Caring for new mothers: Diagnosis, management and treatment of nipple dermatitis in breastfeeding mothers

International Journal of Dermatology

Volumn 51, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 1149-1161

  Heller, Misha M ^a   Fullerton Stone, Honor ^b,c   Murase, Jenny E ^d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Menlo Dermatology Medical Group   (United States)

^c STANFORD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d Palo Alto Foundation Medical Group   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATOPIC DERMATITIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BLISTER; BREAST FEEDING; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONTACT DERMATITIS; DERMATITIS; DERMATOLOGIST; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; ECZEMA; HERPES SIMPLEX; HUMAN; LACTATION; MOUTH MALFORMATION; MYCOSIS; NEWBORN NURSING; NIPPLE DERMATITIS; PAIN; PLUGGED LACTIFEROUS DUCT; PSORIASIS; RAYNAUD PHENOMENON; REVIEW;

BREAST FEEDING; DERMATITIS, ATOPIC; DERMATITIS, CONTACT; DERMATOMYCOSES; FEMALE; HERPES SIMPLEX; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MAMMARY GLANDS, HUMAN; MOTHERS; NIPPLES; PAIN; PSORIASIS; RAYNAUD DISEASE; SKIN DISEASES, BACTERIAL; SUCKING BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84866548124     PISSN: 00119059     EISSN: 13654632     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05445.x     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. World Health Organization. Health topics: breastfeeding 2011. http://www.who.int/topics/breastfeeding/en/ [Accessed June 19, 2011]. [Accessed June 19, 2011].
2. World Health Organization. Nutrition: infant and young child feeding data by country 2011. http://www.who.int/nutrition/databases/infantfeeding/countries/en/index.html [Accessed June 19, 2011].
3. The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding 2011. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/breastfeeding/calltoactiontosupportbreastfeeding.pdf [Accessed June 19, 2011].
4. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding Report Card - United States, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/BreastfeedingReportCard2010.pdf [Accessed June 19, 2011].
5. Morland-Schultz K, Hill PD. Prevention of and therapies for nipple pain: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2005; 34: 428-437.
6. Newton N. Nipple pain and nipple damage; problems in the management of breast feeding. J Pediatr 1952; 41: 411-423.
7. Ziemer MM, Paone JP, Schupay J, et al. Methods to prevent and manage nipple pain in breastfeeding women. West J Nurs Res 1990; 12: 732-743; discussion 43-44.
8. Ziemer MM, Pigeon JG. Skin changes and pain in the nipple during the 1st week of lactation. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1993; 22: 247-256.
9. Barankin B, Gross MS. Nipple and areolar eczema in the breastfeeding woman. J Cutan Med Surg 2004; 8: 126-130.
10. Tait P. Nipple pain in breastfeeding women: causes, treatment, and prevention strategies. J Midwifery Womens Health 2000; 45: 212-215.
11. Spencer JP. Management of mastitis in breastfeeding women. Am Fam Physician 2008; 78: 727-731.
12. Cadwell K. Latching-on and suckling of the healthy term neonate: breastfeeding assessment. J Midwifery Womens Health 2007; 52: 638-642.
13. Page D. Breastfeeding: learning the dance of latching. J Hum Lact 2007; 23: 111-112.
14. Geddes DT, Langton DB, Gollow I, et al. Frenulotomy for breastfeeding infants with ankyloglossia: effect on milk removal and sucking mechanism as imaged by ultrasound. Pediatrics 2008; 122: e188-e194.
15. Amir L. Eczema of the nipple and breast: a case report. J Hum Lact 1993; 9: 173-175.
16. Frosch PJ, Pilz B, Andersen KE, et al. Patch testing with fragrances: results of a multicenter study of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group with 48 frequently used constituents of perfumes. Contact Dermatitis 1995; 33: 333-342.
17. Nettis E, Colanardi MC, Soccio AL, et al. Occupational irritant and allergic contact dermatitis among healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis 2002; 46: 101-107.
18. Tupker RA, Bunte EE, Fidler V, et al. Irritancy ranking of anionic detergents using one-time occlusive, repeated occlusive and repeated open tests. Contact Dermatitis 1999; 40: 316-322.
19. McGeorge BC, Steele MC. Allergic contact dermatitis of the nipple from Roman chamomile ointment. Contact Dermatitis 1991; 24: 139-140.
20. Flyvholm MA. Contact allergens in registered cleaning agents for industrial and household use. Br J Ind Med 1993; 50: 1043-1050.
