Multiple myeloma: Diagnosis and treatment

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Volumn 80, Issue 10, 2005, Pages 1371-1382

  Rajkumar, S Vincent ^a   Kyle, Robert A ^a  

^a Mayo Clinic   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3 (4 AMINO 1,3 DIHYDRO 1,3 DIOXO 2H ISOINDOL 2 YL)GLUTARIMIDE; ALKYLATING AGENT; ARSENIC TRIOXIDE; BETA 2 MICROGLOBULIN; BORTEZOMIB; CARMUSTINE; CISPLATIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CREATININE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; LENALIDOMIDE; M PROTEIN; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1ALPHA; MELPHALAN; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; OSTEOPROTEGERIN; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PREDNISONE; PROTEIN P53; SERUM ALBUMIN; THALIDOMIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCRISTINE; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

AMYLOIDOSIS; ANEMIA; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BONE PAIN; BRADYCARDIA; CATHETER INFECTION; CELL LABELING; CHROMOSOME 14Q; CHROMOSOME DELETION 13; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONSTIPATION; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CYTOPENIA; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIPLOIDY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DURIE SALMON STAGING; FATIGUE; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GENE MUTATION; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE BLOOD LEVEL; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MONOCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULINEMIA; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; NONMYELOABLATIVE STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PLASMA CELL; PLASMACYTOMA; PRECANCER; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS; RASH; RECURRENT INFECTION; RELAPSE; SOMNOLENCE; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; SURVIVAL TIME; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TERATOGENESIS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA;

EID: 25844477041     PISSN: 00256196     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4065/80.10.1371     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (131)

1. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Plasma cell disorders - In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2004:1184-1195.
2. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1163]. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1860-1873.
3. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, Larson DR, Plevak MF, Melton LJ III. Incidence of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: trend over 6 decades. Cancer. 2004;101:2667-2674.
4. Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:10-30.
5. Kyle RA, Gertz MA, Witzig TE, et al. Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2003;78:21-33.
6. Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL. Multiple myeloma: evolving genetic events and host interactions. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2:175-187.
7. Bergsagel PL, Kuehl WM. Chromosome translocations in multiple myeloma. Oncogene. 2001;20:5611-5622.
8. Fonseca R, Bailey RJ, Ahmann GJ, et al. Genomic abnormalities in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood. 2002;100: 1417-1424.
9. Seidl S, Kaufmann H, Brach J. New insights into the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2003;4:557-564.
10. Hideshima T, Anderson KC. Molecular mechanisms of novel therapeutic approaches for multiple myeloma. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2:927-937.
11. Rajkumar SV, Mesa RA, Fonseca R, et al. Bone marrow angiogenesis in 400 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, multiple myeloma, and primary amyloidosis. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:2210-2216.
12. Roodman GD. Role of the bone marrow microenvironment in multiple myeloma. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17:1921-1925.
13. Myeloma Trialists' Collaborative Group. Combination chemotherapy versus melphalan plus prednisone as treatment for multiple myeloma: an overview of 6,633 patients from 27 randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 1998; 16:3832-3842.
14. Attal M, Harousseau JL, Stoppa AM, et al, Intergroupe Francais du Myelome. A prospective, randomized trial of autologous bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335:91-97.
15. Child JA, Morgan GJ, Davies FE, et al, Medical Research Council Adult Leukaemia Working Party. High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem-cell rescue for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348:1875-1883.
16. Singhal S, Mehta J, Desikan R, et al. Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2000;342:364]. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1565-1571.
17. Richardson PG, Barlogie B, Berenson J, et al. A phase 2 study of bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2609-2617.
18. Richardson PG, Schlossman RL, Weller E, et al. Immunomodulatory drug CC-5013 overcomes drug resistance and is well tolerated in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2002;100:3063-3067.
19. Abraham RS, Clark RJ, Bryant SC, et al. Correlation of serum immunoglobulin free light chain quantification with urinary Bence Jones protein in light chain myeloma. Clin Chem. 2002;48:655-657.
20. Katzmann JA, Clark RJ, Abraham RS, et al. Serum reference intervals and diagnostic ranges for free kappa and free lambda immunoglobulin light chains: relative sensitivity for detection of monoclonal light chains. Clin Chem. 2002;48:1437-1444.
21. Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA. Conventional therapy and approach to management. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2005;18:585-601.
22. International Myeloma Working Group. Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:749-757.
23. Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, Fonseca R, et al. Thalidomide for previously untreated indolent or smoldering multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2001;15:1274-1276.
24. Kyle RA. Long-term survival in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:314-316.
25. Attal M, Payen C, Facon T, et al. Single versus double transplant in myeloma: a randomized trial of the "Inter Groupe Français du Myélome" (IFM) [abstract]. Blood. 1997;90(suppl 1):418a. Abstract 1859.
26. Barlogie B, Jagannath S, Desikan KR, et al. Total therapy with tandem transplants for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 1999;93:55-65.
27. Desikan R, Barlogie B, Sawyer J, et al. Results of high-dose therapy for 1000 patients with multiple myeloma: durable complete remissions and superior survival in the absence of chromosome 13 abnormalities. Blood. 2000;95: 4008-4010.
28. Durie BG, Salmon SE. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma: correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival. Cancer. 1975;36:842-854.
29. Kyle RA. Prognostic factors in multiple myeloma. Stem Cells. 1995; 13(suppl 2):56-63.
30. Rapoport BL, Falkson HC, Falkson G. Prognostic factors affecting the survival of patients with multiple myeloma: a retrospective analysis of 86 patients. S Afr Med J. 1991;79:65-67.
31. Greipp PR, San Miguel J, Durie BG, et al. International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3412-3420.
32. Rajkumar SV, Greipp PR. Prognostic factors in multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1999;13:1295-1314, xi.
33. Tricot G, Sawyer JR, Jagannath S, et al. Unique role of cytogenetics in the prognosis of patients with myeloma receiving high-dose therapy and autotransplants. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:2659-2666.
34. Fonseca R, Barlogie B, Bataille R, et al. Genetics and cytogenetics of multiple myeloma: a workshop report. Cancer Res. 2004;64:1546-1558.
35. Greipp PR. Prognosis in myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc. 1994;69:895-902.
36. Facon T, Avet-Loiseau H, Guillerm G, et al. Chromosome 13 abnormalities identified by FISH analysis and serum beta2-microglobulin produce a powerful myeloma staging system for patients receiving high-dose therapy. Blood. 2001;97:1566-1571.
37. Fassas AB, Spencer T, Sawyer J, et al. Both hypodiploidy and deletion of chromosome 13 independently confer poor prognosis in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2002;118:1041-1047.
38. Fonseca R, Blood E, Rue M, et al. Clinical and biologic implications of recurrent genomic aberrations in myeloma. Blood. 2003;101:4569-4575.
39. Harousseau JL, Attal M. The role of stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Blood Rev. 2002;16:245-253.
40. Greipp PR, Leong T, Bennett JM, et al. Plasmablastic morphology-an independent prognostic factor with clinical and laboratory correlates: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) myeloma trial E9486 report by the ECOG Myeloma Laboratory Group. Blood. 1998;91:2501-2507.
41. Greipp PR, Lust JA, O'Fallon WM, Katzmann JA, Witzig TE, Kyle RA. Plasma cell labeling index and beta 2-microglobulin predict survival independent of thymidine kinase and C-reactive protein in multiple myeloma. Blood. 1993;81:3382-3387.
42. Hjorth M, Hellquist L, Holmberg E, Magnusson B, Rodjer S, Westin J, Myeloma Group of Western Sweden. Initial versus deferred melphalan-prednisone therapy for asymptomatic multiple myeloma stage I-a randomized study. Eur J Haematol. 1993;50:95-102.
43. Grignani G, Gobbi PG, Formisano R, et al. A prognostic index for multiple myeloma. Br J Cancer. 1996;73:1101-1107.
44. Rajkumar SV, Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, et al. Thalidomide as initial therapy for early-stage myeloma. Leukemia. 2003;17:775-779.
45. Weber D, Rankin K, Gavino M, Delasalle K, Alexanian R. Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:16-19.
46. Rajkumar SV, Blood E, Vesole DH, Shepard R, Greipp PR. Thalidomide plus dexamethasone versus dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (E1A00): results of a phase III trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [abstract]. Blood. 2004;104(11, pt 1):63a. Abstract 205.
