Evolutionary processes of diversification in a model island archipelago

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

Volumn 44, Issue , 2013, Pages 411-435

  Brown, Rafe M ^a   Siler, Cameron D ^b   Oliveros, Carl H ^a   Esselstyn, Jacob A ^c   Diesmos, Arvin C ^d   Hosner, Peter A ^a   Linkem, Charles W ^a,e   Barley, Anthony J ^a   Oaks, Jamie R ^a   Sanguila, Marites B ^f   Welton, Luke J ^a,g   Blackburn, David C ^h   Moyle, Robert G ^a   Townsend Peterson, A ^a   Alcala, Angel C ⁱ  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^c LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d National Museum of the Philippines   (Philippines)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^f Father Saturnino Urios University   (Philippines)

^g BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (United States)

ⁱ SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY   (Philippines)

Author keywords

Adaptive radiation; Comparative phylogeography; Conservation hot spots; Huxley's filter zone; Nonadaptive radiation; Oceanic islands; Southeast Asia; Sunda Shelf; Underestimated biodiversity; Wallace's Line; Wallacea

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE RADIATION; BIODIVERSITY; BIOGEOGRAPHY; COMMUNITY ECOLOGY; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; ENDEMIC SPECIES; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; PHYLOGENETICS; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; PLEISTOCENE; VERTEBRATE;

PHILIPPINES;

GABAZA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 84888412713     PISSN: 1543592X     EISSN: 15452069     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160323     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Alcala AC. 1986. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna, Vol. 10, Amphibians and Reptiles. Manila: Nat. Res. Manag. Cent., Min. Nat. Res., and Univ. Philippines
2. Allen JA. 1910. Mammals from Palawan Island, Philippine Islands. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 28:13-17
3. Andersen MJ, Oliveros CH, Filardi CE, Moyle RG. 2013. Phylogeography of the Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher Ceyx lepidus (Aves: Alcedinidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Auk 130:118-31
4. Barley AJ, White J, Diesmos AC, Brown RM. 2013. The challenge of species delimitation at the extremes: diversification without morphological change in Philippine sun skinks. Evolution. In press. doi: 10. 1111/evo. 12219
5. Balete DS, Alviola PA, Duya MRM, Duya MV, Heaney LR, Rickart EA. 2011. The mammals of the Mingan Mountains, Luzon: evidence for a new center of mammalian endemism. Fieldiana Life Earth Sci. 2:75-87
6. Bird M, Boobyer E, Bryant C, Lewis H, Paz V, Stephens W. 2007. A long record of environmental change from bat guano deposits in Makangit Cave, Palawan, Philippines. Earth Environ. Sci. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 98:1-11
7. Blackburn DC, Bickford DP, Diesmos AC, Iskandar DT, Brown RM. 2010. An ancient origin for the enigmatic flat-headed frogs (Bombinatoridae: Barbourula) from the islands of Southeast Asia. PLoS One 5:e12090
8. Blackburn DC, Siler CD, Diesmos AC, McGuire JA, Cannatella DC, Brown RM. 2013. An adaptive radiation of frogs in a Southeast Asian island archipelago. Evolution. 67:2631-46
9. Boulenger GA. 1894. On the herpetological fauna of Palawan and Balabac. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 80:6-90
10. Brown RM. 2009. Frogs. See Gillespie & Clague 2009, pp. 347-51
11. Brown RM, Diesmos AC. 2002. Application of lineage-based species concepts to oceanic island frog populations: the effects of differing taxonomic philosophies on the estimation of Philippine biodiversity. Silliman J. 42:133-62
12. Brown RM, Diesmos AC. 2009. Philippines, biology. See Gillespie & Clague 2009, pp. 723-32
13. Brown RM, Diesmos AC, Alcala AC. 2002. The state of Philippine herpetology and the challenges for the next decade. Silliman J. 42:18-87
14. Brown RM, Diesmos AC, Alcala AC. 2008. Philippine amphibian biodiversity is increasinginleaps and bounds. In Threatened Amphibians of the World, ed. SN Stuart, M Hoffmann, JS Chanson, NA Cox, R Berridge, P Ramani, BE Young, pp. 82-83. Barcelona: Lynx Ed., Gland: Int. Union Conserv. Nat.; Arlington, VA: Conserv. Int.
