Epidemiology of chronic pain with psychological comorbidity: Prevalence, risk, course, and prognosis

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 53, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 224-234

  Tunks, Eldon R ^a,b,c   Crook, Joan ^a   Weir, Robin ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b HAMILTON HEALTH SCIENCES   (Canada)

^c Chedoke Rehabilitation Center   (Canada)

Author keywords

Chronic pain prevalence; Course and prognosis; Disease outcome predictors; Psychological comorbidity; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; OPIATE;

CHRONIC PAIN; COMORBIDITY; COMPENSATION; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; UNEMPLOYMENT;

EID: 45249084338     PISSN: 07067437     EISSN: 14970015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/070674370805300403     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Tunks ER, Weir R, Crook J. Epidemiologic perspective on chronic pain treatment. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53(4):235-242.
2. Merskey H, Bogduk N, editors. Classification of chronic pain. 2nd ed. Seattle (WA): IASP Press; 1994. p 209-214
3. Crook J, Tunks E, Rideout E, et al. Epidemiologic comparison of persistent pain sufferers in a specialty clinic and in the community. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67:451-455.
4. Birse TM, Lander J. Prevalence of chronic pain. Can J Public Health. 1998;89:129-131.
5. Millar WJ. Chronic pain. Health Reports. 1996;7(4):47-53. Statistics Canada, Cat No 82-003. Available from [in printed form by interlibrary loan from Statistics Canada]: http://www.statcan.ca .
6. Adamson G, Murphy S, Shevlin M, et al. Profiling schoolchildren in pain and associated demographic and behavioral factors: a latent class approach. Pain. 2007;129:295-303.
7. van Dijk A, McGrath PA, Pickett W, et al. Pain prevalence in nine to 13-year-old children. Pain Res Management. 2006;11:234-240.
8. Magni G, Caldieron C, Rigatti-Luchini S, et al. Chronic musculoskeletal pain and depressive symptoms in the general population: an analysis of the 1st National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Pain. 1990;43:299-307.
9. VanDenKerkhof EG, Hopman WM, Towheed TE, et al. The impact of sampling and measurement on the prevalence of self-reported pain in Canada. Pain Res Manage. 2003;8:157-163.
10. Côté P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L. The Saskatchewan health and back pain survey. The prevalence of neck pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine. 1998;23:1689-1698.
11. Cassidy JD, Carroll L, Côté P. The Saskatchewan health and back pain survey. The prevalence of low back pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine. 1998;23:1860-1866.
12. Moulin DE, Clark AJ, Speechley M, et al. Chronic pain in Canada - prevalence, treatment, impact and the role of opioid analgesia. Pain Res Manage. 2002;7:179-184.
13. Boulanger A, Clark AJ, Squire P, et al. Chronic pain in Canada: have we improved our management of chronic noncancer pain? Pain Res Manage. 2007;12:39-47.
14. Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, et al. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. European J Pain. 2006;10:287-333.
15. Tripp DA, VanDenKerkhof EG, McAlister M. Prevalence and determinants of pain and pain-related disability in urban and rural settings in southeastern Ontario. Pain Res Manage. 2006;11:225-233.
16. Von Korff M, Crane P, Lane M, et al. Chronic spinal pain and physical-mental comorbidity in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Pain. 2005;113:331-339.
17. Blyth FM, March LM, Brnabic AJM, et al. Chronic pain and frequent use of health care. Pain. 2004; 111:51-58.
18. Scholten-Peeters GGM, Verhagen AP, Bekkering GE, et al. Prognostic factors of whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Pain. 2003;104:303-322.
19. Pengel LHM, Herbert RD, Maher CG, et al. Acute low back pain: systematic review of its prognosis [Internet]. BMJ. 2003;327(7410):323 [cited 2007 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/327/7410/0-d.
20. Papageorgiou A, Silman AJ, Macfarlane GJ. Chronic widespread pain in the population: a seven year follow-up study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61:1071-1074.
21. Radanov BP, Sturzenegger M, DiStefano G. Long-term outcome after whiplash injury. A 2-year follow-up considering features of injury mechanism and somatic, radiologic, and psychosocial findings. Medicine. 1995;74:281-297.
22. Gore DR, Sepic SB, Gardner GM, et al. Back pain: a long-term follow-up of 205 patients. Spine. 1987;12:1-5.
23. Côté P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L, et al. A systematic review of the prognosis of acute whiplash and a new conceptual framework to synthesize the literature. Spine. 2001;26:E445-E458.
24. Côté P, Hogg-Johnson S, Cassidy JD, et al. The association of neck pain intensity, physical functioning, depressive symptomatology and time-to-claim-closure after whiplash. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54:275-286.
25. Dunn KM, Croft PR. The importance of symptom duration in determining prognosis. Pain. 2006;121:126-132.
26. Thomas E, Mottram S, Peat G, et al. The effect of age on the onset of pain interference in the general population of older adults: prospective findings from the North Staffordshire Osteoarthritis Project (NorStOP). Pain. 2007;129:21-27.
