Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma

Thomas' Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Stem Cell Transplantation, Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 845-859

  Qazilbash, Muzaffar H ^a   Giralt, Sergio A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Allogeneic HCT in myeloma; Allogeneic HCT with reduced intensity conditioning; Hematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple myeloma; Nontransplantation approaches; Patients not eligible for autologous HCT; Purging of myeloma cells; Single versus tandem autologous transplantation; Staging, prognosis and response; Timing of autologous HCT

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890589925     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444303537.ch58     Document Type: Chapter

References (144)

1. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1860-73.
2. Ries LA, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Clegg L, editors. SEER Cancer Statistics Review. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2002.
3. Kyle RA, Gertz MA, Witzig TE et al. Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78: 21-33.
4. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Br J Haematol 2006; 134: 573-89.
5. Bergsagel PL, Kuehl WM. Chromosome translocations in multiple myeloma. Oncogene 2001; 20: 5611-22.
6. Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL. Multiple myeloma: evolving genetic events and host interactions. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2: 175-87.
7. Tricot G. New insights into role of microenvironment in multiple myeloma. Lancet 2000; 355: 248-50.
8. Avet-Loiseau H, Facon T, Grosbois B et al. Oncogenesis of multiple myeloma: 14q32 and 13q chromosomal abnormalities are not randomly distributed, but correlate with natural history, immunological features, and clinical presentation. Blood 2002; 99: 2185-91.
9. Billadeau D, Ahmann G, Greipp P, Van Ness B. The bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients contains B cell populations at different stages of differentiation that are clonally related to the malignant plasma cell. J Exp Med 1993; 178: 1023-31.
10. Bakkus MH, Heirman C, Van Riet I, Van Camp B, Thielemans K. Evidence that multiple myeloma Ig heavy chain VDJ genes contain somatic mutations but show no intraclonal variation. Blood 1992; 80: 2326-35.
11. Zojer N, Schuster-Kolbe J, Assmann I et al. Chromosomal aberrations are shared by malignant plasma cells and a small fraction of circulating CD19+ cells in patients with myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Br J Haematol 2002; 117: 852-9.
12. Zandecki M, Lai JL, Facon T. Multiple myeloma: almost all patients are cytogenetically abnormal. Br J Haematol 1996; 94: 217-27.
13. Sawyer JR, Lukacs JL, Thomas EL et al. Multicolour spectral karyotyping identifies new translocations and a recurring pathway for chromosome loss in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2001; 112: 167-74.
14. Zhan F, Hardin J, Kordsmeier B et al. Global gene expression profiling of multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and normal bone marrow plasma cells. Blood 2002; 99: 1745-57.
15. Willis TG, Dyer MJ. The role of immunoglobulin translocations in the pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies. Blood 2000; 96: 808-22.
16. Chesi M, Nardini E, Brents LA et al. Frequent translocation t(4;14)(p16.3;q32.3) in multiple myeloma is associated with increased expression and activating mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Nat Genet 1997; 16: 260-4.
17. Chesi M, Nardini E, Lim RS, Smith KD, Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL. The t(4;14) translocation in myeloma dysregulates both FGFR3 and a novel gene, MMSET, resulting in IgH/MMSET hybrid transcripts. Blood 1998; 92: 3025-34.
18. Chesi M, Brents LA, Ely SA et al. Activated fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is an oncogene that contributes to tumor progression in multiple myeloma. Blood 2001; 97: 729-36.
19. Paterson JL, Li Z, Wen XY et al. Preclinical studies of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2004; 124: 595-603.
20. Shaughnessy J Jr., Gabrea A, Qi Y et al. Cyclin D3 at 6p21 is dysregulated by recurrent chromosomal translocations to immunoglobulin loci in multiple myeloma. Blood 2001; 98: 217-23.
21. Iida S, Rao PH, Butler M et al. Deregulation of MUM1/IRF4 by chromosomal translocation in multiple myeloma. Nat Genet 1997; 17: 226-30.