15. Brown RM, Guttman SI. 2002. Phylogenetic systematics of the Rana signata complex of Philippine and Bornean stream frogs: reconsideration of Huxley's modification of Wallace's Line at the Oriental-Australian faunal zone interface. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 76:393-461
16. Brown RM, Linkem CW, Balete D, Duya MV, Diesmos AC, Ferner JW. 2010. Species boundaries in Philippine montane forest skinks (Genus Sphenomorphus): three new species from the mountains of Luzon and clarification of the status of the poorly known S. beyeri, S. knollmanae, and S. laterimaculatus. Sci. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Univ. Kansas 42:1-27
17. Brown RM, Siler CD. 2013. Spotted stream frog diversification at the Australasian faunal zone interface, mainland versus island comparisons, and a test of the Philippine 'dual-umbilicus' hypothesis. J. Biogeogr. In press. doi: 10. 1111/jbi. 12192
18. Brown RM, Siler CD, Diesmos AC, Alcala AC. 2009. The Philippine frogs of the genus Leptobrachium (Anura; Megophryidae): phylogeny-based species delimitation, taxonomic revision, and descriptions of three new species. Herpetol. Monogr. 23:1-44
19. Brown RM, Siler CD, Oliveros CH, Diesmos AC, Alcala AC. 2011. A new Gekko from Sibuyan Island, central Philippines. Herpetologica 67:460-76
20. Brown RM, Siler CD, Oliveros CH, Welton LJ, Rock A, et al. 2013. The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266:1-120
21. Brown RM, Stuart BL. 2012. Patterns of biodiversity discovery through time: an historical analysis of amphibian species discoveries in the Southeast Asian mainland and island archipelagos. In Biotic Evolution and Environmental Change in Southeast Asia, ed. DJ Gower, KG Johnson, JE Richardson, BR Rosen, L Rüber, ST Williams, pp. 348-89. London: Cambridge Univ. Press
22. Brown WC, Alcala AC. 1961. Populations of amphibians and reptiles in submontane and montane forests of Cuernos de Negros, Philippine Islands. Ecology 42:628-36
23. Brown WC, Alcala AC. 1970. The zoogeography of the Philippine Islands, a fringing archipelago. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 38:105-30
24. Brown WC, Brown RM, Alcala AC. 1997. Species of the hazelae group of Platymantis from the Philippines with descriptions of two new species. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 49:405-21
25. Carlquist S. 1965. Island Life: A Natural History of the Islands of the World. Garden City, NY: Nat. Hist. Press
26. Catibog-Sinha CS, Heaney LR. 2006. Philippine Biodiversity: Principles and Practice. Quezon City: Haribon Found. Conserv. Nat. Resour.
27. Christopher A, Eakins BW. 2009. ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. Boulder, CO: Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Adm. 19 pp.
28. Collar NJ. 2011. Species limits in some Philippine birds including the Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus. Forktail 27:29-38
29. Darlington PJ. 1957. Zoogeography: The Geographical Distribution of Animals. New York: Wiley
30. Delacour J, Mayr E. 1946. Birds of the Philippines. New York: Macmillan. 221 pp.
31. Diamond JM, Gilpin ME. 1983. Biogeographic umbilici and the origin of the Philippine avifauna. Oikos 41:307-21
32. Dickerson RE. 1928. Distribution of Life in the Philippines. Manila: Bur. Sci. 322 pp.
33. Dickinson EC, Kennedy RS, Parkes KC. 1991. The Birds of the Philippines. Br. Ornithol. Union, Checkl. No. 12. Dorset, UK: Dorest Press. 507 pp.
34. duPont JE. 1971. Philippine Birds. Greenville: Del. Mus. Nat. Hist.
