med J 1995; 108:473-475.
152. Reitsma JB, Mosterd A, de Craen AJM, et al. Increase in hospital admission rates for heart failure in The Netherlands, 1980-1993. Heart 1996; 76:388-392.
153. Stewart S, MacIntyre K, McCleod ME, et al. Trends in heart failure hospitalisations in Scotland, 1990-1996:An epidemic that has reached its peak? Eur Heart J 2001; 22:209-217.
154. Mosterd A, Reitsma JB, Grobbee DE. ACE inhibition and hospitalisation rates for heart failure in The Netherlands, 1980-1998. The end of an epidemic? Heart 2002; 87:75-76.
155. Ng TP, Niti M. Trends and ethnic differences in hospital admissions and mortality for congestive heart failure in the elderly in Singapore, 1991 to 1998. Heart 2003; 89:865-870.
156. Swedberg K, Köster M, Rosen M, et al. Decreasing one-year mortality from heart failure in Sweden: data from the Swedish Hospital Discharge Registry - 1988-2000. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 41:190A.
157. Westert GP, Lagoe RJ, Keskimaki I, et al. An international study of hospital readmissions and related utilization in Europe and the USA. Health Policy 2002; 61:269-278.
158. Murray J, Hart W, Rhodes G. An evaluation of the cost of heart failure to the National Health Service in the UK. Br J Med Econ 1993; 6:91-98.
159. Stewart S, Jenkins A, Buchan S, et al. The current cost of heart failure in the UK: an economic analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2002; 4:361-371.
160. Kenchaiah S, Evans JC, Levy D, et al. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 347(5):305-313.
161. Stewart S, MacIntyre K, Capewell S, McMurray JJV. An ageing population and heart failure: an increasing burden in the 21st century? Heart. 2003; 89:49-53.
162. Kelly DT. Our future society: a global challenge. Circulation 1997; 95:2459-2464.
163. Bonneux L, Barendregt JJ, Meeter K, et al. Estimating clinical morbidity due to ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure: the future rise of heart failure. Am J Publ Health 1994; 84:20-28.
164. Feinberg WM, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A, et al. Prevalence, age distribution and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation: analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155:469-473.
165. Stewart S, Murphy N, Walker A, et al. The cost of an emerging epidemic - an economic analysis of atrial fibrillation in the UK. Heart 2004; 90:286-292.
166. Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DA, et al. Population prevalence, incidence and predictors of atrial fibrillation in the Renfrew/Paisley Study. Heart 2001; 86:516-521.
167. Wihelmsen L, Rosengren A, Lappas G. Hospitalizations for atrial fibrillation in the general male population: morbidity and risk factors. J Intern Med 2001; 250:382-89.
168. Anonymous. Atrial fibrillation as a contributing cause of death and medicare hospitalization-United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52:130-131.
169. Stewart S, MacIntyre K, McCleod MC, Bailey AE, McMurray JJV. Trends in hospital activity, morbidity and case fatality related to atrial fibrillation in Scotland, 1986-1996. Eur Heart J 2001; 22:693-701.
170. Stewart S. Atrial fibrillation in the 21st Century: The new cardiac "Cinderella" and new horizons for cardiovascular nursing. Eur J Cardiovasc Nursing 2002; 2:115-121.
171. Stewart S, McMurray JJV. Atrial fibrillation and the ageing population: an emerging epidemic? Eur Heart J 2002; 23:617.
172. Youman P, Wilson K, Harraf F, et al. The economic burden of stroke in the United Kingdom. Pharmacoeconomics 2003; 21:43-50.
173. Hravnak M, Hoffman LA, Saul MI, et al. Resource utilization related to atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Crit Care 2002; 11:228-238.
174. Maier W, Windecker S, Boersma E, et al. Evolution of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in Europe (1992 - 1996). Eur Heart J 2001; 22:1733-1740.
175. Stewart S, Blue L, Walker A, et al. An economic analysis of specialist heart failure management in the UK - can we afford not to implement it? Eur Heart J 2002; 23:1369-1378.
176. Tinetti ME, Bogardus ST, Agostini JV. Potential pitfalls of disease-specific guidelines for patients with multiple conditions. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(27):2870-2874.
177. Horowitz JD, Sia STB, Macdonald PS, et al. Perhexiline maleate treatment for severe angina pectoris- correlations with pharmacokinetics. Int J Cardiol 1986; 13:219-229.
