Bilingual education in the UAE: Factors, variables and critical questions

Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 62-79

  Gallagher, Kay ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Language; Schools; Teaching methods; United Arab Emirates

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889682953     PISSN: 17537983     EISSN: 17537991     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/17537981111111274     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Abu-Libdeh, A. (1996), "Towards a foreign language teaching policy for the Arab world: UAE perspectives", available at: www.fedu.uaeu.ac.ae/Journal/PDF13/part2/11.pdf (accessed 18 September 2009).
2. ADEC (2006), English Language Arts K-5: Teacher Support Manual, Abu Dhabi Education Council, Abu Dhabi.
3. ADEC (2010), "ADEC prepares education community for monumental step in education reform", Abu Dhabi Education Council, Abu Dhabi, available at: www.adec.ac.ae/en/news/adec-prepares-school-community-for-monumental-step-in-education-reform.html (accessed 20 June 2010).
4. Al-Blaik, D. (2008), "UAE makes Arabic official language", Gulf News, March 10.
5. Al-Khatib, M. (2006), "Aspects of bilingualism in the Arab world: an introduction" in International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, Vol. 9, pp. 1-6.
6. Al Sharhan, A. (2007), Language in Education in the United Arab Emirates, Librairie du Liban, Beirut.
7. Andersson, T., Boyer, M. (1970), Bilingual Schooling in the United States, Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, Austin, TX.
8. Baker, C. (2006), Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon.
9. Barber, M., Mourshed, M. (2007), "How the world's best-performing systems come out on top", McKinsey and Company, available at: www.mckinsey.com/clientservice/socialsector/resources/pdf/Worlds_School_Systems_Final.pdf (accessed 7 July 2009).
10. Bardsley, D. (2009), "State pupils' English skills delay degree programs", The National, February 3.
11. Bashur, M. (2010), "Observations from the edge of the deluge" Abi-Mershed, O. (Ed.), Trajectories of Education in the Arab World, Routledge, Oxford.
12. Beardsmore, B.H. (2009), "Bilingual education: factors and variables" Garcia, O. (Ed.), Bilingual Education in the 21st Century, Wiley-Blackwell, Chicester.
13. Benson, C. (2004), "Do we expect too much of bilingual teachers? Bilingual teaching in developing countries" Brutt-Griffler, J. and Varghese, M. (Eds.), Bilingualism and Language Pedagogy, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon.
14. Bialystok, C. (2001), "Literacy: the extension of languages through other means" Cooper, R., Shohamy, E. and Walters, J. (Eds.), New Perspectives and Issues in Educational Language Policy, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
15. Bialystok, E., Luk, G., Kwan, E. (2005), "Bilingualism, biliteracy, and learning to read: interactions among languages and writing systems" in Scientific Studies of Reading, Vol. 9, pp. 43-61.
16. Bourdieu, P. (1991), Language and Symbolic Power, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
17. Brewer, D., Goldman, C. (2009), "An introduction to Qatar's primary and secondary education reform" Abi-Mershed, O. (Ed.), Trajectories of Education in the Arab World, Routledge, Abingdon.
18. Clarke, M. (2007), "English language policy and teacher education in the United Arab Emirates" in TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 40, pp. 583-91.
19. Clarke, M., Gallagher, K. (2008), "Curriculum revitalization: A UAE perspective" Hayes, D. and Sharkey, J. (Eds.), Revitalizing an Established Program for School Age Learners Through Curricular Innovation, TESOL Publications, Alexandria, VA.
20. Cook, V. and Bassetti, B. (Eds.) (2005), Second Language Writing Systems, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon.
21. Crystal, D. (2003), English as a Global Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
22. Cummins, J. (1979), "Linguistic interdependence and the educational development of bilingual children" in Review of Educational Research, Vol. 49, pp. 222-51.
23. Cummins, J. (2000), Language, Power and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon.
24. Davidson, C. (2005), The United Arab Emirates: A Study in Survival, Lynne Rienner Press, Boulder, CO.
25. Davidson, C. (2008), Dubai: The Vulnerability of Success, Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
26. Edwards, J. (1994), Multilingualism, Routledge, London.
27. Edwards, V., Newcombe, L.P. (2006), "Back to basics: marketing the benefits of bilingualism to parents" García, O., Skutnabb-Kangas, T. and Torres-Guzmán, M. (Eds.), Imagining Multilingual Schools: Language in Education and Glocalization, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon.
28. Ferguson, C. (1959/2003), "Diglossia" Paulston, B. and Tucker, G. (Eds.), Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings, Blackwell, Oxford.
29. Findlow, S. (2005), "International networking in the United Arab Emirates higher education system: global-local tensions" in Compare, Vol. 35, pp. 285-302.
