Multiple Myeloma: Clinical Review and Diagnostic Imaging

Radiology

Volumn 231, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 11-23

  Angtuaco, Edgardo J C ^a   Fassas, Athanasios B T ^b   Walker, Ronald ^a   Sethi, Rajesh ^a   Barlogie, Bart ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Bone marrow, diseases; Bones, CT; Bones, MR; Myeloma; Review

Indexed keywords

PARAPROTEIN;

BONE LESION; BONE MARROW BIOPSY; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER REGRESSION; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHROMOSOME DELETION 13; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CYTOGENETICS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; GENE IDENTIFICATION; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGING SYSTEM; IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION; MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARAMETER; PLASMA CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SAMPLING; SKELETON RADIOGRAPHY; SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION; SURVIVAL RATE; TUMOR BIOPSY; VERTEBRA FRACTURE;

B-LYMPHOCYTES; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEOPLASM STAGING; UNITED STATES;

EID: 1642264308     PISSN: 00338419     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2311020452     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Blade J, Kyle RA, Greipp PR. Multiple myeloma in patients younger than 30 years: report of 10 cases and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:1463-1468.
2. Hallek M, Bergsagel PF, Anderson KC. Multiple myeloma: increasing evidence for a multistep transformation process. Blood 1998; 91:3-21.
3. Klein B, Bataille R. Cytokine network in human multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992; 6:273-284.
4. Niesvizky R, Warrell RP. Pathophysiology and management of bone disease in multiple myeloma. Cancer Invest 1997; 15: 85-90.
5. Buxbaum J. Mechanisms of disease: monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition-amyloidosis, light chain deposition disease, and light and heavy chain deposition disease. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992; 6:323-346.
6. Kyle RA. Multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders. In: Hoffman R, ed. Hematology: basic principles and practice. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995; 1354.
7. Kyle R. Diagnostic criteria of multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992; 6:347-358.
8. Durie BG, Salmon SE. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma: correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment and survival. Cancer 1975; 36:842-854.
9. Barlogie B, Epstein J, Selvanayagam P, Alexanian R. Plasma cell myeloma: new biological insights and advances in therapy. Blood 1989; 73:865-879.
10. Durie BG, Stock-Novack D, Salmon SE, et al. Prognostic value of pretreatment serum beta 2 microglobulin in myeloma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 1990; 75:823-830.
11. Bataille R, Boccadora M, Klein B, et al. C-reactive protein and beta 2 microglobulin produce a simple and powerful myeloma staging system. Blood 1992; 80: 733-737.
12. Drewinko B, Alexanian R, Boyer H, et al. The growth factor of human myeloma cells. Blood 1981; 57:333-338.
13. Greipp PR, Lust JA, O'Fallon WM, et al. Plasma cell labeling index and beta 2 microglobulin predict survival independent of thymidine kinase and C-reactive protein in multiple myeloma. Blood 1993; 81:3382-3387.
14. Dimopoulos MA, Barlogie B, Smith TL, Alexanian R. High serum lactate dehydrogenase level as a marker for drug resistance and short survival in multiple myeloma. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115:931-935.
15. Sawyer JR, Waldron JA, Jagannath S, Barlogie B. Cytogenetic findings in 200 patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1995; 82:41-49.
16. Tricot G, Sawyer JR, Jagannath S, et al. Unique role of cytogenetics in the prognosis of patients with myeloma receiving high-dose therapy and auto-transplants. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:2659-2666.
17. Tricot G, Barlogie B, Jagannath S, et al. Poor prognosis in multiple myeloma is associated only with partial or complete deletions of chromosome 13 or abnormalities involving 11q and not with other karyotype abnormalities. Blood 1995; 86:4250-4256.
18. Jantunen E, Laakso M. Biophosphonates in multiple myeloma: current status; future perspectives. Br J Haematol 1996; 93: 501-506.
19. Roodman GD. Cell biology of the osteoclast. Exp Hematol 1999; 27:1229-1241.
20. Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, et al. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 1998; 93:165-176.
21. Tricot G. New insights into role of microenviroment in multiple myeloma. Lancet 2000; 355:248-249.
22. Berenson JR, Lichtenstein A, Porter L, et al. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Myeloma Aredia Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:488-493.
23. Aparicio A, Gardner A, Tu Y, Savage A, et al. In vitro cytoreductive effects on multiple myeloma cells induced by bisphosphonates. Leukemia 1998; 12:220-229.
24. Berenson JR, Lichtenstein A, Porter L, et al. Long-term pamidronate treatment of advanced multiple myeloma patients reduces skeletal events. Myeloma Aredia Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:593-602.
25. Angtuaco EJ, Moulopoulos LA, Hronas T, Avva R. Imaging studies. In: Mehta J, Singhal S, eds. Myeloma. London, England: Dunitz, 2002; 297-309.
26. Moulopoulos L, Dimopoulos M. Magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow in hematologic malignancies. Blood 1997; 90:2127-2147.
27. Dimopoulos M, Moulopoulos L, Datseris I, et al. Imaging of myeloma bone disease. Acta Oncol 2000; 39:823-827.
28. Lecouvet F, Vande Berg B, Malghem J, Maldague B. Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple myeloma. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2001; 5:43-55.
29. Vande Berg B, Lecouvet F, Michaux L, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow in hematological malignancies. Eur Radiol 1998; 8:1335-1344.
30. Kusumoto S, Jinnai I, Itoh K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging patterns in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 1997; 99:649-655.
31. Schirrmeister H, Bommer M, Buck AK, et al. Initial results in the assessment of multiple myeloma using F-18 FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002; 29: 361-366.
32. Greenspan A. Malignant bone tumors II. In: Greenspan A, ed. Orthopedic radiology: a practical approach. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000; 697-700.
33. Lecouvet FE, Malghem J, Michaux L, et al. Skeletal survey in advanced multiple myeloma: radiographic versus magnetic resonance imaging survey. Br J Haematol 1999; 106:35-39.
34. Hubner KF, Andrews GA, Hayes RL, Poggenburg JK, Solomon A. The use of rare-earth radionuclides and other bone-seekers in the evaluation of bone lesions in patients with multiple myeloma or solitary plasmacytoma. Radiology 1977; 125:171-176.
35. Wahner HW, Kyle RA, Beabout JW. Scintigraphic evaluation of the skeleton in multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 1980; 55:739-746.
36. Mahnken AH, Wildberger JE, Gehbauer G, et al. Multidetector CT of the spine in multiple myeloma: comparison with MR imaging and radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 178:1429-1436.
37. Avva R, Vanhemert R, Barlogie B, et al. CT-guided biopsy of focal lesions in patients with multiple myeloma may reveal new and more aggressive cytogenetic abnormalities. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001; 22:781-785.
38. Scutellari PN, Spanedda R, Feggi LM, Cervi PM. The value and limitations of total body scan in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma: a comparison with conventional skeletal radiography. Haematologica 1985; 70:136-142.
39. Woolfenden JM, Pitt MJ, Durie BGM, Moon TE. Comparison of bone scintigraphy and radiology in multiple myeloma. Radiology 1980; 134:723-728.
40. Ampil FL, Mills GM. Bone scintigraphy in plasma cell myeloma. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 1999; 9:59-60.
41. Shuke N, Okizaki A, Yamamoto W, Usui K, Aburano T. Accumulation of Tc-99m HMDP in extramedullary plasmacytoma of the stomach. Clin Nucl Med 2001; 26: 354-355.
42. Van Antwerp JD, O'Mara R, Pitt M, Walsh S. Technetium-99m-diphosphonate accumulation in amyloid. J Nucl Med 1975; 16:238-240.
43. Kanoh T, Ohno T, Uehino H, Amamoto I, Torizuka K. Avid uptake of 67-Ga in multiple myeloma. An additional indicator of the aggressive phase. Clin Nucl Med 1987; 12:482-484.
44. Roach PJ, Arthur CK. Comparison of thallium-201 and gallium-67 scintigraphy in soft tissue and bone marrow multiple myeloma: a case report. Australas Radiol 1997; 41:67-69.
45. De Rosa G, Pezzulo L, Del Vecchio S. Avid (67)Ga uptake in multiple myeloma relapsing after bone marrow transplant. Haematologica 2000; 85:764.
46. Lin WY, Wang SJ. Ga-67 scan findings in bone marrow involvement with plasmablastic myeloma and corresponding Tc-99m MIBI images. Clin Nucl Med 2001; 26:963.