22. Chesi M, Bergsagel PL, Brents LA, Smith CM, Gerhard DS, Kuehl WM. Dysregulation of cyclin D1 by translocation into an IgH gamma switch region in two multiple myeloma cell lines. Blood 1996; 88: 674-81.
23. Ronchetti D, Finelli P, Richelda R et al. Molecular analysis of 11q13 breakpoints in multiple myeloma. Blood 1999; 93: 1330-7.
24. Janssen JW, Vaandrager JW, Heuser T et al. Concurrent activation of a novel putative transforming gene, myeov, and cyclin D1 in a subset of multiple myeloma cell lines with t(11;14)(q13;q32). Blood 2000; 95: 2691-8.
25. Chesi M, Bergsagel PL, Shonukan OO et al. Frequent dysregulation of the c-maf proto-oncogene at 16q23 by translocation to an Ig locus in multiple myeloma. Blood 1998; 91: 4457-63.
26. Avet-Louseau H, Daviet A, Sauner S, Bataille R, Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome. Chromosome 13 abnormalities in multiple myeloma are mostly monosomy 13. Br J Haematol 2000; 111: 1116-17.
27. Shaughnessy J Jr., Tian E, Sawyer J et al. Prognostic impact of cytogenetic and interphase fl uorescence in situ hybridization-defined chromosome 13 deletion in multiple myeloma: early results of total therapy. II. Br J Haematol 2003; 120: 44-52.
28. Kalakonda N, Rothwell DG, Scarffe JH, Norton JD. Detection of N-Ras codon 61 mutations in subpopulations of tumor cells in multiple myeloma at presentation. Blood 2001; 98: 1555-60.
29. Liu P, Leong T, Quam L et al. Activating mutations of N- and K-ras in multiple myeloma show different clinical associations: analysis of the Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma 857 Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase III trial. Blood 1996; 88: 2699-706.
30. Corradini P, Inghirami G, AstolfiM et al. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, p53 and Rb1, in plasma cell dyscrasias. Leukemia 1994; 8: 758-67.
31. Drach J, Ackermann J, Fritz E et al. Presence of a p53 gene deletion in patients with multiple myeloma predicts for short survival after conventional- dose chemotherapy. Blood 1998; 92: 802-9.
32. Kulkarni MS, Daggett JL, Bender TP, Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL, Williams ME. Frequent inactivation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p18 by homozygous deletion in multiple myeloma cell lines: ectopic p18 expression inhibits growth and induces apoptosis. Leukemia 2002; 16: 127-34.
33. Tasaka T, Berenson J, Vescio R et al. Analysis of the p16INK4A, p15INK4B and p18INK4C genes in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 1997; 96: 98-102.
34. Choi SJ, Cruz JC, Craig F et al. Macrophage infl ammatory protein 1-alpha is a potential osteoclast stimulatory factor in multiple myeloma. Blood 2000; 96: 671-5.
35. Roodman GD. Pathogenesis of myeloma bone disease. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2004; 32: 290-2.
36. Giuliani N, Bataille R, Mancini C, Lazzaretti M, Barille S. Myeloma cells induce imbalance in the osteoprotegerin/osteoprotegerin ligand system in the human bone marrow environment. Blood 2001; 98: 3527-33.
37. Paradisi F, Corti G, Cinelli R. Infections in multiple myeloma. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2001; 15: 373-84, vii-viii.
38. Winearls CG. Acute myeloma kidney. Kidney Int 1995; 48: 1347-61.
39. International Myeloma Working Group. Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Br J Haematol 2003; 121: 749-57.
40. Angtuaco EJ, Fassas AB, Walker R, Sethi R, Barlogie B. Multiple myeloma: clinical review and diagnostic imaging. Radiology 2004; 231: 11-23.
41. Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA. Multiple myeloma: diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80: 1371-82.