30. Findlow, S. (2006), "Higher education and linguistic dualism in the Arab Gulf" in British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol. 27, pp. 19-36.
31. Fishman, J. (1997), "The establishment of language education policy in multilingual societies" Spolsky, B. and Cooper, R. (Eds.), Frontiers in Bilingual Education, Newbury House, Rowley, MA.
32. Fishman, J., Lowy, M., Milan, E. (1985a), The Rise and Fall of the Ethnic Revival: Perspectives on Language and Ethnicity, Mouton, Berlin.
33. Fishman, J., Reidler-Berger, C., Koling, P., Steele, M. (1985b), "Ethnocultural dimensions in the acquisition and retention of biliteracy: a comparative ethnography of four New York City schools" Fishman, J., Lowy, M. and Milan, E. (Eds.), The Rise and Fall of the Ethnic Revival: Perspectives on Language and Ethnicity, Mouton, Berlin.
34. Fox, W. (2008), "The United Arab Emirates and policy priorities for higher education" Davidson, C. and Smith, P. (Eds.), Higher Education in the Gulf States: Shaping Economies, Politics and Culture, SOAS, London.
35. Fox, W., Wagie, D. (2006), "Transforming higher education in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): contributing to social progress and the new economy" in International Journal of Learning, Vol. 12, pp. 277-86.
36. Freeman, R. (2007), "Reviewing the research on language education programs" Garcia, O. and Baker, C. (Eds.), Bilingual Education, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon.
37. Garcia, O. (2009), Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective, Wiley-Blackwell, Chicester.
38. Genesee, F. (1998), "French immersion in Canada" Edwards, J. (Ed.), Language in Canada, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
39. Genesee, F. (2004), "What do we know about bilingual education for majority-language students?" Bhatia, T. and Ritchie, W. (Eds.), The Handbook of Bilingualism, Blackwell, Oxford.
40. Gibbons, P. (2009), English Learners, Academic Literacy and Thinking, Heinemann, Portsmouth, NH.
41. Glasser, S. (2003), "Qatar reshapes its schools, putting English over Islam", Washington Post, 2 February.
42. Gobert, M. (2009), "Key findings from research and implications for the classroom" Anderson, D. and McGuire, M. (Eds.), Cultivating Real Readers, HCT Press, Abu Dhabi.
43. Graddol, D. (2006), English Next, British Council, London.
44. Hoosain, R., Salili, F. (2005), "Dimensions of language in multicultural education" Hoosain, R. and Salihi, F. (Eds.), Language in Multicultural Education, Information Age, Greenwich, CT.
45. Hornberger, N. (1989), "Continua of biliteracy" in Review of Educational Research, Vol. 59, pp. 271-96.
46. Hornberger, N. (2003), Continua of Biliteracy: An Ecological Framework for Education Policy, Research, and Practice in Multilingual Settings, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon.
47. Hornberger, N. (Ed.) (2008), Enclyopedia of Language and Education, Springer, Dordecht.
48. International English Language Testing System (2006), "Analysis of test data", available at: http://ieltsaustralia.com/teachersandresearchers/analysisoftestdata/article382.aspx (accessed 28 June 2010).
49. Johnson, R. and Swain, M. (Eds.) (1997), Immersion Education: International Persepectives, Cambridge Univeristy Press, Cambridge.
50. Johnstone, R. (2001), "Research on language teaching and learning" in Language Teaching, Vol. 35, pp. 157-81.
51. Johnstone, R. (2007), "Characteristics of immersion programmes" Garcia, O. and Baker, C. (Eds.), Bilingual Education, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon.
52. Kabel, A. (2007), "The discourses of appropriation: a response to Karmani" in Applied Linguistics, Vol. 28, pp. 136-42.
53. Kachru, B. (1991), "Linguistic liberation and the Quirk concern" in English Today, Vol. 25, pp. 3-13.
54. Karmani, S. (2005a), "English, 'terror', and Islam" in Applied Linguistics, Vol. 26, pp. 262-7.
55. Karmani, S. (2005b), "TESOL in a time of terror: toward an Islamic perspective on applied linguistics" in TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 39, pp. 738-44.
56. Karmani, S., Pennycook, A. (2005), "Islam, English, and 9/11" in Journal of Language, Identity and Education, Vol. 4, pp. 157-72.
57. Kenner, C. (2004a), Becoming Literate: Young Children Learning Different Writing Systems, Trentham, Stoke on Trent.
58. Kenner, C. (2004b), "Living in simultaneous worlds: difference and integration in bilingual script-learning" in International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, Vol. 7, pp. 43-61.
59. Kenner, C. (2005), "Bilingual families as literacy eco-systems" in Early Years, Vol. 25, pp. 283-98.
60. Lambert, W. (1975), "Culture and language as factors in learning and education" Wolfgang, A. (Ed.), Education of Immigrant Students, OISE, Toronto, ON.