178. Kennedy JA, Unger SA, Horowitz JD. Inhibition of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase-1 in rat heart and liver by perhexiline and amiodarone. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 52:273-280.
179. Lee L, Horowitz JD, Frenneaux M. Metabolic manipulation in ischaemic heart disease, a novel approach to treatment. Eur Heart J 2004; 25:634-641.
180. Gupta R, Tang WH, Young JB. Patterns of beta-blocker utilization in patients with chronic heart failure: experience from a specialized outpatient heart failure clinic. Am Heart J 2004; 147:79-83.
181. Zimetbaum P, Reynolds MR, Ho KK, et al. Impact of a practice guideline for patients with atrial fibrillation on medical resource utilization and costs. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92:677-681.
182. Gordon NF, Haskell W. Comprehensive cardiovascular disease risk reduction in a cardiac rehabilitation setting. A symposium: heart disease and heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80(88):69H-73H.
183. World Health Organisation (WHO). Rehabilitation and comprehensive secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction. Euro Report 1984. Copenhagen:1983.
184. Leon AS, Franklin BA, Costa F, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology in collaboration with the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation 2005; 111(3):369-376.
185. Australian Cardiac Rehabilitation Association (ACRA), A practitioners guide to cardiac rehabilitation, ed. M.R.E. Services: Renard Marketing, Sydney, Australia, 1999.
186. O'Connor GT, Buring JE, Yusuf S, et al. An overview of randomized trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1989; 80(2):234-244.
187. Oldridge NB, Guyatt GH, Fischer ME, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Combined experience of randomized clinical trials. JAMA 1988; 260(7):945-950.
188. Joliffe JA, Rees K, Taylor RS, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Review. In: The Cochrane Library, 2003; 1:pp.1-41.
189. Giannuzzi P, Saner H, Bjornstad H, Giannuzzi P, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: position paper of the working group on cardiac rehabilitation and exercise physiology of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:1273-1278.
190. Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med 2004; 116:682-697.
191. Gordon NF, Salmon RD, Mitchell BS, et al. Innovative approaches to comprehensive cardiovascular disease risk reduction in clinical and community-based settings. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2001; 3:498-506.
192. Daly J, Sindone AP, Thompson DR, et al. Barriers to participation in and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programs: a critical literature review. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 2002; 17:8-17.
193. Andrew GM, Oldridge NB, Parker JO, et al. Reasons for dropout from exercise programs in post-coronary patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1981; 13(3):164-168.
194. Ades PA, Waldmann ML, McCann WJ, et al. Predictors of cardiac rehabilitation participation in older coronary patients. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152:1033-1035.
195. Gori P, Pivotti F, Mase N, et al. Compliance with cardiac rehabilitation in the elderly. Eur Heart J 1984; 5(Suppl E):109-111.
196. Pell J, Pell A, Morrison C, et al. Retrospective study of influence of deprivation on uptake of cardiac rehabilitation. BMJ 1996; 313(7052):267-268.
197. Petrie K J, Weinman J, Sharpe N, et al. Role of patients' view of their illness in predicting return to work and functioning after myocardial infarction: longitudinal study. BMJ 1996; 312(7040):1191-1194.
198. Dracup K, Meleis A, Baker K, et al. Family-focused cardiac rehabilitation. A role supplementation program for cardiac patients and spouses. Nurs Clin North Am 1984; 19(1):113-124.
199. Jackson L, Leclerc J, Erskine Y, et al. Getting the most out of cardiac rehabilitation: a review of referral and adherence patterns. Heart 2005; 91:10-14.
200. Clark AM, Sharp C, MacIntyre PD. The role of age in moderating access to cardiac rehabilitation in Scotland. Ageing Soc 2002; 22:501-515.
201. Clark AM, Barbour RS, White M, et al. Promoting participation in cardiac rehabilitation : patients' choices and experiences. J Adv Nurs 2004; 47(1):5-14.
202. Oldridge NB. Compliance and exercise in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: a review. Prev Med 1982; 11(1):56-70.
203. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Blair SN, et al. Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 1996; 94(4): 857-862.
204. Frasure-Smith N, Prince R. The ischemic heart disease life stress monitoring program: impact on mortality. Psychosom Med 1985; 47(Sept/Oct):431-445.
