Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and death from acute myocardial infarction in women

Epidemiology

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 31-36

  Rubenowitz, Eva ^a   Axelsson, Gösta ^a   Rylander, Ragnar ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Calcium; Coronary disease; Drinking water; Magnesium; Myocardial infarction; Women

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; DRINKING WATER; MAGNESIUM;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; SWEDEN; WATER HARDNESS; WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 0032925873     PISSN: 10443983     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199901000-00007     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Kobayashi J. On geographical relations between the chemical nature of river water and death rate from apoplexy. Berichte des Ohara Instituts für Landwirtschaftliche Biologie, Okayama University 1957;11:12-21.
2. Schroeder HA. Relation between mortality from cardiovascular disease and treated water supplies: variations in states and 163 largest municipalities of the United States. JAMA 1960;172:1902-1908.
3. Crawford MD, Gardner MJ, Morris JN. Mortality and hardness of local water supplies. Lancet 1968;i:827-831.
4. Comstock GW. Water hardness and cardiovascular disease. Am J Epidemiol 1979;110:375-400.
5. Anderson TW, Le Rich LH, MacKay JS. Sudden death and ischemic heart disease: correlation with water hardness and local water supply. N Engl J Med 1969;280:805-806.
6. Perry HM, Perry EF. Cardiovascular disease: the effect of hard and soft water. In: Boström H, Ljungstedt N, eds. Skandia International Symposia: Trace Elements in Health and Disease, vol. 13. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1985;193-220.
7. Nerbrand C, Svärdsudd K, Ek J, Tibblin G. Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in seven counties in Sweden in relation to water hardness and geological settings. Eur Heart J 1992;13:721-727.
8. Karppanen H. Epidemiologic evidence for considering magnesium deficiency as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Magnesium Bull 1990;12: 80-86.
9. Günther T. Magnesium: cardiovascular biochemistry. Magnesium Bull 1986; 8:136-139.
10. Reinhardt RA. Clinical correlates of the molecular and cellular actions of magnesium on the cardiovascular system. Am Heart J 1991;121:1513-1521.
11. Altura BM, Altura BT, Gebrewold A, Ising H, Günther T. Magnesium deficiency and hypertension: correlation between magnesium deficient diets and microcirculatory changes in situ. Science 1984;223:1315-1317.
12. Luthringer C, Rayssignier Y, Gueux E, Berthelot A. Effect of moderate magnesium deficiency on serum lipids, blood pressure and cardiovascular reactivity in normotensive rats. Br J Nutr 1988;59:243-250.
13. Turlapaty PDMV, Altura BM. Magnesium deficiency produced spasms of coronary arteries: relation to etiology of sudden death ischemic heart disease. Science 1980;208:198-200.
14. Altura BM, Altura BT, Carella A, Turlapaty PDMV. Hypomagnesemia and vasoconstriction: possible relation to etiology of sudden death ischemic heart disease and hypertensive vascular disease. Artery 1981;9:212-231.
15. Sjögren A, Edvinsson L, Fallgren B. Magnesium deficiency in coronary artery disease and cardiac arrhythmias. J Int Med 1989;226:213-222.
16. Eisenberg MJ. Magnesium deficiency and cardiac arrhythmias. N Y State J Med 1986;86:133-135.
17. Heggtveit HA, Tanser P, Hunt B. Magnesium content of normal and ischemic human hearts. 7th International Congress of Clinical Pathology, Montreal, July 13-19, 1969;53.
18. Chipperfield B, Chipperfield JR. Heart muscle magnesium, potassium and zinc concentrations after sudden death from heart disease. Lancet 1973;ii: 293-296.
19. Chipperfield B, Chipperfield JR. Differences in metal content of the heart muscle in death from ischemic heart disease. Am Heart J 1978;95:732-737.
20. Behr G, Burton P. Heart-muscle magnesium (Letter). Lancet 1973;ii:450.
21. Anderson TW, Neri LC, Schreiber OB, Talbot FDF, Zdrojewski A. Ischemic heart disease, water hardness and myocardial magnesium. Can Med Assoc J 1975;113:199-203.
22. Elwood PC. Myocardial magnesium and ischaemic heart disease. Artery 1981;9:200-204.
23. Anderson TW, le Riche WH. Sudden death from ischemic heart disease in Ontario and its correlation with water hardness and other factors. Can Med Assoc J 1971;105:155-160.
24. Leary WP, Reyes AJ, Lockert CJ, Arbuckle DD, van der Byl K. Magnesium and deaths ascribed to ischaemic heart disease in South Africa. S Afr Med J 1983;64:775-776.
25. Punsar S, Karvonen MJ. Drinking water quality and sudden death: observations from West and East Finland. Cardiology 1979;64:24-34.
26. Luoma H, Aromaa A, Helminen S, Murtomaa H, Kiviluoto L, Punsar S, Knekt P. Risk of myocardial infarction in Finnish men in relation to fluoride, magnesium and calcium concentration in drinking water. Acta Med Scand 1983;213:171-176.