47. Palumbo A, Bertola A, Musto P, et al. A prospective randomized trial of oral melphalan, prednisone, thalidomide (MPT) vs oral melphalan, prednisone (MP): an interim analysis [abstract]. Blood. 2004;104(11, pt 1):63a. Abstract 207.
48. 2 (MEL100) for newly diagnosed myeloma patients aged 65-75 years: interim analysis of the IFM 99-06 Trial on 350 patients [abstract]. Blood. 2004:104(11, pt 1):63a. Abstract 206.
49. Attal M, Harousseau JL, Leyvraz L, et al. Maintenance treatment with thalidomide after autologous transplantation for myeloma: second analysis of a prospective randomized study of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome (IFM 99 02) [abstract]. Haematologica. 2005;90(suppl 1):17. Abstract PL4.01.
50. Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, Schuster MW, et al. Assessment of Proteasome Inhibition for Extending Remissions (APEX) Investigators. Bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2487-2498.
51. Dimopoulos M, Weber D, Chen C, et al. Evaluating oral lenalidomide (Revlimid-) and dexamethasone versus placebo and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma [abstract]. Haematologica. 2005;90(suppl 2):160. Abstract 0402.
52. Goldschmidt H, Hegenbart U, Wallmeier M, Hohaus S, Haas R. Factors influencing collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells following high-dose cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 1997;98:736-744.
53. Alexanian R, Dimopoulos MA, Delasalle K, Barlogie B. Primary dexamethasone treatment of multiple myeloma. Blood. 1992;80:887-890.
54. Rajkumar SV, Hayman S, Gertz MA, et al. Combination therapy with thalidomide plus dexamethasone for newly diagnosed myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:4319-4323.
55. Ghobrial IM, Dispenzieri A, Bundy KL, et al. Effect of thalidomide on stem cell collection and engraftment in patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;32:587-592.
56. Alexanian R, Barlogie B, Tucker S. VAD-based regimens as primary treatment for multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol. 1990;33:86-89.
57. Cavo M, Zamagni E, Tosi P, et al. Superiority of thalidomide and dexamethasone over vincristine-doxorubicindexamethasone (VAD) as primary therapy in preparation for autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2005;106:35-39.
58. Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: the death of VAD as initial therapy. Blood. 2005;106:2-3.
59. Richardson PG, Chanan-Khan A, Schlossman RL, et al. Phase II trial of single agent bortezomib (VELCADE®) in patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma (MM) [abstract]. Blood. 2004;104(11, pt 1):100a. Abstract 336.
60. Rajkumar SV, Hayman SR, Lacy MQ, et al. Combination therapy with CC-5013 (lenalidomide; Revlimid™) plus dexamethasone (Rev/Dex) for newly diagnosed myeloma (MM) [abstract]. Blood. 2004;104(11, pt 1):98a. Abstract 331.
61. Jagannath S, Brian D, Wolf JL, et al. A phase 2 study of bortezomib as first-line therapy in patients with multiple myeloma [abstract]. Blood. 2004;104(11, pt 1):98a-99a. Abstract 333.
62. Alexanian R, Wang LM, Weber DM, Delasalle KB. VTD (velcade, thalidomide, dexamethasone) as primary therapy for newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma [abstract]. Blood. 2004;104(11, pt 1):64a. Abstract 210.
63. Rajkumar SV, Fonseca R, Lacy MQ, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation for relapsed and primary refractory myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999;23:1267-1272.
64. Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Inwards DJ, et al. Early harvest and late transplantation as an effective therapeutic strategy in multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999;23:221-226.
65. Rajkumar SV, Gertz MA, Kyle RA, Greipp PR, Mayo Clinic Myeloma, Amyloid, and Dysproteinemia Group. Current therapy for multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77:813-822.
66. Blade J, Vesole DH, Gertz M. High-dose therapy in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2003;102:3469-3470.
67. Kumar A, Loughran T, Alsina M, Durie BG, Djulbegovic B. Management of multiple myeloma: a systematic review and critical appraisal of published studies. Lancet Oncol. 2003;4:293-304.
68. 2 melphalan as conditioning regimens for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: final analysis of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome 9502 randomized trial. Blood. 2002;99:731-735.
69. Bensinger W, Giralt S, Holmberg L, et al. 166H0-DOTMP and high-dose melphalan before autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma [abstract]. Hematol J. 2003;4(suppl 1):S215-S216.