205. Wiles R. Empowering practice nurses in the follow-up of patients with established heart disease: lessons from patients' experiences. SHIP Collaborative Group. Southampton Heart Integrated Care Project. J Adv Nurs 1997; 26(4): 729-735.
206. Wiles R. Patients' perceptions of their heart attack and recovery: the influence of epidemiological "evidence" and personal experience. Soc Sci Med 1998; 46(11):1477-1486.
207. Wenger N, Froelicher E, Smith L, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation: clinical practice guideline No. 17, 1995. US Dept Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy & Research, The National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute: Rockville, MD.
208. Debusk RF, Haskell WL, Miller NH, et al. Multifit: A new system of coronary risk factor modification after acute myocardial infarction. In Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Cardiac Rehabilitation (Bordeaux, France, 1992). Hampshire, UK: Intercept Ltd.
209. Bunker S, McBurney H, Cox H, et al. Identifying participation rates at outpatient cardiac rehabilitation programs in Victoria, Australia. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1999; 19:334-338.
210. Hawkes A. Predictors of health-related outcomes of heart disease after coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty in North Queensland, Australia. In: School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. Townsville: James Cook University, 2000, p. 255.
211. Ades PA. Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(12):892-902.
212. Pearson TA, Peters TD. The treatment gap in coronary artery disease and heart failure: community standards and the post-discharge patient. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80(8B):45H-52H.
213. Brubaker P, Kaminsky L, Whaley M. Coronary Artery Disease: essentials of prevention and rehabilitation programs. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2002.
214. Debusk RF, Miller NH, Superko R, et al. A case-management system for coronary risk factor modification after acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120(9):721-729.
215. Gordon NF, English CD, Contractor AS, et al. Effectiveness of three models for comprehensive cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89:1263-1268.
216. Southard BH, Southard DR, Nuckolls J. Clinical trial of an internet-based case management system for secondary prevention of heart disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2003; 23:341-348.
217. Debusk RF, Haskell WL, Miller NH, et al. Medically directed at-home rehabilitation soon after clinically uncomplicated myocardiac infarction: a new model for patient care. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55:251-257.
218. Beckie T. A supportive-educative telephone program: impact on knowledge and anxiety after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Heart & Lung 1989; 18:46-55.
219. Lewin B, Roberston I, Cay E, et al. Effects of self-help post-myocardial-infarction rehabilitation on psychological adjustment and use of health services. Lancet 1992; 339:1036-1040.
220. Debusk RF, Haskell WL, Miller NH, et al. Multifit: a new system of coronary risk factor modification after acute myocardial infarction. In: Proceedings of the 5thWorld Congress on Cardiac Rehabilitation. Hampshire, UK: Intercept Ltd.
221. Haskell WL, Alderman EL, Fair J, et al. Effects of intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with coronary artery disease. The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project. Circulation 1994; 39(3):975-990.
222. Johnston M, Foulkes J, Johnston DW, et al. Impact on patients and partners of inpatient and extended cardiac counselling and rehabilitation: a controlled trial. Psychosom Med 1999; 61:225-233.
223. Ades PA, Pashkow FJ, Fletcher G, et al. A controlled trial of cardiac rehabilitation in the home setting using electrocardiographic and voice transtelephonic monitoring. Am Heart J 2000; 139:543-548.
224. Higgins HC, Hayes RL, McKenna KT. Rehabilitation outcomes following percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Patient Educ Couns 2001; 43:219-230.
225. Jolly K, Lip GYH, Sandercock J, et al. Home-based versus hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction or revascularisation: design and rationale of the Birmingham rehabilitation uptake maximisation study (BRUM): a randomised controlled trial. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2003; 3:1-11.
226. Vale MJ, Jelinek MV, Grigg LE, et al. Coaching patients on achieving cardiovascular health (COACH): a multicentre randomised trial in patients with coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:2775-2783.
227. Brubaker PH, Rejeski WJ, Smith MJ, et al. A home-based maintenance exercise program after center-based cardiac rehabilitation: effects on blood lipids, body composition, and functional capacity. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2000; 20:(1)50-56.
228. Hamm LF, Kavanagh T, Campbell RB, et al. Timeline for peak improvements during 52 weeks of outpatient cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2004; 24:374-382.