42. Abraham RS, Clark RJ, Bryant SC et al. Correlation of serum immunoglobulin free light chain quantification with urinary Bence Jones protein in light chain myeloma. Clin Chem 2002; 48: 655-7.
43. Katzmann JA, Clark RJ, Abraham RS et al. Serum reference intervals and diagnostic ranges for free kappa and free lambda immunoglobulin light chains: relative sensitivity for detection of monoclonal light chains. Clin Chem 2002; 48: 1437-44.
44. Barlogie B, Zangari M, Bolejack V et al. Superior 12-year survival after at least 4-year continuous remission with tandem transplantations for multiple myeloma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2006; 6: 469-74.
45. Durie BG, Salmon SE. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival. Cancer 1975; 36: 842-54.
46. Greipp PR, San Miguel J, Durie BG et al. International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 3412-20.
47. Fonseca R, Blood E, Rue M et al. Clinical and biologic implications of recurrent genomic aberrations in myeloma. Blood 2003; 101: 4569-75.
48. Durie BG, Harousseau JL, Miguel JS et al. International uniform response criteria for multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2006; 20: 1467-73.
49. Goldschmidt H, Hegenbart U, Wallmeier M, Hohaus S, Haas R. Factors infl uencing collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells following high-dose cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 1997; 98: 736-44.
50. Morris CL, Siegel E, Barlogie B et al. Mobilization of CD34+ cells in elderly patients (>/=70 years) with multiple myeloma: infl uence of age, prior therapy, platelet count and mobilization regimen. Br J Haematol 2003; 120: 413-23.
51. Alexanian R, Weber D, Delasalle K, Handy B, Champlin R, Giralt S. Clinical outcomes with intensive therapy for patients with primary resistant multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 34: 229-34.
52. Singhal S, Powles R, Sirohi B, Treleaven J, Kulkarni S, Mehta J. Response to induction chemotherapy is not essential to obtain survival benefit from high-dose melphalan and autotransplantation in myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002; 30: 673-9.
53. Kumar S, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A et al. Highdose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma poorly responsive to initial therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 34: 161-7.
54. Weber D, Rankin K, Gavino M, Delasalle K, Alexanian R. Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 16-19.
55. Dingli D, Rajkumar SV, Nowakowski GS et al. Combination therapy with thalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma not undergoing upfront autologous stem cell transplantation: a phase II trial. Haematologica 2005; 90: 1650-4.
56. Rajkumar SV, Blood E, Vesole D, Fonseca R, Greipp PR, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 431-6.
57. Rajkumar SV, Hayman SR, Lacy MQ et al. Combination therapy with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rev/Dex) for newly diagnosed myeloma. Blood 2005; 106: 4050-3.
58. Jagannath S, Durie BG, Wolf J et al. Bortezomib therapy alone and in combination with dexamethasone for previously untreated symptomatic multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2005; 129: 776-83.
59. Jagannath S, Richardson PG, Sonneveld P et al. Bortezomib appears to overcome the poor prognosis conferred by chromosome 13 deletion in phase 2 and 3 trials. Leukemia 2007; 21: 151-7.
60. Anderson H, Scarffe JH, Ranson M et al. VAD chemotherapy as remission induction for multiple myeloma. Br J Cancer 1995; 71: 326-30.
61. Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: the death of VAD as initial therapy [Editorial]. Blood 2005; 106: 2-3.
62. Anagnostopoulos A, Aleman A, Yang Y et al. Outcomes of autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma who received dexamethasone-based nonmyelosuppressive induction therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33: 623-8.
63. Kumar S, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A et al. Single agent dexamethasone for pre-stem cell transplant induction therapy for multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 34: 485-90.
64. Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Caravita T et al. Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 367: 825-31.
65. Mateos MV, Hernandez JM, Hernandez MT et al. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone in elderly untreated patients with multiple myeloma: results of a multicenter phase 1/2 study. Blood 2006; 108: 2165-72.
