Gentian violet: A 19th century drug re-emerges in the 21st century

Experimental Dermatology

Volumn 22, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 775-780

  Maley, Alexander M ^a,b   Arbiser, Jack L ^a,b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b ATLANTA VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Crystal violet; Gentian Violet; Triphenylmethane dye

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTITRYPANOSOMAL AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CRYSTAL VIOLET; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE 2;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIPROTOZOAL ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIAL INFECTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SKIN INFECTION; TRYPANOSOMIASIS; VIRUS INFECTION;

CRYSTAL VIOLET; GENTIAN VIOLET; TRIPHENYLMETHANE DYE;

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; DERMATOLOGY; GENTIAN VIOLET; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HUMANS; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; PLANT EXTRACTS; SKIN DISEASES; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS;

EID: 84888346077     PISSN: 09066705     EISSN: 16000625     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/exd.12257     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Lauth C. Laboratory 1867: 1: 138-139.
2. Titford M. J Histotechnol 1993: 16: 155-158.
3. Conn H J. J Bacteriol 1922: 7: 529-536.
4. Balabanova M, Popova L, Tchipeva R. Clin Dermatol 2003: 21: 2-6.
5. Stilling J. Lancet 1891: 137: 872-873.
6. Vienna. Lancet 1891: 137: 344. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)18255-9.
7. Alumni and Faculty of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania. Pyoctanin. The University Medical Magazine 1890: 3: 38-39.
8. Churchman J W. J Exp Med 1912: 16: 221-247.
9. Hinton D. Ann Surg 1925: 81: 687-692.
10. Lamb F H. Arch. Pediat 1928: 45: 306.
11. Albray R. Laryngoscope 1928: 4: 250-263.
12. Faber H K, Dickey L B. JAMA 1925: 85: 900-901.
13. Peterkin G A G, Jones E C. Br Med J 1943: 1: 318.
14. Aldrich R H. N Engl J Med 1933: 208: 299-309.
15. Bumbalo T S, Gustina F J. J Pediatr 1955: 47: 311-314.
16. Farley D L. Arch Derm Syphilol 1920: 2: 459-465.
17. Sanderson E S, Smith D C. Arch Derm Syphilol 1927: 16: 153-155.
18. Gentian violet. Amazon.com. Available from: http://www.amazon.com/GENTIAN-VIOLET-SOL-HUM-Size/dp/B000GCQ05G/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1365358396&sr=8-1&keywords=gentian+violet+2%25. Accessed April 07, 2013.
19. U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention: Gentian Violet USP.org. Available from: http://www.usp.org/pdf/EN/referenceStandards/certificates/1290002-G0E112.pdf Accessed September 04, 2013.
20. Bakker P, Van Doorne H, Gooskens V et al. Int J Dermatol 1992: 31: 210-213.
21. Burkhart C N, Katz K A. Chapter 222. Other Topical Medications. In: Goldsmith L A, Katz S I, Gilchrest B A, Paller A S, Leffell D J, Dallas N A, eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012: 2697-2706.
22. Docampo R, Silvia N M. Drug Metab Rev 1990: 22: 161-178.
23. Ingraham M A. J Bacteriol 1933: 26: 573.
24. Perry B N, Govindarajan B, Bhandarkar S S et al. J Invest Dermatol 2006: 126: 2316-2322.
25. Levin D, Lovely T, Klekowski E. Mutat Res 1982: 103: 283.
26. Harrelson W, Mason R. Mol Pharmacol 1982: 22: 239-242.
27. Stearn E W, Stearn A E. J Bacteriol 1923: 8: 567-572.
28. Gustafsson P, Nordström K, Normark S. J Bacteriol 1973: 116: 893-900.
29. Hoffmann M E, Jang J, Moreno S N et al. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1995: 42: 293-297.
30. Fry B A. J Gen Microbiol 1957: 16: 341-349.
31. Moreno S N, Gadelha F R, Docampo R. J Biol Chem 1988: 263: 12493-12499.