35. Duya MRMD, Duya MV, Alviola PA, Balete DS, Heaney LR. 2011. Diversity of small mammals in montane and mossy forests on Mount Cetaceo, Cagayan Province, Luzon. Fieldiana Life Earth Sci. 2:88-95
36. Esselstyn JA, Brown RM. 2009. The role of repeated sea-level fluctuations in the generation of shrew (Sori-cidae: Crocidura) diversity in the Philippine Archipelago. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 58:171-81
37. Esselstyn JA, Evans BJ, Sedlock JL, Khan FAA, Heaney LR. 2012. Single-locus species determination: a test of the mixed Yule-colescent model, with an empirical application to Philippine round-leaf bats. Proc. R. Soc. B 279:3678-86
38. Esselstyn JA, Goodman SM. 2010. New species of shrew (Soricidae: Crocidura) from Sibuyan Island, Philippines. J. Mammal. 91:1467-72
39. Esselstyn JA, Maher SP, Brown RM. 2011. Species interactions during diversification and community assembly in an island radiation of shrews. PLoS One 6:e21885
40. Esselstyn JA, Oliveros CH. 2010. Colonization of the Philippines from Taiwan: a multi-locus test of the biogeographic and phylogenetic relationships of isolated populations of shrews. J. Biogeogr. 37:1504-14
41. Esselstyn JA, Oliveros CH, Moyle RG, Peterson AT, McGuire JA, Brown RM. 2010. Integrating phylogenetic and taxonomic evidence illuminates complex biogeographic patterns along Huxley's modification of Wallace's Line. J. Biogeogr. 37:2054-66
42. Esselstyn JA, Timm RM, Brown RM. 2009. Do geological or climatic processes drive speciation in dynamic archipelagos? The tempo and mode of diversification in SE Asian shrews. Evolution 63:2595-610
43. Esselstyn JA, Widmann P, Heaney LR. 2004. The mammals of Palawan Island, Philippines. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 117:271-302
44. Evans BJ, Brown RM, McGuire JA, Supriatna J, Andayani N, et al. 2003. Phylogenetics of fanged frogs: testing biogeographical hypotheses at the interface of the Asian and Australian faunal zones. Syst. Biol. 52:794-819
45. Everett AH. 1889. Remarks on the zoogeographical relationships of the island of Palawan and some adjacent islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1889:220-28
46. Gillespie RG. 2007. Oceanic islands: models of diversity. In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, ed. SA Levin, pp. 223-41. Oxford: Elsevier
47. Gillespie RG, Clague DA, eds. 2009. Encyclopedia of Islands. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
48. Glor RE. 2010. Phylogenetic insights on adaptive radiation. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 41:251-70
49. Goodman SM, Willard D, Gonzales P. 1995. The birds of Sibuyan Island, Romblon Province, Philippines, with particular reference to their elevational distribution and biogeographic affinities. Fieldiana Zool. 82:1-57
50. Hall R. 1996. Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia. In Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia, ed. R Hall, D Blundell, pp. 153-84. London: Geol. Soc. Lond.