47. Ishibashi M, Nonoshita M, Uchida M, et al. Bone marrow uptake of thallium-201 before and after therapy in multiple myeloma. J Nucl Med 1998; 39:473-475.
48. Watanabe N, Shimizu M, Kageyama M, et al. Multiple myeloma evaluated with 201Tl scintigraphy compared with bone scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 1999; 40:1138-1142.
49. Tirovola EB, Biassoni L, Britton KE, Kaleva N, Kouykin V, Malpas JS. The use of 99m-Tc-MIBI scanning in multiple myeloma. Br J Cancer 1996; 74:1815-1820.
50. Pace L, Catalano L, Pinto A, et al. Different patterns of technetium-99m sestamibi uptake in multiple myeloma. Eur J Nucl Med 1998; 25:714-720.
51. Fonti R, Del Vecchio S, Zannetti A, et al. Bone marrow uptake of 99m-Tc-MIBI in patients with multiple myeloma. Eur J Nucl Med 2001; 28:214-220.
52. Piwnica-Worms D, Holman L. Noncardiac applications of hexakis(alkylisonitril) 99m-Tc complexes. J Nucl Med 1990; 31:1166-1167.
53. Chiu ML, Kronauge JF, Piwnica-Worms D, et al. Effect of mitrochondrial and plasma membrane potentials on accumulation of hexakis(2-methoxyisobutylisonitril) technetium in cultured mouse fibroblast. J Nucl Med 1990; 31:1646-1653.
54. Piwnica-Worms D, Chiu ML, Budding M, Kronauge JF, Kramer RA, Croop JM. Functional imaging of multidrug resistant p-glycoprotein with an organotechnetium complex. Cancer Res 1993; 53:977-984.
55. Piwnica-Worms D, Rao VV, Kronauge JF, Croop JM. Characterization of multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein transport function with an organotechnetium cation. Biochemistry 1995; 34:12210-12220.
56. Moretti JL, Cordobes MD, Starzec A, et al. Involvement of glutathione in loss of technetium-99m-MIBI accumulation related to membrane MDR protein expression in tumor cells. J Nucl Med 1998; 39:1214-1218.
57. Vecchio SD, Ciarmiello A, Potena MI, et al. In vivo detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR1) phenotype by 99m-Tc-sestamibi scan in untreated breast cancer patients. Eur J Nucl Med 1997; 24:150-159.
58. Sasaki M, Ichiya Y, Kuwabara Y, et al. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in technetium-99m-hydroxymethylenediphosphate negative bone tumors. J Nucl Med 1993; 34:288-290.
59. El-Shirbiny AM, Yeung H, Imbriaco M, Michaeli J, Macapinlac H, Larson SM. Technetium-99m-MIBI versus fluorine-18-FDG in diffuse multiple myeloma. J Nucl Med 1997; 38:1208-1210.
60. Edwards GK, Santoro J, Taylor A Jr. Use of bone scintigraphy to select patients with multiple myeloma for treatment with strontium-89. J Nucl Med 1994; 35:1992-1993.
61. Lecouvet F, Richard F, Vande Berg B, et al. Long term effects of localized spinal radiation therapy on vertebral fractures and focal lesions appearance in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 1997; 96:743-745.
62. Walker RE, Eustace SJ. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging: techniques, clinical indications, and future applications. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2001; 5:5-19.
63. Vogler JB, Murphy WA. Bone marrow imaging. Radiology 1988; 168:679-693.
64. Weinreb JC. M imaging of bone marrow. Radiology 1990; 177:23-24.
65. Rahmouni A, Divine M, Mathieu D, et al. Detection of multiple myeloma involving the spine: efficacy of fat-suppression and contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 160:1049-1052.
66. Golfieri R, Baddely H, Pringle J, et al. The role of the STIR sequence in magnetic resonance imaging examination of bone tumours. Br J Radiol 1990; 63:251-256.
67. Mirowitz SA, Apicella P, Reims WR, et al. MR imaging of bone marrow lesions: relative conspicuousness on T1-weighted, fat-suppressed T2-weighted and STIR images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994; 162: 215-221.
68. Angtuaco EJ, Robbins MB, Angtuaco EE, et al. Prospective analysis of STIR and fat-suppressed fast spin echo imaging in the evaluation of bone marrow disorders (abstr). Radiology 1992; 185(P):195.
69. Moore SG, Dawson KL. Red and yellow marrow in the femur: age-related changes in appearance at MR imaging. Radiology 1990; 175:219-223.
70. Ricci C, Cova M, Kang Y, et al. Normal age-related patterns of cellular and fatty bone marrow distribution in the axial skeleton: MR imaging study. Radiology 1990; 177:83-88.
71. Moulopoulos LA, Varma DG, Dimopoulos MA. Multiple myeloma: spinal MR imaging in patients with untreated newly diagnosed disease. Radiology 1992; 185: 833-840.
72. Tertti R, Alanen A, Remes K. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in screening myeloma lesions of the lumbar spine. Br J Haematol 1995; 91:658-660.
73. Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos LA, Smith TL, et al. Risk of disease progression in asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Am J Med 1993; 94:57-61.
74. Weber DM, Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos LA, et al. Prognostic features of asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 1997; 97:810-814.
75. Van de Berg BC, Lecouvet FE, Michaux L, et al. Stage 1 multiple myeloma: value of MR imaging of the bone marrow in the determination of prognosis. Radiology 1996; 201:243-246.
76. Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA, Smith TL, et al. Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13:251-256.
77. Lecouvet FE, Vande Berg B, Michaux L. Stage III myeloma: clinical and prognostic value of spinal bone marrow MR imaging. Radiology 1998; 209:653-660.
78. Rahmouni A, Divine M, Mathieu D, et al. MR appearance of multiple myeloma before and after treatment. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 160:1053-1057.
79. Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA, Alexanian R, et al. Multiple myeloma: MR patterns of response to treatment. Radiology 1994; 193:441-446.
80. Lecouvet FE, Dechambre S, Malghem J, et al. Bone marrow transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma: prognostic significance of MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176:91-96.
81. Angtuaco EJ, Avva R, Munshi CN, et al. MR skeletal survey of the axial skeleton: a predictor of patient survival in multiple myeloma? (abstr). Radiology 1999; 213(P):294.
82. Lecouvet FE, Vande Berg BC, Maldague BE, et al. Vertebral compression fractures in multiple myeloma. I. Distribution and appearance at MR imaging. Radiology 1997; 204:195-199.
83. Moulopoulos LA, Yoshimitsu K, Johnston DA, et al. MR prediction of benign and malignant vertebral compression fractures. J Magn Reson Imaging 1996; 6:667-674.
84. Angtuaco EJ, Justus M, Sethi R, et al. Analysis of compression fractures in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma on comprehensive therapy (abstr). Radiology 2001; 221(P):138.
85. Lecouvet FE, Malghem J, Michaux L, et al. Vertebral compression fractures in multiple myeloma. II. Assessment of fracture risk with MR imaging of spinal bone marrow. Radiology 1997; 204:201-205.
86. Cotten A, Dewatre F, Cortet B, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteolytic metastases and myeloma: effect of the percentage of lesion filling and the leakage of methacrylate at clinical follow-up. Radiology 1996; 200:525-530.
87. Theodorou DJ, Theodorou SJ, Duncan TD, et al. Percutaneous kyphoplasty for the correction of spinal deformity in painful vertebral body compression fractures. Clin Imaging 2002; 26:1-5.
88. Fassas A, Muwalla F, Berryman T, et al. Myeloma of the central nervous system: association with high-risk chromosomal abnormalities, plasmablastic morphology and extramedullary manifestations. Br J Haematol 2002; 117:103-108.
89. Kyle RA. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and solitary plasmacytoma: implications for progression to overt multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1997; 11:71-87.
90. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. A long term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:564-569.
91. Vande Berg BC, Lecouvet FE, Michaux L, et al. Nonmyelomatous monoclonal gammopathy: correlation of bone marrow MR images with laboratory findings and spontaneous clinical outcome. Radiology 1997; 202:247-251.
92. Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos LA, Maniatis A, Alexanian R. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Blood 2000; 96:2037-2044.
93. Alexanian R. Localized and indolent myeloma. Blood 1980; 56:521-525.
94. Jackson A, Scarffe JH. Prognostic significance of osteopenia and immunoparesis at presentation in patients with solitary myeloma of bone. Eur J Cancer 1990; 26: 363-371.
95. Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA, Weber D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the staging of solitary plasmacytoma of bone. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11:1311-1315.
96. Mathieu D, Rahmouni A, Divine M, et al. MR imaging of the spine in presumed solitary plasmacytoma (abstr). Radiology 1993; 189(P):119.
97. Liebross RH, Ha CS, Cox JD, et al. Solitary bone plasmacytoma: outcome and prognostic factors following radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 41:1063-1067.
98. Barlogie B. High-dose therapy and innovative approaches to treatment of multiple myeloma. Semin Hematol 2001; 38:21-27.