229. Fonarow G, Gawlinski A, Moughrabi S, et al. Improved treatment of coronary heart disease by implementation of a cardiac hospitalisation atherosclerosis management program (CHAMP). Am J Cardiol 2001; 87:819-822.
230. DeBusk RF, West JA, Miller NH, et al. Chronic disease management: treating the patient with disease(s) vs treating disease(s) in the patient. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159(22):2739-2742.
231. Linden B. Evaluation of a home-based rehabilitation programme for patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 1995; 11:10-19.
232. O'Rourke A, Hampson S. Psychosocial outcomes after an MI: an evaluation of two approaches to rehabilitation. Psychology, Health and Medicine 1999; 4:393-402.
233. Lacey EA, Musgrave RJ, Freeman JV, et al. Psychological morbidity after myocardial infarction in an area of deprivation in the UK: evaluation of a self-help package. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2004; 3(3):219-224.
234. Dalal HM, Evans PH. Achieving national service framework standards for cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention. BMJ 2003; 326:481-484.
235. Shaw DK, Heggestad-Hereford JR, Southard DR, et al. American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Telemedicine Position Statement. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2001; 21:261-262.
236. American Nurses Association. Handbook of Nursing Case Management. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, 1996.
237. Unger BT, Warren DA. Case management in cardiac rehabilitation. In: Wenger NK, et al., eds. Cardiac Rehabilitation: a guide to practice in the 21st century. New York: Marcel Dekker,1999, pp. 327-341.
238. Wilson BT, Foresman J. You can help your patients cope: why coaching and not training. In American association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation. Long Beach, California, 2004.
239. Franklin BA, Bonzheim K, Gordon S, et al. Safety of medically supervised cardiac rehabilitation exercise therapy: a 16-year follow-up. Chest 1998; 114:902-906.
240. Lear SA, Ignaszewski A. Cardiac rehabilitation: a comprehensive review. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med 2001; 2(5):221-232.
241. Weingarten SR, Henning JM, Badamgarav E, et al. Interventions used in disease management programmes for patients with chronic illness-which ones work? Meta-analysis of published reports. BMJ 2002; 325(7370):925.
242. Theis SL, Johnson JH. Strategies for teaching patients: a meta-analysis. Clin Nurse Spec 1995; 9(2):100-105, 120.
243. O'Connor AM, Stacey D, Entwistle V, et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. Chichester, UK: Wiley & Sons, 2004.
244. National Health Service. Informing, communication and sharing decisions with people who have cancer. Eff Health Care 2000; 6(6):1-8.
245. Coulter, A. Evidence-based patient information. is important, so there needs to be a national strategy to ensure it. BMJ 1998; 317(7153):225-226.
246. Lear S, Ignaszewski A, Linden W, et al. The extensive lifestyle management intervention (ELMI) following cardiac rehabilitation trial. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:1920-1927.
247. Moore SM, Ruland CM, Pashkow FJ, et al. Women's patterns of exercise following cardiac rehabilitation. Nurs Res 1998; 47:318-324.
248. Willich SN, Muller-Nordhorn J, Kulig M, et al. Cardiac risk factors, medication, and recurrent clinical events after acute coronary disease; a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J 2001; 22:307-313.
249. Labrador MP, Merz CNB, Pass R. A randomized trial of risk factor case management in coronary artery disease patients following cardiac rehabilitation (Abstr). Circulation 1998; 98:1811
250. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Mahonen M, et al. Contribution of trends in survival and coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10- year results from 37 WHO MONICA Project populations. Lancet 1999; 353:1547-1557.
251. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The heart outcomes prevention evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 2001; 342:145-153.
252. Moser K, Mann DL. Improving outcomes in heart failure: it's not unusual beyond usual care. Circulation 2002; 105:2810-2812.
253. Gattis WA, Hasselblad V, Whellan DJ, et al. Reduction in heart failure events by the addition of a clinical pharmacist to the heart failure management team: results of the Pharmacist in Heart Failure Assessment Recommendation and Monitoring (PHARM) Study. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:1939-1945.
254. Rich MW, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, et al. A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. New Engl J Med 1995; 333:1190-1195.
255. Stewart S, Pearson S, Luke CG, et al. Effects of a home based intervention on unplanned readmissions and out-of-hospital deaths. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 174-180.
256. Stewart S, Pearson S, Horowitz JD. Effects of a home-based intervention among patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:1067-1072.