51. Hall R. 1998. The plate tectonics of Cenozoic SE Asia and the distribution of land and sea. In Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia, ed. R Hall, JD Holloway, pp. 99-131. Leiden: Backhuys
52. Hall R. 2002. Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations. J. Asian Earth Sci. 20:353-431
53. Heaney LR. 1985. Zoogeographic evidence for middle and late Pleistocene land bridges to the Philippine Islands. Mod. Quat. Res. Southeast Asia 9:127-44
54. Heaney LR. 1991. A synopsis of climatic and vegetational change in Southeast Asia. Clim. Change 19:53-61
55. Heaney LR. 2000. Dynamic disequilibrium: a long-term, large-scale perspective on the equilibrium model of island biogeography. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 9:59-74
56. Heaney LR. 2001. Small mammal diversity along elevational gradients in the Philippines: an assessment of patterns and hypotheses. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 10:15-39
57. Heaney LR. 2007. Is a new paradigm emerging for oceanic island biogeography? J. Biogeogr. 34:753-57
58. Heaney LR, Balete DS, Dolar ML, Alcala AC, Dans ATL, et al. 1998. A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana Zool. New Ser. 88:1-61
59. Heaney LR, Balete DS, Rickart EA, Alviola PA, Duya MRM, et al. 2011. Seven new species and a new subgenus of forest mice (Rodentia: Muridae: Apomys) from Luzon Island. Fieldiana Life Earth Sci. 2:1-60
60. Heaney LR, Balete DS, Rickart EA, Utzurrum RCB, Gonzales PC. 1999. Mammalian diversity on Mount Isarog, a threatened center of endemism on southern Luzon Island, Philippines. Fieldiana Zool. 95:1-62
61. Heaney LR, Dolar ML, Balete DS, Esselstyn JA, Rickart EA, Sedlock JL. 2010. Synopsis of Philippine Mammals. Chicago: Field Mus. Nat. Hist. http://www.fieldmuseum.org/philippine-mammals/
62. Heaney LR, Heideman PD, Rickart EA, Utzurrum RBC, Klompen JSH. 1989. Elevational zonation of mammals in the central Philippines. J. Trop. Ecol. 5:259-80
63. Heaney LR, Regalado JC Jr. 1998. Vanishing Treasures of the Philippine Rain Forest. Chicago: The Field Mus.
64. Heaney LR, Rickart EA. 1990. Correlations of clades and clines: geographic, elevational, and phylogenetic distribution patterns among Philippine mammals. In Vertebrates in the Tropics, ed. G Peters, R Hutterer, pp. 321-32. Bonn: Mus. Alexander Koenig
65. Heaney LR, Walsh JS, Peterson AT. 2005. The roles of geological history and colonization abilities in genetic differentiation between mammalian populations in the Philippine archipelago. J. Biogeogr. 32:229-47
66. Hollister N. 1913. A review of the Philippine land mammals in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 46:299-341
67. Hosner PA, Boggess NC, Alviola P, Sánchez-González LA, Oliveros CH, et al. 2013a. Phylogeography of the Robsonius Ground-Warblers (Passeriformes: Locustellidae) reveals an undescried species from northeastern Luzon. Condor 114:630-639
68. Hosner PA, Nyari AS, Moyle RG. 2013b. Water barriers and intra-island isolation contribute to diversification in the insular Aethopyga sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae). J. Biogeogr. 40:1094-106
69. Huxley TH. 1868. On the classification and distribution of the Alectoromorphae and Heteromorphae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1868:294-319
70. Inger RF. 1954. Systematics and zoogeography of Philippine Amphibia. Fieldiana Zool. 33:181-531
71. Inger RF. 1999. Distributions of amphibians in southern Asia and adjacent islands. In Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians: A Global Perspective, ed. WE Duellman, pp. 445-82. Baltimore MD: John Hopkins Univ. Press