21. Giordano-Labadie F, Schwarze HP, Bazex J. Allergic contact dermatitis from camomile used in phytotherapy. Contact Dermatitis 2000; 42: 247.
22. Bossuyt L, Dooms-Goossens A. Contact sensitivity to nettles and camomile in 'alternative' remedies. Contact Dermatitis 1994; 31: 131-132.
23. Morrow DM, Rapaport MJ, Strick RA. Hypersensitivity to aloe. Arch Dermatol 1980; 116: 1064-1065.
24. Buckley DA, Wakelin SH, Seed PT, et al. The frequency of fragrance allergy in a patch-test population over a 17-year period. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 279-283.
25. Wolf R. The lanolin paradox. Dermatology 1996; 192: 198-202.
26. Kinlay JR, O'Connell DL, Kinlay S. Risk factors for mastitis in breastfeeding women: results of a prospective cohort study. Aust N Z J Public Health 2001; 25: 115-120.
27. Brook I. Infant botulism. J Perinatol 2007; 27: 175-180.
28. Kinlay JR, O'Connell DL, Kinlay S. Incidence of mastitis in breastfeeding women during the six months after delivery: a prospective cohort study. Med J Aust 1998; 169: 310-312.
29. Brent NB. Thrush in the breastfeeding dyad: results of a survey on diagnosis and treatment. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2001; 40: 503-506.
30. Morrill JF, Pappagianis D, Heinig MJ, et al. Detecting Candida albicans in human milk. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 475-478.
31. Morrill JF, Heinig MJ, Pappagianis D, et al. Risk factors for mammary candidosis among lactating women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2005; 34: 37-45.
32. Jennison RF. Thrush in infancy. Arch Dis Child 1977; 52: 747-749.
33. Ollila P, Niemela M, Uhari M, et al. Risk factors for colonization of salivary lactobacilli and Candida in children. Acta Odontol Scand 1997; 55: 9-13.
34. Darwazeh AM, Al-Bashir A. Oral candidal flora in healthy infants. J Oral Pathol Med 1995; 24: 361-364.
35. Feigin RD. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 5th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004.
36. Livingstone V, Stringer LJ. The treatment of Staphyloccocus aureus infected sore nipples: a randomized comparative study. J Hum Lact 1999; 15: 241-246.
37. Amir LH, Garland SM, Dennerstein L, et al. Candida albicans: is it associated with nipple pain in lactating women? Gynecol Obstet Invest 1996; 41: 30-34.
38. Eglash A, Plane MB, Mundt M. History, physical and laboratory findings, and clinical outcomes of lactating women treated with antibiotics for chronic breast and/or nipple pain. J Hum Lact 2006; 22: 429-433.
39. Anderson JE, Held N, Wright K. Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple: a treatable cause of painful breastfeeding. Pediatrics 2004; 113: e360-e364.
40. Wiener S. Diagnosis and management of Candida of the nipple and breast. J Midwifery Womens Health 2006; 51: 125-128.
41. Francis-Morrill J, Heinig MJ, Pappagianis D, et al. Diagnostic value of signs and symptoms of mammary candidosis among lactating women. J Hum Lact 2004; 20: 288-295; quiz 96-99.
42. Viejo-Diaz M, Andres MT, Fierro JF. Different anti-Candida activities of two human lactoferrin-derived peptides, Lfpep and kaliocin-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 2583-2588.
43. Soukka T, Tenovuo J, Lenander-Lumikari M. Fungicidal effect of human lactoferrin against Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 69: 223-228.
44. Montagne P, Cuilliere ML, Mole C, et al. Changes in lactoferrin and lysozyme levels in human milk during the first twelve weeks of lactation. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001; 501: 241-247.
45. Hale TW, Bateman TL, Finkelman MA, et al. The absence of Candida albicans in milk samples of women with clinical symptoms of ductal candidiasis. Breastfeed Med 2009; 4: 57-61.
46. Pugh LC, Buchko BL, Bishop BA, et al. A comparison of topical agents to relieve nipple pain and enhance breastfeeding. Birth 1996; 23: 88-93.
47. Hale T. Medications and Mothers' Milk, 14th edn. Amarillo, TX: Hale Pub., L.P., 2010: 47.
48. Manninen AK, Juhakoski A. Nifedipine concentrations in maternal and umbilical serum, amniotic fluid, breast milk and urine of mothers and offspring. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1991; 11: 231-236.
49. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 776-789. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533352.
50. Garrison CP. Nipple vasospasms, Raynaud's syndrome, and nifedipine. J Hum Lact 2002; 18: 382-385.