61. Lewis, K. (2009), "Private firms in school reform", The National, 14 September.
62. Lewis, K. (2010), "Students entering university still stuck on remedial treadmill", The National, 25 May.
63. Lightbown, P., Spada, N. (2006), How Languages Are Learned, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
64. Lin, A., Man, E. (2009), Bilingual Education, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
65. Loughrey, B., Hughes, A., Bax, S., Magness, C., Aziz, H. (1999), English Language Teaching in the UAE: Evaluation Report, University of Surrey, Surrey.
66. Maamouri, M. (1998), "Language education and human development: Arabic diglossia and its impact on the quality of education in the Arab region", Proceedings of the Mediterranean Development Forum, Rabat, Morocco.
67. Mackey, W. (1978), "The importation of bilingual education models" Alatis, J. (Ed.), Georgetown University Roundtable on Languages and Linguistics, Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC.
68. Macpherson, R., Kachelhoffer, P., Elnemr, M. (2007), "The radical modernization of school and education system leadership in the United Arab Emirates: towards indigenized and educative leadership" in International Studies in Educational Administration, Vol. 35, pp. 60-7.
69. Marinova-Todd, S., Marshall, B., Snow, C. (2000), "Three misconceptions about age and L2 Learning" in TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 34, pp. 9-34.
70. Marsh, D. (2002), CLIL/EMILE - The European Dimension: Actions, Trends and Foresight Potential, The European Union, Brussels.
71. Marsh, D., Maljers, A., Hartiala, A. (2001), Profiling European CLIL Classrooms - Languages Open Doors, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä.
72. May, S. (2008), "Bilingual/immersion education: what the research tells US" Hornberger, N. (Ed.), Enclyopedia of Language and Education, Springer, Dordrecht.
73. Morris, P., Adamson, B. (2010), Curriculum, Schooling and Society in Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
74. Perez, B. (2004), Becoming Biliterate: A Study of Two-Way Bilingual Immersion Education, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
75. Rababah, G. (2003), "Communication problems facing Arab learners of English: a personal perspective", TEFL Web Journal, Vol. 2, available at: www.teflweb-j.org/index.html (accessed 11 August 2010).
76. Rosenhouse, J., Goral, M. (2004), "Bilingualism in the Middle East and North Africa: a focus on the Arabic-speaking world" Bhatia, T. and Ritchie, W. (Eds.), The Handbook of Bilingualism, Blackwell, Oxford.
77. Salama, S. (2009), "Education must be revamped to foster cultural identify", Gulf News, October 28.
78. Saville-Troike, M. (2006), Introducing Second Language Acquisition, Cambridge Univeristy Press, Cambridge.
79. Sayed, F. (2010), "The contested terrain of educational reform in Egypt" Mazawi, A. and Sultana, R. (Eds.), Education and the Arab World: Political Projects, Struggles, and Geometries of Power, Routledge, New York, NY.
80. Singer, H. (1956), "Bilingualism and elementary education" in The Modern Language Journal, Vol. 40, pp. 444-58.
81. Spolsky, B., Green, J., Read, J. (1974), "A model for the description, analysis and perhaps evaluation of bilingual education", University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Navajo Reading Study Progress Report 23.
82. Swain, M., Lapkin, S. (1982), Evaluating Bilingual Education: A Canadian Case Study, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon.
83. Swee Heng, C., Tan, H. (2006), "English for mathematics and science: current Malaysian language-in-education policies and practices" in Language and Education: An International Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 306-21.
84. Taha-Thomure, H. (2008), "The status of Arabic language teaching today" in Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, Vol. 1, pp. 186-92.
85. Taylor, M. (2008), Orthographic and Phonological Awareness Among L1 Arabic ESL Learners: A Quasi-Experimental Study, University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ.
86. Tollefson, J. and Tsui, A. (Eds.) (2004), Medium of Instruction Policies: Which Agenda? Whose Agenda?, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
87. UNESCO (2003), "Education in a multilingual world: guidelines on language and education", available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001297/129728e.pdf (accessed 11 August 2010).
88. Wells, G., Claxton, G. (Eds) (2002), "Introduction: sociocultural perspectives on the future of education", Learning for Life in the 21st Century, Blackwell, Oxford.
89. Wong-Fillmore, L., Valdez, C. (1986), "Teaching bilingual learners" Wittrock, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Teaching, Macmillan, New York, NY.
90. Zellman, G. (2009), Implementation of the K-12 Education Reform in Qatar's Schools, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
91. Christian, D., Howard, E., Loeb, M. (2000), "Bilingualism for all: two-way immersion education in the United States" in Theory into Practice, Vol. 39, pp. 258-66.