66. McElwain TJ, Powles RL. High-dose intravenous melphalan for plasma-cell leukaemia and myeloma. Lancet 1983; 2: 822-4.
67. Barlogie B, Hall R, Zander A, Dicke K, Alexanian R. High-dose melphalan with autologous bone marrow transplantation for multiple myeloma. Blood 1986; 67: 1298-301.
68. Attal M, Harousseau JL, Stoppa AM et al. A prospective, randomized trial of autologous bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. Intergroupe Francais du Myelome. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 91-7.
69. Child JA, Morgan GJ, Davies FE et al. High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem-cell rescue for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1875-83.
70. Moreau P, Facon T, Attal M et al. Comparison of 200 mg/m2 melphalan and 8 Gy total body irradiation plus 140 mg/m2 melphalan as conditioning regimens for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: final analysis of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome 9502 randomized trial. Blood 2002; 99: 731-5.
71. Lahuerta JJ, Martinez-Lopez J, Grande C et al. Conditioning regimens in autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: a comparative study of efficacy and toxicity from the Spanish Registry for Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma. Br J Haematol 2000; 109: 138-47.
72. Anagnostopoulos A, Aleman A, Ayers G et al. Comparison of high-dose melphalan with a more intensive regimen of thiotepa, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide for patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer 2004; 100: 2607-612.
73. Fenk R, Schneider P, Kropff M et al. High-dose idarubicin, cyclophosphamide and melphalan as conditioning for autologous stem cell transplantation increases treatment-related mortality in patients with multiple myeloma: results of a randomised study. Br J Haematol 2005; 130: 588-94.
74. Siegel DS, Desikan KR, Mehta J et al. Age is not a prognostic variable with autotransplants for multiple myeloma. Blood 1999; 93: 51-4.
75. Badros A, Barlogie B, Siegel E et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly multiple 858 Chapter 58 myeloma patients over the age of 70 years. Br J Haematol 2001; 114: 600-7.
76. Qazilbash MH, Saliba RM, Hosing C et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation is safe and feasible in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 39: 279-83.
77. Badros A, Barlogie B, Siegel E et al. Results of autologous stem cell transplant in multiple myeloma patients with renal failure. Br J Haematol 2001; 114: 822-9.
78. Bird JM, Fuge R, Sirohi B et al. The clinical outcome and toxicity of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with myeloma or amyloid and severe renal impairment: a British Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation study. Br J Haematol 2006; 134: 385-90.
79. Tricot G, Barlogie B, Jagannath S et al. Poor prognosis in multiple myeloma is associated only with partial or complete deletions of chromosome 13 or abnormalities involving 11q and not with other karyotype abnormalities. Blood 1995; 86: 4250-6.
80. Qazilbash MH, Saliba RM, Ahmed B et al. Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1 (del 1p) is a strong predictor of poor outcome in myeloma patients undergoing an autotransplant. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 13: 1066-72.
81. Jaksic W, Trudel S, Chang H et al. Clinical outcomes in t(4;14) multiple myeloma: a chemotherapy- sensitive disease characterized by rapid relapse and alkylating agent resistance. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 7069-73.
82. Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A et al. Clinical implications of t(11;14)(q13;q32), t(4;14) (p16.3;q32), and -17p13 in myeloma patients treated with high-dose therapy. Blood 2005; 106: 2837-40.
83. Avet-Loiseau H, Attal M, Moreau P et al. Genetic abnormalities and survival in multiple myeloma: the experience of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome. Blood 2007; 109: 3489-95.
84. Tricot G, Jagannath S, Vesole D et al. Peripheral blood stem cell transplants for multiple myeloma: identification of favorable variables for rapid engraftment in 225 patients. Blood 1995; 85: 588-96.