27. Rylander R, Bonevik H, Rubenowitz E. Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and cardiovascular mortality. Scand J Work Environ Health 1991;17: 91-94.
28. Rubenowitz E, Axelsson G, Rylander R. Magnesium in drinking water and death from acute myocardial infarction. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:456-462.
29. Marx A, Neutra RR. Magnesium in drinking water and ischemic heart disease. Epidemiol Rev 1997;19:258-272.
30. Seelig MS, Heggtveit HA. Magnesium interrelationships in ischemic heart disease: a review. Am J Clin Nutr 1974;27:59-79.
31. Anderson TW. Water hardness, magnesium and ischemic heart disease. Nova Scotia Med Bull 1977;56:58-61.
32. Gurwitz JH, Col FN, Avorn J. The exclusion of the elderly and women from clinical trials in acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 992;268:1417-1422.
33. Lernfeldt B, Landahl S, Svanborg A. Coronary heart disease at 70, 75, and 79 years of age: a longitudinal study with special reference to sex differences and mortality. Age Aging 1990;19:297-303.
34. World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1977.
35. Mathew R, Altura BM. Magnesium and the lungs. Magnesium 1988;7:173-187.
36. Flink EB, Omar M, Shane SR. Alcoholism, liver disease and Mg. Magnesium Bull 1981;3:209-216.
37. Eaker ED, Castelli WP. Coronary heart disease and its risk factors among men and women in the Framingham study. In: Eaker ED, Packhard B, Wenger NG, eds. Coronary Heart Disease in Women. New York: Haymarket Doyma, 1987;122-130.
38. Bengtsson C, Björkelund C, Lapidus L, Lissner L. Associations of serum lipid concentrations and obesity with mortality in women: 20 year follow up of participants in prospective population study in Gothenburg, Sweden. BMJ 1993;307:1385-1388.
39. Durlach J. Recommended dietary amounts of magnesium: Mg RDA. Magnes Res 1989;2,3:195-203.
40. Marier JR. Magnesium content of the food supply in the modern-day world. Magnesium 1986;5:1-8.
41. Durlach J, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Magnesium level in drinking water: its importance in cardiovascular risk. In: Itokawa Y, Durlach J, eds. Magnesium in Health and Disease. London: John Libbey and Co, 1989;173-182.
42. Theophanides T, Angiboust J-F, Polissiou M, Anastassopoulous J, Manfait M. Possible role of water structure in biological magnesium systems. Magnes Res 1990;3:5-13.
43. Moore TJ. The role of dietary electrolytes in hypertension. J Am Coll Nutr 1989;8:68S-80S.
44. Waeber B, Brunner HR. Calcium deficiency in the elderly: a factor contributing to the development of hypertension. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:433.
45. Lau K, Eby B. The role of calcium in genetic hypertension. Hypertension 1985;7:657-667.
46. McCarron DA. Low serum concentrations of ionized calcium in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 1982;307:226-228.
47. Cappuccio F, Elliot P, Allender PS, Pryer J, Follman PA, Cutler JA. Epidemiologic association between dietary calcium intake and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of published data. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142:935-145.
48. Schaafsma G. The scientific basis of recommended dietary allowances for calcium. J Int Med 1992;231:187-194.
49. Heany RP, Recker RR. Estimation of true calcium absorption. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:516-521.
50. Harlan WR, Hull AL, Schmouder RL, Landis JR, Thompson FE, Larkin FA. Blood pressure and nutrition in adults. Am J Epidemiol 1983;120:17-28.
51. Harlan WR, Harlan LC. An epidemiological perspective on dietary electrolytes and hypertension. J Hypertens 1986;4(suppl 5):S364-S366.
52. Michaelsson K. Diet and Osteoporosis (Doctoral dissertation). Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University, 1996.
53. Chapman KM, Chan MW, Clark CD. Factors influencing dairy calcium intake in women. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14:336-340.
54. Fleming KH, Heimbach JT. Consumption of calcium from the U.S.: food sources and intake levels. J Nutr 1994;124(suppl 8):1426S-1430S.
55. Hallfrisch J, Muller DC. Does diet provide adequate amounts of calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc in a well-educated adult population? Exp Gerontol 1993;28:473-483.
56. McCarron DA. Is calcium more important than sodium in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension? Hypertension 1985;7:607-627.
57. Sowers JR, Zemel MB, Zemel PC, Standley PR. Calcium metabolism and dietary calcium in salt sensitive hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1991;4:557-563.
58. Pörsti I, Mäkynen H. Dietary calcium intake: effects on central blood pressure control. Semin Nephrol 1995;15:550-563.
59. Johnson NE, Smith IL, Freudenheim JL. Effects on blood pressure of calcium supplementation of women. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;42:12-17.