257. Stewart S, Vandenbroek A, Pearson S, et al. Prolonged beneficial effects of a homebased intervention on unplanned readmissions and mortality among congestive heart failure patients. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:257-261.
258. Stewart S, Marley JE, Horowitz JD. Effects of a multidisciplinary, home-based intervention on unplanned readmissions and survival among patients with chronic congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled study. Lancet 1999; 354:1077-1083.
259. Swedberg K, Kjekshus J, Snapinn S, for the CONSENSUS investigators. Long-term survival in severe heart failure in patients with enalapril. Eur Heart J 1999; 20:136-139.
260. Stewart S, Horowitz JD. Home-based intervention in congestive heart failure: longterm implications on readmission and survival. Circulation 2002; 105:2861-2866.
261. Inglis S, Horowitz JD, Stewart S. Long-term cost-effectiveness of a nurse-led, home-based intervention in chronic heart failure. Heart Lung & Circulation 2004; 13:S2-S9.
262. McAlister FA, Stewart S, Ferrua J, et al. Multidisciplinary strategies for the management of heart failure patients a high-risk admission: a systematic review of randomised trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:810-819.
263. Riegel B, Naylor M, Stewart S, et al. Interventions to prevent readmission for congestive heart failure (Scientific Letter). JAMA 2004;16:291.
264. Flather MD, Yusuf S, Kober L, et al. Long-term ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individuals patients. Lancet 2000; 355:1575-1581.
265. Phillips CO, Wright SM, Kern DE, et al. Comprehensive discharge planning with post discharge support for older patients with congestive heart failure: a metaanalysis. JAMA 2004; 291(11):1358-1367.
266. Gonseth J, Guallar-Castillon P, Banegas JR, et al. The effectiveness of disease management programmes in reducing hospital re-admission in older patients with heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis of published reports. Eur Heart J 2004; 25(18):1570-1595.
267. Gwadry-Sridhar FH, Flintoft V, Lee DS, et al. Asystematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing readmission rates and mortality rates Arch Intern Med 2004; 64:2315-2320.
268. Clark RA, Driscoll A, Nottage J, et al. Overcoming the tyranny of distance: a mismatch of supply and demand for specialist chronic heart failure management in Australia 2005 Submitted to Eur J Heart Failure 2005.
269. Louis AA, Turner T, Gretton M, et al. A systematic review of telemonitoring for the management of heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2003; 5:585-590.
270. Collette AP, Nikitin N, Clark AL, et al. Clinical trials update from the American Heart Association meeting: PROSPER, DIAL, home telemonitoring trials, immune modulation therapy, COMPANION and anaemia in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2003; 5:95-99.
271. Cleland JGF, Louis AA, Rigby AS,et al. The Trans-European Network-Home-Care Management System (TENS-HMS) Study. Noninvasive home telemonitoring for patients with heart failure at high risk of recurrent admission and death. JACC 2005; 45(10):1654-1664.
272. Benetar D, Bondmass M, Ghitelman J, et al. Outcomes of chronic heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:347-352.
273. Pugh LC, Havens DS, Xie S, et al. Case management for elderly persons with heart failure: the quality of life and cost outcomes. MedSurg Nursing 2001;10:71-78.
274. Jerant AF, Azari R, Nesbitt T. Reducing the cost of frequent hospital admissions for congestive heart failure. Med Care 2001; 39:1234-1245.
275. de Lusignan S, Wells S, Johnson P, et al. Compliance and effectiveness of 1 year's home telemonitoring. The report of a pilot study of patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2001; 3:723-730.
276. Reigel B, Carlson B, Kopp Z, et al. Efficacy of a standardised nurse case management telephone intervention on resource use in patients with chronic heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162:705-712.
277. Laramee A, Levinsky SK, Sargent J, et al. Case management in a heterogenous congestive heart failure population: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:809-817.
278. Tsuyuki RT, McKelvie RS, Arnold JM, et al. Acute precipitants of congestive heart failure exacerbations. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:2337-2342.
279. Weingarten SR, Henning JM, Badamgarav E, et al. Interventions used in disease management programmes for patients with chronic illness-which ones work? Meta-analysis of published reports. BMJ 2002; 325:925.
280. Elkan R, Kendrick D, Dewey M, et al. Effectiveness of home-based support for older people: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2001; 323:719-725.