85. Zhou P, Zhang Y, Martinez C, Kalakonda N, Nimer SD, Comenzo RL. Melphalan-mobilized blood stem cell components contain minimal clonotypic myeloma cell contamination. Blood 2003; 102: 477-9.
86. Pilarski LM, Hipperson G, Seeberger K, Pruski E, Coupland RW, Belch AR. Myeloma progenitors in the blood of patients with aggressive or minimal disease: engraftment and self-renewal of primary human myeloma in the bone marrow of NOD SCID mice. Blood 2000; 95: 1056-65.
87. Gahrton G, Svensson H, Bjorkstrand B et al. Syngeneic transplantation in multiple myeloma - a case-matched comparison with autologous and allogeneic transplantation. European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 24: 741-5.
88. Bourhis JH, Bouko Y, Koscielny S et al. Relapse risk after autologous transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma is not related with infused tumor cell load and the outcome is not improved by CD34+ cell selection: long term follow-up of an EBMT phase III randomized study. Haematologica 2007; 92: 1083-90.
89. Barbui AM, Galli M, Dotti G et al. Negative selection of peripheral blood stem cells to support a tandem autologous transplantation programme in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2002; 116: 202-10.
90. Barlogie B, Jagannath S, Vesole DH et al. Superiority of tandem autologous transplantation over standard therapy for previously untreated multiple myeloma. Blood 1997; 89: 789-93.
91. Fermand JP, Katsahian S, Divine M et al. Highdose therapy and autologous blood stem-cell transplantation compared with conventional treatment in myeloma patients aged 55 to 65 years: long-term results of a randomized control trial from the Group Myelome-Autogreffe. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 9227-33.
92. Blade J, Rosinol L, Sureda A et al. High-dose therapy intensification compared with continued standard chemotherapy in multiple myeloma patients responding to the initial chemotherapy: long-term results from a prospective randomized trial from the Spanish cooperative group PETHEMA. Blood 2005; 106: 3755-9.
93. Barlogie B, Kyle RA, Anderson KC et al. Standard chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemoradiotherapy for multiple myeloma: final results of phase III US Intergroup Trial S9321. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 929-36.
94. Fermand JP, Ravaud P, Chevret S et al. High-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: up-front or rescue treatment? Results of a multicenter sequential randomized clinical trial. Blood 1998; 92: 3131-6.
95. Hahn T, Wingard JR, Anderson KC et al. The role of cytotoxic therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the therapy of multiple myeloma: an evidence-based review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2003; 9: 4-37.
96. Richardson P. Toward a new therapeutic backbone in multiple myeloma. Blood 2007; 109: 2672-3.
97. Munshi NC, Anderson KC. To transplant or not to transplant. Blood 2005; 106: 3687-8.
98. Barlogie B, Shaughnessy J, Tricot G et al. Treatment of multiple myeloma. Blood 2004; 103: 20-32.
99. Barlogie B, Jagannath S, Desikan KR et al. Total therapy with tandem transplants for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood 1999; 93: 55-65.
100. Barlogie B, Tricot GJ, van Rhee F et al. Longterm outcome results of the first tandem autotransplant trial for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2006; 135: 158-64.
101. Attal M, Harousseau JL, Facon T et al. Single versus double autologous stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2495-502.
102. Cavo M, Tosi P, Zamagni E et al. Prospective, randomized study of single compared with double autologous stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: Bologna 96 clinical study. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 2434-41.
103. Barlogie B, Tricot G, Anaissie E et al. Thalidomide and hematopoietic-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1021-30.
104. Shaughnessy JD Jr., Zhan F, Burington BE et al. A validated gene expression model of high-risk multiple myeloma is defined by deregulated expression of genes mapping to chromosome 1. Blood 2007; 109: 2276-84.
105. Bensinger WI, Demirer T, Buckner CD et al. Syngeneic marrow transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 18: 527-31.
106. Gahrton G, Ringden O, Lonnqvist B, Lindquist R, Ljungman P. Bone marrow transplantation in three patients with multiple myeloma. Acta Med Scand 1986; 219: 523-7.