27. Hamelsky SW, Lipton RB. Psychiatric comorbidity of migraine. Headache. 2006;46:1327-1333.
28. Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Using chronic pain to predict depressive morbidity in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:39-47.
29. Ohayon MM. Specific characteristics of the pain/depression association in the general population. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(Suppl 12):5-9.
30. Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Lee S, et al. Mental disorders among persons with chronic back or neck pain: results from the world mental health surveys. Pain. 2007;129:332-342.
31. Currie S, Wang J. Chronic back pain and major depression in the general Canadian population. Pain. 2004;107:54-60.
32. Carroll L, Cassidy JD, Côté P. Saskatchewan health and back pain survey: the prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptomatology in Saskatchewan adults. Can J Public Health. 2000;91:459-464.
33. Breslau N, Davis GC. Migraine, major depression and panic disorder: a prospective epidemiologic study of young adults. Cephalalgia. 1992;12:85-90.
34. Becker N, Thomsen AB, Olsen AK, et al. Pain epidemiology and health related quality of life in chronic non-malignant pain patients referred to a Danish multidisciplinary center. Pain. 1997;73:393-400.
35. Livingston G, Watkin V, Milne B, et al. Who becomes depressed? The Islington community study of older people. J Affective Disorders. 2000;58:125-133.
36. Crook J, Weir R, Tunks E. An epidemiological follow-up survey of persistent pain sufferers in a group family practice and specialty pain clinic. Pain. 1989;36:49-61.
37. Macfarlane GJ, Thomas E, Papageorgiou AC, et al. The natural history of chronic pain in the community: a better prognosis than in the clinic? J Rheumatol. 1996;23:1617-1620.
38. Wells KB, Burnam MA, Rogers W, et al. The course of depression in adult outpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:788-794.
39. Patten SB. Long-term medical conditions and major depression in a Canadian population study at waves 1 and 2. J Affective Disorders. 2001;63:35-41.
40. Croft P, Lewis M, Papageorgiou AC, et al. Risk factors for neck pain: a longitudinal study in the general population. Pain. 2001;93:317-325.
41. Croft PR, Papageorgiou AC, Ferry S, et al. Psychologic distress and low back pain. Evidence from a prospective study in the general population. Spine. 1995;20:2731-2737.
42. Papageorgiou A, Macfarlane G, Thomas E, et al. Psychosocial factors in the workplace - do they predict new episodes of low back pain? Spine. 1997;22:1137-1142.
43. Macfarlane GJ, Thomas E, Croft PR, et al. Predictors of early improvement in low back pain amongst consulters to general practice: the influence of pre-morbid and episode-related factors. Pain. 1999;80:113-119.
44. Croft P, Lewis M, Hannaford P. Is all chronic pain the same? A 25-year follow-up study. Pain. 2003;105:309-317.
45. Magni G, Moreschi C, Rigatti-Luchini S, et al. Prospective study on the relationship between depressive symptoms and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain. 1994;56:289-297.
46. Breslau N, Davis GC, Schultz LR, et al. Migraine and major depression: a longitudinal study. Headache. 1994;34:387-393.
47. Hotopf M, Mayou R, Wadsworth M, et al. Temporal relationship between physical symptoms and psychiatric disorder. Results from a national birth cohort. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;173:255-261.
48. Carroll L, Cassidy JD, Côté P. Factors associated with the onset of an episode of depressive symptoms in the general population. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56:651-658.
49. Carroll L, Cassidy JD, Côté P. Depression as a risk factor for onset of an episode of troublesome neck and low back pain. Pain. 2004;107:134-139.
50. Suissa S. Risk factors of poor prognosis after whiplash injury. Pain Res Manage. 2003;8:69-75.
51. Kopec JA, Sayre EC. Work-related psychosocial factors and chronic pain: a prospective cohort study in Canadian workers [Internet]. J Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2004;46(12) [cited 2007 Apr 1]. Available from: http://home.mdconsult.com/das/article/body/.
52. Gureje O, Simon GE, Von Korff M. A cross-national study of the course of persistent pain in primary care. Pain. 2001;92:195-200.
53. Cassidy JD, Carroll L, Côté P, et al. Effect of eliminating compensation for pain and suffering on the outcome of insurance claims for whiplash injury. N Eng J Med. 2000;342:1179-1186.
54. Côté P, Hogg-Johnson S, Cassidy JD, et al. The association of neck pain intensity, physical functioning, depressive symptomatology and time-to-claim-closure after whiplash. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54:275-286.
55. Obelieniene D, Schrader H, Bovim G, et al. Pain after whiplash: a prospective controlled inception cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66:279-283.
56. Gallagher AM, Thomas JM, Hamilton WT, et al. Incidence of fatigue symptoms and diagnoses presenting in UK primary care from 1990 to 2001. J Royal Soc Med. 2005;97:571-575.
57. White KP, Thompson J. Fibromyalgia syndrome in an Amish community: a controlled study to determine disease and symptom prevalence. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:1835-1840.