281. Col N, Fanale JE, Kronholm P. The role of medication noncompliance and adverse drug reactions in hospitalizations of the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150:841-845.
282. McAlister FA, Lawson FM, Teo KK, et al. Randomized trials of secondary prevention programmes in coronary heart disease: systematic review. BMJ 2001; 323:957-962.
283. Ofman JJ, Badamgarav E, Henning JM, et al. Does disease management inprove clinical and economic outcomes in patients with chronic disease? A systematic review. Am J Med 2004; 117:182-192.
284. Inglis SC, Dawson AP,Wilkinson D, et al. A new solution to an old problem? Effects of a nurse-led, home-based intervention in chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:484.
285. Weintraub WS, Cole J, Tooley JF. Cost and cost-effectiveness studies in heart failure research. Am Heart J 2002; 143:565-576.
286. Bodenheimer T, Lorig K, Holman H, et al. Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. JAMA 2002; 288(19):2469-2475.
287. Lorig K. Chronic disease self-management: a model for tertiary intervention. Am Behav Sci 1996; 39(6):676-683.
288. Bandura A. The anatomy of stages of change. Am J Health Promot 1997; 12(1):8-10.
289. Levenson JW, McCarthy EP, Lynn J, et al. The last six months of life for patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48:S101-S109.
290. Krumholz HM, Phillips RS, Hamel MB, et al. Resuscitation preferences among patients with severe congestive heart failure: results from the SUPPORT project. Circulation 1998; 98:648-655.
291. Koenig HG. Depression in hospitalized older patients with congestive heart failure. Gen Hosp Psych 1998; 20: 29-43.
292. Freedland KE, Carney RM, Rich MW, et al. Depression in elderly patients with congestive heart failure. Geriatr Psych 1991; 24:59-71.
293. Moore RK, Groves D, Bateson S, et al. Health related quality of life of patients with refractory angina before and one year after enrolment onto a refractory angina program Eur J Pain 2005;9(3):305-310.
294. Mast BT, Yochim B, MacNeill SE, et al. Risk factors for geriatric depression: the importance of executive functioning within the vascular depression hypothesis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004; 59:1290-1294.
295. Luttik M, Jaarsma T, Van Veldhuisen DJ. Quality of life of caregivers is worse compared to patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:64.
296. Murberg TA, Bru E, Aarsland T, et al. Functional status and depression among men and women with congestive heart failure. Int J Psychiatry Med 1998; 28:273-291.
297. Evangelista LS, Kagawa-Singer M, Dracup K. Gender differences in health perceptions and meaning in persons living with heart failure. Heart Lung 2001; 30(3):167-176.
298. Leventhal MJE, Reigel B, Carlson B, et al. Negiotating compliance in heart failure: Remaining issues and questions. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2005; (E-pub May 11): In press.
299. Jennings B, Callahan D, Caplan AL. Ethical challenges of chronic illness. Hasting Cent Rep 1988; 18(1):S1-S16.
300. Sabaté E. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2003.
301. Hughes CM. Medication non-adherence in the elderly: how big is the problem? Drugs Aging 2004; 21(12):793-811.
302. Taborski U, Muller-Berghaus G. State-of-the-art patient self-management for control of oral anticoagulation. Semin Thromb Hemost 1999; 25:43-48.
303. White RH, McCurdy SA, Von Marensdorff H, et al. Home prothrombin time monitoring after the initiation of warfarin therapy: a randomised, prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1989; 11:730-736.
304. Anderson DR, Harrison L, Hirsh J. Evaluation of portable prothrombin time monitor for home use by patients who require long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153:1441-1447.
305. Ansell JE, Patel N, Ostrovsky D, et al. Long-term patient self-management of oral anticoagulation. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155:2185-2189.
306. Eldor A, Schwartz J. Self-management of oral anticoagulants with a whole blood prothrombin-time monitor in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2002; 32:99-106.
307. Monane M, Bohn RL, Gurwitz JH, et al. Non-compliance with congestive heart failure therapy in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154(4):433-437.
308. Cline CM, Bjorck-Linne AK, Israelsson BY, et al. Non-compliance and knowledge of prescribed medication in elderly patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 1999; 1:145-9.
309. Bochachick P, Burke LE, Sereika S, et al. Adherence to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy for heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Nurse 2002; 17:(4)160-166.