107. Gahrton G, Svensson H, Cavo M et al. Progress in allogeneic bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: a comparison between transplants performed 1983- 93 and 1994-8 at European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation centres. Br J Haematol 2001; 113: 209-16.
108. Kroger N, Einsele H, Wolff D et al. Myeloablative intensified conditioning regimen with in vivo T-cell depletion (ATG) followed by allografting in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. A phase I/II study of the German Study-group Multiple Myeloma (DSMM). Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 31: 973-9.
109. Bensinger WI, Buckner CD, Anasetti C et al. Allogeneic marrow transplantation for multiple myeloma: an analysis of risk factors on outcome. Blood 1996; 88: 2787-93.
110. Alyea E, Weller E, Schlossman R et al. Outcome after autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation for patients with multiple myeloma: impact of graft-versus-myeloma effect. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 32: 1145-51.
111. Tricot G, Vesole DH, Jagannath S, Hilton J, Munshi N, Barlogie B. Graft-versus-myeloma effect: proof of principle. Blood 1996; 87: 1196-8.
112. Lokhorst HM, Schattenberg A, Cornelissen JJ et al. Donor lymphocyte infusions for relapsed multiple myeloma after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation: predictive factors for response and long-term outcome. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3031-7.
113. Salama M, Nevill T, Marcellus D et al. Donor leukocyte infusions for multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 26: 1179-84.
114. Lokhorst HM, Wu K, Verdonck LF et al. The occurrence of graft-versus-host disease is the major predictive factor for response to donor lymphocyte infusions in multiple myeloma. Blood 2004; 103: 4362-4.
115. Lokhorst HM, Segeren CM, Verdonck LF et al. Partially T-cell-depleted allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for first-line treatment of multiple myeloma: a prospective evaluation of patients treated in the phase III study HOVON 24 MM. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 1728-33.
116. Corradini P, Cavo M, Lokhorst H et al. Molecular remission after myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation predicts a better relapse-free survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2003; 102: 1927-9.
117. Giralt S, Aleman A, Anagnostopoulos A et al. Fludarabine/melphalan conditioning for allogeneic transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002; 30: 367-73.
118. Lee CK, Badros A, Barlogie B et al. Prognostic factors in allogeneic transplantation for patients with high-risk multiple myeloma after reduced intensity conditioning. Exp Hematol 2003; 31: 73-80.
119. Perez-Simon JA, Martino R, Alegre A et al. Chronic but not acute graft-versus-host disease improves outcome in multiple myeloma patients after non-myeloablative allogeneic transplantation. Br J Haematol 2003; 121: 104-8.
120. Mohty M, Boiron JM, Damaj G et al. Graftversus- myeloma effect following antithymocyte globulin-based reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 34: 77-84.
121. Kroger N, Sayer HG, Schwerdtfeger R et al. Unrelated stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma after a reduced-intensity conditioning with pretransplantation antithymocyte globulin is highly effective with low transplantation-related mortality. Blood 2002; 100: 3919-24.
122. Badros A, Barlogie B, Siegel E et al. Improved outcome of allogeneic transplantation in high-risk multiple myeloma patients after nonmyeloablative conditioning. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 1295-303.
123. Maloney DG, Molina AJ, Sahebi F et al. Allografting with nonmyeloablative conditioning following cytoreductive autografts for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2003; 102: 3447-54.
124. Garban F, Attal M, Michallet M et al. Prospective comparison of autologous stem cell transplantation followed by dose-reduced allograft (IFM99- 03 trial) with tandem autologous stem cell transplantation (IFM99-04 trial) in high-risk de novo multiple myeloma. Blood 2006; 107: 3474-80.
125. Bruno B, Rotta M, Patriarca F et al. A comparison of allografting with autografting for newly diagnosed myeloma. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1110-20.