72. Jansa SA, Barker FK, Heaney LR. 2006. The pattern and timing of diversification of Philippine endemic rodents: evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Syst. Biol. 55:73-88
73. Jones AW, Kennedy RS. 2008. Evolution in a tropical archipelago: comparative phylogeography of Philippine fauna and flora reveals complex patterns of colonization and diversification. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 95:620-39
74. Kennedy RS, Gonzales PC, Dickinson EC, Miranda HC Jr, Fisher TH. 2000. A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
75. Kloss B. 1929. The zoo-geographical boundaries between Asia and Australia and some oriental sub-regions. Raffles Bull. Zool. 2:1-10
76. Knowles LL. 2009. Statisical phylogeography. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40:593-612
77. Lemey P, Rambaut A, Welch JJ, Suchard MA. 2010. Phylogeography takes a relaxed random walk in continuous space and time. Mol. Biol. Evol. 27:1877-85
78. Leviton AE. 1963. Remarks on the zoogeography of Philippine terrestrial snakes. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 42:112-45
79. Lim HC, Zou F, Taylor SS, Marks BD, Moyle RG, et al. 2010. Phylogeny of magpie-robins and shamas (Aves: Turdidae: Copsychus and Trichixos): implications for island biogeography in Southeast Asia. J. Biogeogr. 37:1894-906
80. Linkem CW, Brown RM, Siler CD, Evans BJ, Austin CC, et al. 2012. Stochastic faunal exchanges drive diversification in widespread Wallacean and Pacific Island lizards (Squamata: Scincidae: Lamprolepis smaragdina). J. Biogeogr. 40:507-20
81. Linkem CW, Diesmos AC, Brown RM. 2011. Molecular systematics of the Philippine forest skinks (Reptilia: Scincidae: Sphenomorphus): testing morphological and biogeographic hypotheses of interspecific relationships. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 163:1217-43
82. Linkem CA, Hesed K, Diesmos AC, Brown RM. 2010. Species boundaries and cryptic lineage diversity in a Philippine forest skink complex (Reptilia; Squamata; Scincidae: Lygosominae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 56:572-85
83. Lohman DJ, de Bruyn M, Page T, von Rintelen K, Hall R, et al. 2011. Biogeography of the Indo-Australian archipelago. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 42:205-26
84. Lomolino MV, Riddle BR, Whittaker RJ, Brown JH. 2010. Biogeography. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. 4th ed.
85. Losos JB, Ricklefs RE. 2009. Adaptation and diversification on islands. Nature 457:830-36
86. Manel S, Schwartz MK, Luikart G, Taberlet P. 2003. Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18:189-97
87. Mayr E. 1944. Wallace's Line in the light of recent zoogeographic studies. Q. Rev. Biol. 19:1-14
88. McGregor RC. 1909. A Manual of Philippine Birds. Part I. Manila: Philipp. Bur. Sci. 412 pp.
89. McGuire JA, Alcala AC. 2000. A taxonomic revision of the flying lizards of the Philippine Islands (Iguania: Agamidae: Draco), with a description of a new species. Herpetol. Monogr. 14:81-138
90. Michaux B. 2010. Biogeology of Wallacea: geotectonic models, areas of endemism, and natural biogeographical units. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 101:193-212
91. Mittermeier RA, Myers N, Robles PG, Mittermeier CG, eds. 1999. Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecosystems. Mexico City: CEMEX
92. Moyle RG, Andersen MJ, Oliveros CH, Steinheimer FD, Reddy S. 2012. Phylogeny and biogeography of the core babblers (Aves: Timaliidae). Syst. Biol. 61:631-51
93. Moyle RG, Filardi CE, Smith CE, Diamond J. 2009. Explosive Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a "great speciator." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:1863-68