310. Ni H, Nauman D, Burgess D, et al. Factors influencing knowledge of and adherence to self-care among patients with heart failure. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:(14)1613-1619.
311. Stewart S, Pearson S. Uncovering a multitude of sins: medication management in the home post acute hospitalisation among the chronically ill. Aust NZ J Med 1999; 29:220-227
312. MacKay I, Stewart S. Optimising the day to day management of the patient with chronic heart failure. In: Stewart S, Blue L, eds., Improving Outcomes in Chronic Heart Failure: specialist nurse intervention from research to practice. London: BMJ Publishing Group, 2004.
313. Becker MH. The health belief model and personal health behaviour. Health Educ Monogr 1974; 2(4):324-508.
314. Bennett SJ, Perkins SM, Lane KA, et al. Reliability and validity of the compliance belief scales among patients with heart failure. Heart and Lung 2001; 30(3):177-185.
315. Nutbeam D, Harris E. Theory in a Nutshell: a practical guide to health promotion theories, 2nd edn. Sydney, Australia: McGraw-Hill, 2004.
316. Janz NK, Becker MH. The health belief model: a decade later. Health Educ Q 1984; 11:1-47.
317. Champion V. Beliefs about breast cancer and mammography by behavioural stage. Onc Nurs Forum 1994; 21:1009-1014.
318. Redeker NS. Health beliefs and adherence in chronic illness. Image 1988; 20:31-35.
319. Dunbar SB, Jacobson LH, Deaton C. Heart failure: strategies to enhance patient self-management. AACN Clinical Issues 1998; 9(2):244-256.
320. Bennett SJ, Milgrom JB, Champion V, et al. Beliefs about medication and dietary compliance in people with heart failure: an instrument development study. Heart and Lung 1997; 26:273-279.
321. Ajzen I, Fishbein M. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1980.
322. Baum F. The New Public Health: an Australian perspective. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1998.
323. Miller P, Wikoff R, Hiatt A. Fishbein's model of reasoned action and compliance behaviour of hypertensive patients. Nurs Res 1992; 41(2):104-109.
324. Sheeran P, Conner M, Norman P. Can the theory of planned behaviour explain patterns of health behaviour change? Health Psychol 2001; 20(1):12-19.
325. Bandura A. self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 1977; 84(2): 191-215.
326. Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: a social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986.
327. Bandura A, ed. Self-efficacy in Changing Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
328. West JA, Miller NH, Parker KM, et al. A comprehensive management system for heart failure improves clinical outcomes and reduces medical resource utilisation. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79:58-63.
329. Prochaska JO, DiClimente CC. Self change processes, self efficacy and decisional balance across five stages of smoking cessation. Prog Clin Biol Res 1984; 156:131-140.
330. Littell JH, Girvin H. Stages of change: a critique. Behav Modif 2002; 26 (2):223-273.
331. Prochaska JO, DiClimente CC. Stages of change in the modification of problem behaviours. Prog Behav Modif 1992; 28:183-218.
332. Ni Mhurchu C, Margetts BM, Speller VM. Applying the stages of change model to dietary change. Nutr Rev 1997; 55(1):10-16.
333. Sneed NV, Paul SC. Readiness for behavioural changes in patients with heart failure. Am J Crit Care 2003; 12(5):444.
334. Orem D. Nursing: Concepts of Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971.
335. Goodwin M. Is it feasible for the nursing division at St Vincent's Hospital to adopt Dorothea Orem's model of nursing? St Vincent's Nursing Monograph 1990: Selected Works. Accessed online 22 July 2005 at http://www.clininfo.health. nsw.gov.au/hospolic/stvincents/1990/a06.html
336. Orem DE. Nursing: Concepts of Practice, 5th edn. St Louis: Mosby, 1995.
337. Jaarsma T. Heart Failure: Nurses Care. Maastricht: Datawyse, 1998.
338. Clark RA, Driscoll A, Nottage J, et al. Overcoming the tyranny of distance: a mismatch of supply and demand for specialist chronic heart failure management in Australia. Heart Lung & Circulation 2005; 14 (S1): S112.
339. Stewart S, Blue L, Walker A, et al. An economic analysis of specialist heart failure management in the UK - can we afford not to implement it? Eur Heart J 2002; 23:1369-1378.