126. Carella A, Spriano M, Corsetti M. Autografting followed closely by nonmyeloablative allografting as consolidation immunotherapy reduces disease progression compared to tandem autografting in multiple myeloma. Blood 2005; 106: 328a.
127. Rosinol L, Lahuerta J, Sureda A. Feasibility and efficacy of a planned second transplant ("auto" or "mini-allo"): intensification in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) not achieving complete remission (CR) or near-CR with a first autologous transplant. Results from a Spanish PETHEMA/ GEM study. Blood 2005; 106: 128a.
128. Crawley C, Lalancette M, Szydlo R et al. Outcomes for reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation for multiple myeloma: an analysis of prognostic factors from the Chronic Leukaemia Working Party of the EBMT. Blood 2005; 105: 4532-9.
129. Ballen KK, King R, Carston M et al. Outcome of unrelated transplants in patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35: 675-81.
130. Kroger N, Shaw B, Iacobelli S et al. Comparison between antithymocyte globulin and alemtuzumab and the possible impact of KIR-ligand mismatch after dose-reduced conditioning and unrelated stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2005; 129: 631-43.
131. Pasquini M. CIBMTR Summary Slides Part 1. CIBMTR Newsletter 2006; 12: 5-7.
132. Phillips GL, Meisenberg B, Reece DE et al. Amifostine and autologous hematopoietic stem cell support of escalating-dose melphalan: a phase I study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2004; 10: 473-83.
133. Moreau P, Hullin C, Garban F et al. Tandem autologous stem cell transplantation in high-risk de novo multiple myeloma: final results of the prospective and randomized IFM 99-04 protocol. Blood 2006; 107: 397-403.
134. Anderson KC. Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation. Novel immunomodulatory therapies in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Oncology (Williston Park) 2004; 18: 988-90.
135. Christoforidou AV, Saliba RM, Williams P et al. Results of a retrospective single institution analysis of targeted skeletal radiotherapy with (166)Holmium-DOTMP as conditioning regimen for autologous stem cell transplant for patients with multiple myeloma. Impact on transplant outcomes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 13: 543-9.
136. Schilthuizen C, Broyl A, van der Holt B, de Knegt Y, Lokhorst H, Sonneveld P. Infl uence of genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A4, CYP3A5, GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and MDR1 genes on survival and therapy-related toxicity in multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2007; 92: 277-8.
137. Grazziutti ML, Dong L, Miceli MH et al. Oral mucositis in myeloma patients undergoing melphalan- based autologous stem cell transplantation: incidence, risk factors and a severity predictive model. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38: 501-6.
138. Dimopoulos MA, Souliotis VL, Anagnostopoulos A, Papadimitriou C, Sfikakis PP. Extent of damage and repair in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene after treatment of myeloma patients with high-dose melphalan and autologous blood stemcell transplantation is individualized and may predict clinical outcome. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 4381-9.
139. Wang XS, Giralt SA, Mendoza TR et al. Clinical factors associated with cancer-related fatigue in patients being treated for leukemia and non- Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 1319-28.
140. Anderson KO, Giralt SA, Mendoza TR et al. Symptom burden in patients undergoing autologous stem-cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 39: 759-66.
141. Campagnaro E, Saliba R, Giralt S et al. Symptom burden after autologous stem cell transplant for multiple myeloma. Cancer 2008; 112: 1617-24.
142. Westin J, Rodjer S, Turesson I, Cortelezzi A, Hjorth M, Zador G. Interferon alfa-2b versus no maintenance therapy during the plateau phase in multiple myeloma: a randomized study. Cooperative Study Group. Br J Haematol 1995; 89: 561-8.
143. Berenson JR, Lichtenstein A, Porter L et al. Effi- cacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Myeloma Aredia Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 488-93.
144. Attal M, Harousseau JL, Leyvraz S et al. Maintenance therapy with thalidomide improves survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2006; 108: 3289-94.