94. Moyle RG, Jones RM, Andersen MJ. 2013. A reconsideration of Gallicolumba (Aves: Columbidae) relationships using fresh source material reveals pseudogenes, chimeras, and a novel phylogenetic hypothesis. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 66:1060-66
95. Moyle RG, Taylor SS, Oliveros CH, Lim HC, Haines CL, et al. 2011. Diversification of an endemic Southeast Asian genus: phylogenetic relationships of the spiderhunters (Nectariniidae: Arachnothera). Auk 128:777-88
96. Musser GG, Heaney LR. 1992. Philippine rodents: definitions of Tarsomys and Limnomys plus a preliminary assessment of phylogenetic patterns among native Philippine murines (Murinae, Muridae). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 211:1-138
97. Myers GS. 1962. Ability of amphibians to cross sea barriers with especial reference to Pacific zoogeography. Proc. Seventh Pac. Sci. Congr. 4:19-27
98. Oaks JR, Sukumaran J, Esselstyn JA, Linkem CW, Siler CD, et al. 2013. Evidence for Pleistocene-driven diversification? A caution for interpreting ABC inferences of clustered historical events. Evolution 67:991-1010
99. Oliveros CH, Moyle RG. 2010. Origin and diversification of Philippine bulbuls. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 54:822-32
100. Oliveros CH, Ota H, Crombie RI, Brown RM. 2011. The herpetofauna of the Babuyan group of islands, northern Philippines. Sci. Publ. Nat. Hist. Mus. Univ. Kans. 43:1-20
101. Oliveros CH, Reddy S, Moyle RG. 2012. The phylogenetic position of some Philippine "babblers" spans the muscicapoid and sylvioid bird radiations. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 65:799-804
102. Patterson BD, Atmar W. 1986. Nested subsets and the structure of insular mammalian faunas and archipelagos. In Island Biogeography of Mammals, ed. LR Heaney, BD Patterson, pp. 65-82. London: Academic
103. Peterson AT. 2006. Taxonomy is important in conservation: a preliminary reassessment of Philippine species-level bird taxonomy. Bird Conserv. Int. 16:155-73
104. Peterson AT, Brooks T, Gamauf A, Gonzales JCT, Mallari NAD, et al. 2008. The avifauna of Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao, Philippines. Fieldiana Zool. New Ser. 14:1-43
105. Posa MR, Diesmos AC, Sodhi NS, Brooks TM. 2008. Hope for threatened tropical biodiversity: lessons from the Philippines. BioScience 58:231-40
106. Ree RH, Smith SA. 2008. Maximum likelihood inference of geographic range evolution by dispersal, local extinction, and cladogenesis. Syst. Biol. 57:4-14
107. Rickart EA, Balete DS, Heaney LR. 2007. Habitat disturbance and the ecology of small mammals in the Philippines. J. Environ. Sci. Manag. 10:34-41
108. Rickart EA, Balete DS, Rowe RJ, Heaney LR. 2011a. Mammals of the northern Philippines: tolerance for habitat disturbance and resistance to invasive species in an endemic fauna. Divers. Distrib. 17:530-41
109. Rickart EA, Heaney LR, Balete DS, Tabaranza BR Jr. 2011b. Small mammal diversity along an elevational gradient in northern Luzon, Philippines. Mamm. Biol. 76:12-21
110. Roberts TE. 2006. History, ocean channels, and distance determine phylogeographic patterns in three widespread Philippine fruit bats (Pteropodidae). Mol. Ecol. 15:2183-99
111. Sanborn CC. 1952. Philippine zoological expedition 1946-1947. Mammals. Fieldiana Zool. 33:89-158
112. Sánchez-González LA, Moyle RG. 2011. Molecular systematics and species limits in the Philippine fantails (Aves: Rhipidura). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 61:290-299
113. Sanguila MB, Siler CD, Diesmos AC, Nuñeza O, Brown RM. 2011. Phylogeography and conservation implications of geographic structure of genetic variation and potential species boundaries in Philippine slender toads. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 61:333-50