340. Stewart S. The cost of caring for chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Failure 2005; 16:423-428.
341. International Council of Nurses (2003). Definition and characteristics for nurse practitioner/ advanced practice nursing roles. http://www.icn-apnetwork.org: Retrieved April 20, 2004.
342. Brown S, Grimes D. A meta-analysis of nurse practitioners and nurse midwives in primary care. Nur Res 1995; 44:332-339.
343. Dunn L. A literature review of advanced clinical nursing practice in the United States of America. J Adv Nur 1995; 25:814-819.
344. Edmunds MV (2003). Nurse practitioners: Remembering the past, planning the future. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/408388print: Accessed June 2004.
345. Pearson LJ. Annual update of how each state stands on legislative issues affecting advanced nursing practice. Nur Pract 1999; 24:16-83.
346. Read S, Roberts-Davis M, Gilbert P. Preparing to work together: seeking consensus on nursepractitioner roles and programmes in England. Melbourne, Australia: Abstract presented at 6th International Nurse Practitioner Conference, 1998.
347. Horrocks S, Anderson E, Salisbury C. Systematic review of whether nurse practitioners working in primary care can provide equivalent care to doctors. Br Med J 2002; 324:819-823.
348. Pearson S, Inglis SC, McLennan S, et al. Prolonged effects of a home-based intervention in chronically ill patients. Arch Intern Med - Accepted for publication (2005).
349. Stewart S, Blue L, eds. Specialist Nurse Intervention in Chronic Heart Failure: from research to practice. London: BMJ Books, 2004.
350. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chron Dis 1987; 40:373-383.
351. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiat Res 1975; 12:189-198.
352. Devlin N, Hansen P, Herbison P, Macran S. A new and improved EQ-5D valuation questionnaire? Results from a pilot study. Eur J Health Econ 2005; 6:73-82.
353. McHorney C, Ware JE, Lu JF, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short form health survey (SF-36): Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Med Care 1994; 32:551-567.
354. Rector TS, Kubo SH, Cohn JN. Validity of the Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire as a measure of therapeutic response to enalapril of placebo. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71:1106-1107.
355. Cameron J, Worral-Carter L, New G, Driscoll A, Stewart S. Extent of Heart Failure Self-Care as an Endpoint to Patient Education:AReview of the Literature: Submitted for publication.
356. Riegel B, Carlson B, Glaser D. Development and testing of a clinical tool measuring self-management of heart failure. Heart & Lung 2000; 29(91):4-15.
357. Carlson B, Riegel B, Moser D. Self-care abilities of patients with heart failure. Heart & Lung, 2001; 30(5):351-359.
358. Clark NM, Gong M. Management of chronic disease by practitioners and patients: are we teaching the wrong things? BMJ 2000; 320:572-575.
359. McMurray JJV, Stewart S. Palliative care for heart failure? Br Med J 2002; 325:915-916.
360. Gore JM, Brophy GJ, Greenstone MA. How well do we care for patients with end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A comparison of palliative care and quality of life in COPD and lung cancer. Thorax 2000; 55:1000-1006.
361. Levenson JW, McCarthy EP, Lynn J, et al. The last six months of life for patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48:S101-S109.
362. Goodlin SJ, Jette AM, Lynn J, Wasson JH. Community physicians describe management issues for patients expected to live less than twelve months. J Palliat Care 1998; 14:30-35.
363. Russell K, Freeman A, Blue L, Stewart S. A blueprint for identifying and managing patients within a heart failure service. In: Stewart S, Blue L, eds. Specialist Nurse Intervention in Chronic Heart Failure: from research to practice. London: BMJ Books, 2004.
364. McAlister FA, Stewart S, Ferrua S, McMurray JJ. Multidisciplinary strategies for the management of heart failure patients at high risk for admission: a systematic review of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:810-819.
365. Blue L, Strong E, Murdoch DR, et al. Improving long-term outcome with specialist nurse intervention in heart failure: a randomized trial. BMJ 2002; 323:1112-1115.
366. Oddone EZ, Weinberger M, Giobbie-Hurder A, et al. Enhanced access to primary care for patients with congestive heart failure. Veterans affairs cooperative study group on primary care and hospital readmission. Eff Clin Pract 1999; 2:201-209.
367. Stewart S. Recognising the "other half" of the heart failure equation: are we doing enough for family caregivers? Eur J Heart Fail 2005; 7:590-591.