70. Dispenzieri A, Wiseman GA, Lacy MQ, et al. A phase II study of high dose 153-samarium EDTMP (153-Sm EDMTP) and melphalan for peripheral stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) in multiple myeloma (MM) [abstract]. Blood. 2003;102(11, pt 1):982a. Abstract 3656.
71. Fermand JP, Ravaud P, Chevret S, et al. High-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: upfront or rescue treatment? results of a multicenter sequential randomized clinical trial. Blood. 1998;92:3131-3136.
72. Facon T, Mary JY, Harousseau JL, et al, Intergroupe Français du Myélome (IFM). Front-line or rescue autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) following a first course of high dose melphalan (HDM) in multiple myeloma (MM): preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial (CIAM protocol) [abstract]. Blood. 1996;88(suppl 1):685a. Abstract 2729.
73. 2 + TBI 12 Gy autotransplants versus standard dose therapy with VBMCP and no benefit from interferon (IFN) maintenance: results of Intergroup Trial S9321 [abstract]. Blood. 2003;102(11, pt 1):42a. Abstract 135.
74. Bladé J, Sureda A, Ribera JM, et al. High-dose therapy autotransplantation/intensification versus continued conventional chemotherapy in multiple myeloma patients responding to initial chemotherapy: definitive results from PETHEMA after a median follow-up of 66 months [abstract]. Blood. 2003;102(11, pt 1):42a-43a. Abstract 137.
75. Blade J, Esteve J. Treatment approaches for relapsing and refractory multiple myeloma. Acta Oncol. 2000;39:843-847.
76. Barlogie B, Jagannath S, Vesole DH, et al. Superiority of tandem autologous transplantation over standard therapy for previously untreated multiple myeloma. Blood. 1997;89:789-793.
77. Attal M, Harousseau JL, Facon T, et al, InterGroupe Francophone du Myélome. Single versus double autologous stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2628]. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2495-2502.
78. Cavo M, Cellini C, Zamagni E, et al. Superiority of double over single autologous stem cell transplantation as first-line therapy for multiple myeloma [abstract]. Blood. 2004;104(11, pt 1):155a-156a. Abstract 536.
79. Fermand JP, Alberti C, Marolleau JP. Single versus tandem high dose therapy (HDT) supported with autologous blood stem cell (ABSC) transplantation using unselected or CD34-enriched ABSC: results of a two by two designed randomized trial in 230 young patients with multiple myeloma (MM) [abstract]. Hematol J. 2003;4(suppl 1):S59.
80. Goldschmidt H. Single vs. tandem autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma: the GMMG experience [abstract]. Hematol J. 2003;4(suppl 1):S61.
81. Sirohi B, Powles R, Singhal S, et al. High-dose melphalan and second autografts for myeloma relapsing after one autograft: results equivalent to tandem autotransplantation [abstract]. Blood. 2001;98(11, pt 1):402a. Abstract 1690.
82. Mehta J, Singhal S. Graft-versus-myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998;22:835-843.
83. Gahrton G, Svensson H, Cavo M, et al, European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Progress in allogenic bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: a comparison between transplants performed 1983-93 and 1994-8 at European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation centres. Br J Haematol. 2001;113:209-216.
84. Einsele H, Schafer HJ, Hebart H, et al. Follow-up of patients with progressive multiple myeloma undergoing allografts after reduced-intensity conditioning. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:411-418.
85. Maloney DG, Sahebi F, Stockerl-Goldstein KE, et al. Combining an allogeneic graft-vs-myeloma effect with high-dose autologous stem cell rescue in the treatment of multiple myeloma [abstract]. Blood. 2001;98:434a-435a. Abstract 1822.
86. Bensinger WI, Maloney DM, Sandmaier B, Storb R. Non-myeloablative allogeneic transplant strategies for the treatment of multiple myeloma [abstract]. Hematol J. 2003;4(suppl 1):S68-S69.
87. Myeloma Trialists' Collaborative Group. Interferon as therapy for multiple myeloma: an individual patient data overview of 24 randomized trials and 4012 patients. Br J Haematol. 2001;113:1020-1034.