114. Schluter D. 2000. The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 288 pp.
115. Setiadi MI, McGuire JA, Brown RM, Zubairi M, Iskandar DT, et al. 2011. Adaptive radiation and ecological opportunity in Sulawesi and Philippine fanged frog (Limnonectes) communities. Am. Nat. 178:221-40
116. Sheldon FH, Oliveros CH, Taylor SS, McKay B, Lim HC, et al. 2012. Molecular phylogeny and insular biogeography of the lowland tailorbirds of Southeast Asia (Cisticolidae: Orthotomus). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 65:54-63
117. Siddall M, Rohling EJ, Almogi-Labin A, Hemleben C, Meischner D, et al. 2003. Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. Nature 423:853-58
118. Siler CD, Brown RM. 2011. Evidence for repeated acquisition and loss of complex body form characters in an insular clade of Southeast Asian semi-fossorial skinks. Evolution 65:2641-63
119. Siler CD, Diesmos AC, Alcala AC, Brown RM. 2011a. Phylogeny of Philippine slender skinks (Scincidae: Brachymeles) reveals underestimated species diversity, complex biogeographical relationships, and cryptic patterns of lineage diversification. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 59:53-65
120. Siler CD, Oaks JR, Esselstyn JA, Diesmos AC, Brown RM. 2010. Phylogeny and biogeography of Philippine bent-toed geckos (Gekkonidae: Cyrtodactylus) contradict a prevailing model of Pleistocene diversification. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 55:699-710
121. Siler CD, Oaks JR, Welton LJ, Linkem CW, Swab J, et al. 2012. Did geckos ride the Palawan raft to the Philippines? J. Biogeogr. 39:1217-34
122. Siler CD, Welton LJ, Siler JM, Brown J, Bucol A, et al. 2011b. Amphibians and reptiles, Luzon Island, Aurora Province and Aurora Memorial National Park, northern Philippines: new island distribution records. Check List 7:182-95
123. Simpson GG. 1977. Too many lines; the limits of the oriental and Australian zoogeographic regions. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 121:107-19
124. Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Brook BW, Ng PKL. 2004. Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19:654-60
125. Steere JB. 1894. The distribution of genera and species of non-migratory land birds in the Philippines. Auk 11:231-40
126. Steppan SJ, Zawadzki C, Heaney LR. 2003. Molecular phylogeny of the endemic Philippine rodent Apomys (Muridae) and the dynamics of diversification in an oceanic archipelago. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 80:699-715
127. Taylor EH. 1920. Philippine amphibia. Philipp. J. Sci. 20:213-59
128. Vences M, Wollenberg KC, Vietes DR, Lees DC. 2009. Madagascar as a model region of species diversification. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24:456-65
129. Voris HK. 2000. Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems, time durations. J. Biogeogr. 27:1153-67
130. Wallace AR. 1860. On the zoological geography of the Malay Archipelago. J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4:172-84
131. Wallace AR. 1863. On the physical geography of the Malay Archipelago. J. R. Geogr. Soc. 33:217-34
132. Wallace AR. 1869. The Malay Archipelago. London: Macmillan. 512 pp.
133. Webb CO, Ackerly DD, Kembel SW. 2008. Phylocom: software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and trait evolution. Bioinformatics 24:2098-100
134. Welton LJ, Siler CD, Bennett D, Diesmos AC, Duya MR, et al. 2010a. A spectacular new Philippine monitor lizard reveals a hidden biogeographic boundary and a novel flagship species for conservation. Biol. Lett. 6:654-58
135. Welton LJ, Siler CD, Linkem CW, Diesmos AC, Brown RM. 2010b. Philippine bent-toed geckos of the Cyrtodactylus agusanensis complex: multilocus phylogeny, morphological diversity, and descriptions of three new species. Herpetol. Monogr. 24:55-85
136. Welton LJ, Siler CD, Linkem CW, Diesmos AC, Diesmos ML, et al. 2013a. Dragons in our midst: phylo-forensics of illegally traded Southeast Asian water monitor lizards. Biol. Conserv. 159:7-15
137. Welton LJ, Siler CD, Oaks JR, Diesmos AC, Brown RM. 2013b. Multilocus phylogeny and Bayesian estimates of species boundaries reveal hidden evolutionary relationships and cryptic diversity in Southeast Asian monitor lizards. Mol. Ecol. 22:3495-3510
138. Wurster CM, Bird MI, Bull ID, Creed F, Bryant C, et al. 2010. Forest contractionin north equatorial Southeast Asia during the Last Glacial Period. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107:15508-11
139. Yumul GP Jr, Dimalanta CB, Maglambayan VB, Marquez EJ. 2008. Tectonic setting of a composite terrane: a review of the Philippine island arc setting. Geosci. J. 12:7-17
140. Yumul GP Jr, Dimalanta CB, Queaño K, Marquez E. 2009. Philippines, geology. See Gillespie & Clague 2009, pp. 732-38
141. Yumul GP Jr, Dimalanta CB, Tamayo RA Jr, Maury RC. 2003. Collision, subduction and accretion events in the Philippines: new interpretations and implications. Isl. Arc 12:77-91