32. Park J T. Federation Proc 1954: 13: 271.
33. Zhang X, Zheng Y, Fried L E et al. Free Radic Biol Med 2011: 50: 811-820.
34. Brockow K, Grabenhorst P, Abeck D et al. Dermatology 1999: 199: 231-236.
35. Stoff B, MacKelfresh J, Fried L et al. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010: 63: 537-539.
36. Huang J T, Abrams M, Tlougan B et al. Pediatrics 2009: 123: e808-e814.
37. Zupan J, Garner P, Omari A. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004: 3: CD001057.
38. Wald E R, Snyder M J, Gutberlet R L. Am J Dis Child 1977: 131: 178-180.
39. Berrios R L, Arbiser J L. Dermatol Clin 2011: 29: 69-73.
40. Taguchi S, Saji M, Sakisaka M et al. Chemotherapy 1993: 41: 935-940.
41. Toba K, Sudoh N, Nagano K et al. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1997: 34: 577-582.
42. Saji M. Kansenshōgaku zasshi 1992: 66: 914.
43. Saji M, Taguchi S, Hayama N et al. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1993: 30: 795-801.
44. Okano M, Noguchi S, Tabata K et al. Int J Dermatol 2000: 39: 942-944.
45. Kayama C, Goto Y, Shimoya S et al. J Otolaryngol 2006: 35: 384-386.
46. Kato T, Takagi H, Matsuno Y et al. Heart Vessels 2006: 21: 392-394.
47. Igari K, Jibiki M, Kudo T et al. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011: 41: 278-280.
48. Fung D Y C, Miller R D. Appl Microbiol 1973: 25: 793-799.
49. Wang E W, Agostini G, Olomu O et al. Laryngoscope 2008: 118: 2050-2056.
50. Stewart P S, Costerton J W. Lancet 2001: 358: 135-138.
51. Hachem R, Reitzel R, Borne A et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009: 53: 5145-5149.
52. Chaiban G, Hanna H, Dvorak T et al. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005: 55: 51-56.
53. Bhatnagar V, Sundaram K R. Indian J Med Res 1993: 97: 206-208.
54. Camacho D P, Gasparetto A, Svidzinski T I. Mycopathologia 2007: 163: 261-266.
55. Karchmer T B, Giannetta E T, Muto C A et al. Arch Intern Med 2000: 160: 3294-3298.
56. Heller M M, Fullerton-Stone H, Murase J E. Int J Dermatol 2012: 51: 1149-1161.
57. Wilson-Clay B. J Hum Lact 1991: 7: 58.
58. Nyst M J, Perriens J H, Kimputu L et al. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1992: 72: 45-52.
59. Wright S C, Maree J E, Sibanyoni M. Phytomedicine 2009: 16: 118-124.
60. Pienaar E D, Young T, Holmes H. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010: 10: CD003940.
61. Mulu A, Kassu A, Anagaw B et al. BMC Infect Dis 2013: 12: 82.
62. Traboulsi R S, Mukherjee P K, Ghannoum M A. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008: 31: 272-276.
63. Kondo S, Tabe Y, Yamada T et al. Mycopathologia 2012: 173: 21-25.
64. Traboulsi R S, Mukherjee P K, Chandra J et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011: 55: 3043-3045.
65. Slotkowski E L, Redondo D. Am J Dis Child 1966: 112: 40-42.
66. Verbov J. Br Med J 1976: 11: 639.
67. John R W. Br Med J 1968: 1: 157-158.
68. Utter A R. J Hum Lact 1990: 6: 178-180.
69. Baca D, Drexler C, Cullen E. Clin Pediatr 2001: 40: 233-235.
70. Spence-Shishido A, Carr C, Bonner M Y et al. JAMA Dermatol 2013: 15: 1-2. [Epub ahead of print]
71. Nussenzweig V, Sonntag R, Biancalana A et al. Hospital (Rio J) 1953: 44: 731-744.
72. Ramirez L E, Lages-Silva E, Pianetti G M et al. Transfusion 1995: 35: 226-230.
73. Docampo R, Moreno S N, Gadelha F R et al. Biomed Environ Sci 1988: 1: 406-413.
74. Docampo R, Moreno S N, Muniz R P et al. Science 1983: 220: 1292-1295.
75. Wendel S. Acta Trop 2010: 115: 28-34.
76. de Souza Pietra R C C, Rodrigues L F, Teixeira E et al. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e51864.
77. Kyle L H, McKay D G, Sparling H J. Ann Intern Med 1948: 29: 1014-1042.
78. Browne D C, Contacos P G, Welch G E et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1957: 6: 1066-1067.