88. Berenson JR, Crowley JJ, Grogan TM, et al. Maintenance therapy with alternate-day prednisone improves survival in multiple myeloma patients. Blood. 2002;99:3163-3168.
89. Moreau P, Garban F, Facon T, et al. Preliminary results of the IFM9903 and IFM9904 protocols comparing autologous followed by miniallogeneic transplantation and double autologous transplant in high-risk de novo multiple myeloma [abstract]. Blood. 2003;102(11, pt 1):43a. Abstract 138.
90. Alexanian R, Barlogie B, Dixon D. High-dose glucocorticoid treatment of resistant myeloma. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:8-11.
91. Gertz MA, Garton JP, Greipp PR, Witzig TE, Kyle RA. A phase II study of high-dose methylprednisolone in refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 1995;9:2115-2118.
92. Barlogie B, Spencer T, Tricot G, et al. Long term follow up of 169 patients receiving a phase II trial of single agent thalidomide for advanced and refractory multiple myeloma (MM) [abstract]. Blood. 2000;96(11, pt 1):514a. Abstract 2213.
93. Dimopoulos MA, Anagnostopoulos A, Weber D. Treatment of plasma cell dyscrasias with thalidomide and its derivatives. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21: 4444-4454
94. Kumar S, Witzig TE, Rajkumar SV. Thalidomide: current role in the treatment of non-plasma cell malignancies [published correction appears in J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2973]. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2477-2488.
95. Richardson P, Schlossman R, Jagannath S, et al. Thalidomide for patients with relapsed multiple myeloma after high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation: results of an open-label multicenter phase 2 study of efficacy, toxicity, and biological activity. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:875-882.
96. Kumar S, Gertz MA, Dispenzieri A, et al. Response rate, durability of response, and survival after thalidomide therapy for relapsed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:34-39.
97. Juliusson G, Celsing F, Turesson I, Adriansson M, Malm C. Thalidomide frequently induces good partial remission and best response ever in patients with advanced myeloma and prior high dose melphalan and autotransplant [abstract]. Blood. 1999;94(suppl 1):124a. Abstract 546.
98. Anagnostopoulos A, Weber D, Rankin K, Delasalle K, Alexanian R. Thalidomide and dexamethasone for resistant multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:768-771.
99. Dimopoulos MA, Hamilos G, Zomas A, et al. Pulsed-cyclophosphamide, thalidomide and dexamethasone: an oral regimen for previously treated patients with multiple myeloma. Hematol J. 2004;5:112-117.
100. Garcia-Sanz R, Gonzalez-Fraile MI, Sierra M, Lopez C, Gonzalez M, San Miguel JF. The combination of thalidomide, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (ThaCyDex) is feasible and can be an option for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Hematol J. 2002;3:43-48.
101. Kropff MH, Lang N, Bisping G, et al. Hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide in combination with pulsed dexamethasone and thalidomide (HyperCDT) in primary refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2003;122:607-616.
102. Coleman M, Leonard J, Lyons L, et al. BLT-D (clarithromycin [Biaxin], low-dose thalidomide, and dexamethasone) for the treatment of myeloma and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2002;43:1777-1782.
103. Zeldis JB, Williams BA, Thomas SD, Elsayed ME. S.T.E.P.S.: a comprehensive program for controlling and monitoring access to thalidomide. Clin Ther. 1999;21:319-330.
104. Barlogie B, Desikan R, Eddlemon P, et al. Extended survival in advanced and refractory multiple myeloma after single-agent thalidomide: identification of prognostic factors in a phase 2 study of 169 patients. Blood. 2001; 98:492-494.
105. Osman K, Comenzo R, Rajkumar SV. Deep venous thrombosis and thalidomide therapy for multiple myeloma [letter]. N Engl J Med. 2001;344: 1951-1952.
106. Zangari M, Anaissie E, Barlogie B, et al. Increased risk of deep-vein thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma receiving thalidomide and chemotherapy. Blood. 2001;98:1614-1615.
107. Zangari M, Siegel E, Barlogie B, et al. Thrombogenic activity of doxorubicin in myeloma patients receiving thalidomide: implications for therapy. Blood. 2002;100:1168-1171.