79. Jung R C, Beaver P C. Pediatrics 1953: 11: 611-616.
80. Askue W E. J Pediatr 1953: 42: 332-338.
81. Bhandarkar S S, MacKelfresh J, Fried L et al. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008: 58: 711-712.
82. Aljofan M, Sganga M L, Lo M K et al. Virol J 2009: 4: 187.
83. Fried L E, Arbiser J L. Adv Dermatol 2008: 24: 89-103.
84. Hashizume H, Falcón B L, Kuroda T et al. Cancer Res 2010: 70: 2213-2223.
85. Fiedler U, Augustin H G. Trends Immunol 2006: 27: 552e8.
86. Cao Y, Arbiser J, D'Amato R J et al. Sci Transl Med 2011: 3: 114rv3.
87. Cao Y. Int J Dev Biol 2011: 55: 557-562.
88. Cao Y, Langer R. Sci Transl Med 2010: 2: 15ps3.
89. Huang Y, Goel S, Duda D G et al. Cancer Res 2013: 73: 2943-2948.
90. Cao Y. Exp Cell Res 2010: 316: 1304-1308.
91. Hiramoto K, Kobayashi H, Yamate Y et al. Exp Dermatol 2012: 21: 911-914.
92. Arbiser J L, Petros J, Klafter R et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002: 99: 715-720.
93. Lapidoth M, Ben-Amitai D, Bhandarkar S et al. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009: 60: 350e1.
94. Kamba T, Tam B Y, Hashizume H et al. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006: 290: H560-H576.
95. Jia W, Sun V, Tran N et al. Lasers Surg Med 2010: 42: 105-112.
96. Tan W, Jia W et al. Lasers Surg Med 2012: 44: 796-804.
97. Munson J M, Fried L, Rowson S A et al. Sci Transl Med 2012: 4: 127ra36.
98. Munson J, Bonner M, Fried L et al. Cell Cycle 2013: 12: 2200-2209.
99. Bonner M Y, Arbiser J L. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012: 69: 2435-2442.
100. Newick K, Cunniff B, Preston K et al. PLoS ONE 2012: 7: e39404.
101. Fruehauf J, Lutzky J, McDermott D et al. Clin Cancer Res 2011: 117: 7462-7469.
102. Perez D G, Suman V J, Fitch T R et al. Cancer 2009: 115: 119-127.
103. Arbiser J L, Bips M, Seidler A et al. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012: 67: e81-e83.
104. Cao Y, Zhang L, Ritprajak P et al. Cancer Res 2011: 71: 4737-4741.
105. Talebian F, Liu J Q, Liu Z et al. PLoS ONE 2012: 2012: e31442.
106. Munn D H, Mellor A L. J Clin Invest 2007: 117: 1147-1154.
107. McCarter M, Clarke J, Richter D et al. Surgery 2005: 138: 321-328.
108. Eiselein M W. Med Hypotheses 2001: 56: 648-652.
109. Harris R et al. Radiography 2012: 18: 21-27.
110. Mak S S, Molassiotis A, Wan W M et al. Cancer Nurs 2000: 23: 220-229.
111. Gollins S, Gaffney C, Slade S et al. J Wound Care 2008: 17: 268-270, 272, 274-265.
112. Harris K, Hull P R, Hansen C D et al. Br J Dermatol 2012: 166: 124-128.
113. Leiferman K M, Gleich G J. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004: 113: 50-58.
114. Fukushi S, Ito Y, Kimura Y et al. J Dermatol Sci 2013: 69: e33-e33.
115. Pearse A G E Histochemistry - Theoretical and Applied, 4th ed. Volume 2: Analytical Technology. Edinburgh, New York: Churchill-Livingstone (1985).
116. Rosenkranz H S, Carr H S. Br Med J 1971: 183: 702-703.
117. Au W, Pathak S, Collie C J et al. Mutat Res 1978: 58: 269-276.
118. Au W, Butler M A, Bloom S E et al. Mutat Res 1979: 66: 103-112.
119. Culp S J, Mellick P W, Trotter R W et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2006: 44: 1204-1212.
120. Littlefield N A, Blackwell B N, Hewitt C C et al. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1985: 5: 902-912.
121. Littlefield N A, Gaylor D W, Blackwell B N et al. Food Chem Toxicol 1989: 27: 239-247.
122. Arbiser J L. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009: 61: 359.
123. Piatt J P, Bergeson P S. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1992: 31: 756-757.
124. Horsfield P, Logan F A, Newey J A. Br Med J 1976: 28: 529.
125. Walsh C, Walsh A. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986: 293: 732.
126. Kim S J, Koh D H, Park J S et al. Yonsei Med J 2003: 44: 163-165.