108. Ghobrial IM, Rajkumar SV. Management of thalidomide toxicity. J Support Oncol. 2003;1:194-205.
109. Adams J. Proteasome inhibitors as new anticancer drugs. Curr Opin Oncol. 2002;14:628-634.
110. Rajkumar SV, Richardson PG, Hideshima T, Anderson KC. Proteasome inhibition as a novel therapeutic target in human cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:630-639.
111. Berenson JR, Jagannath S, Barlogie B, et al, SUMMIT/CREST Investigators. Experience with long-term therapy using the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, in advanced multiple myeloma (MM) [abstract]. Program Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22:581. Abstract 2337.
112. Orlowski RZ, Voorhees PM, Garcia R, et al. Phase I study of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with refractory hematologic malignancies [abstract]. Program Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22:200. Abstract 801.
113. Zangari M, Tricot G, Zeldis J, Eddlemon P, Saghafifar F, Barlogie B. Results of phase I study of CC-5013 for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) patients who relapse after high dose chemotherapy (HDCT) [abstract]. Blood. 2001;98(11, pt 1):775a. Abstract 3226.
114. Richardson PG, Jagannath S, Schlossman R, et al. A multi-center, randomized, phase 2 study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 2 CDC-5013 dose regimens when used alone or in combination with dexamethasone (Dex) for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM) [abstract]. Blood. 2003;102(11, pt 1):235a. Abstract 825.
115. Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Podar K, Schlossman RL, Richardson P, Anderson KC. Novel therapies targeting the myeloma cell and its bone marrow microenvironment. Semin Oncol. 2001;28:607-612.
116. Munshi NC. Arsenic trioxide: an emerging therapy for multiple myeloma. Oncologist. 2001;6(suppl 2):17-21.
117. Streetly M, Jones RW, Knight R, et al. An update of the use and outcomes of the new immunomodulatory agent CC-4047 (Actimid) in patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma [abstract]. Blood. 2003;102(11, pt 1):236a. Abstract 829.
118. Gucalp R, Theriault R, Gill I, et al. Treatment of cancer-associated hypercalcemia: double-blind comparison of rapid and slow intravenous infusion regimens of pamidronate disodium and saline alone. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1935-1944.
119. Major P, Lortholary A, Hon J, et al. Zoledronic acid is superior to pamidronate in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy: a pooled analysis of two randomized, controlled clinical trials. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:558-567.
120. Berenson JR, Lichtenstein A, Porter L, et al, Myeloma Aredia Study Group. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:488-493.
121. Berenson JR, Rosen LS, Howell A, et al. Zoledronic acid reduces skeletal-related events in patients with osteolytic metastases. [published correction appears in Cancer. 2001;91:1956]. Cancer. 2001;91:1191-1200.
122. Rosen LS, Gordon D, Kaminski M, et al. Zoledronic acid versus pamidronate in the treatment of skeletal metastases in patients with breast cancer or osteolytic lesions of multiple myeloma: a phase III, double-blind, comparative trial. Cancer J. 2001;7:377-387.
123. Berenson JR, Hillner BE, Kyle RA, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines: the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:3719-3736.
124. Fourney DR, Schomer DF, Nader R, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for painful vertebral body fractures in cancer patients. J Neurosurg. 2003;98(1, suppl):21-30.
125. Yussim E, Schwartz E, Sidi Y, Ehrenfeld M. Acute renal failure precipitated by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol. 1998;58:142-144.
126. Wu MJ, Kumar KS, Kulkarni G, Kaiser H. Multiple myeloma in naproxen-induced acute renal failure. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:170-171.
127. Johnson WJ, Kyle RA, Pineda AA, O'Brien PC, Holley KE. Treatment of renal failure associated with multiple myeloma: plasmapheresis, hemodialysis, and chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:863-869.
128. Garton JP, Gertz MA, Witzig TE, et al. Epoetin alfa for the treatment of the anemia of multiple myeloma: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:2069-2074.
129. Dammacco F, Castoldi G, Rodjer S. Efficacy of epoetin alfa in the treatment of anaemia of multiple myeloma [published correction appears in Br J Haematol. 2001;114:738]. Br J Haematol: 2001;113:172-179.
130. Oken MM, Pomeroy C, Weisdorf D, Bennett JM. Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of early infection in multiple myeloma. Am J Med. 1996; 100:624-628.
131. Gertz MA, Kyle RA. Hyperviscosity syndrome. J Intensive Care Med. 1995;10:128-141.