Multi-scale characterization studies of aged li-ion large format cells for improved performance: An overview

Journal of the Electrochemical Society

Volumn 160, Issue 11, 2013, Pages

  Nagpure, Shrikant C ^a   Bhushan, Bharat ^a   Babu, S S ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84888193021     PISSN: 00134651     EISSN: 19457111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1149/2.001311jes     Document Type: Article

References (285)

1. Anonymous, "Basic Research Needs For Electrical Energy Storage, Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop for Electrical Energy Storage," April, Tech Rep., U. S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. (2007).
2. M. S. Whittingham, MRS Bulletin, 33, 411 (2008).
3. M. S. Whittingham, "Materials Challenges Facing Electrochemical Energy Storage: Batteries and Capacitors," In Fundamentals of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, ( D.S. Ginley and D. Cohen, eds.), MaterialsResearch Society, Warrendale, PA (2011).
4. M. S. Whittingham, Proceedings of the IEEE, 100, 1518 (2012).
5. M. Winter and R. J. Brodd, Chem. Rev., 104, 4245 (2004).
6. M. Armand and J. M. Tarascon, Nature, 451, 652 (2008).
7. J. B. Goodenough, J. Power Sources, 174, 996 (2007).
8. Y. M. Chiang, Science, 330, 1485 (2010).
9. V. Srinivasan, "Batteries for Vehicular Applications," In Physics of Sustainable Energy: Using Energy Efficiently and Producing It Renewably, ( D. Hafemeister, B. Levi, M. Levine, and P. Scliwartz, eds) pp. 283-296, 2008 American Institute of Physics, Berkley, CA.
10. D. Howell, Overview of Battery R & D Activities, Tech Rep., U. S. Department of Energy,Washington, D.C (2012). Available from: http://www1.eere.energy. gov/vehiclesandfuels/.
11. J. Marcicki, "Modeling, Parametrization, and Diagnostic for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Automotive Application," The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, PhD Thesis (2012).
12. Anonymous, "FreedomCAR 42 V Energy Storage System End-of-Life Performance Goals," Southfield, MI, USABC, (2002).
13. Anonymous, "USABC Goals for Advanced Batteries for Evs," Southfield, MI, USABC, (2006).
14. Anonymous, "USABC Requirements of End of Life Energy Storage Systems for PHEVs," Southfield, MI, USABC, (2006).
15. Anonymous, EV Everywhere:-A Grand Challenge in Plug-In Electric Vehicles Grand challenge, Initial Framing Document, U. S. Dept. of Energy: Washington D. C., (2012). Available from: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/ ev-everywhere/ev-everywhere-initial-framing-doc-081512-final-2.pdf.
16. Anonymous, EV Everywhere:-A Grand Challenge, Blueprint, U. S. Dept. of Energy: Washington D. C., (2012). Available from: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ vehiclesandfuels/electric-vehicles/pdfs/eveverywhere-blueprint.pdf.
17. C. M. Hayner, X. Zhao, and H. H. Kung, Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomed Eng., 3, 445 (2012).
18. M. Winter, J. O. Besenhard, J. H. Albering, J. Y. Yang, and M. Wachtler, Prog. Batteries Battery Mater., 17, 208 (1998).
19. M.Winter, J. O. Besenhard,M. E. Spahr, and P. Novak, Adv. Mater., 10, 725 (1998).
20. M. S. Whittingham, Chem. Rev., 104, 4271 (2004).
21. H.-K. Song, K. T. Lee, M. G. Kim, L. F. Nazar, and J. Cho, Adv. Funct. Mater., 20, 3818 (2010).
22. K. Pinkwart and J. Tubke, "Thermodynamics and Mechanistics," In Handbook of Battery Materials, 2nd Ed., ( C. Daniel and J. O. Besenhard, eds.) pp. 3-26, Wiley, Weinheim, Germany (2011).
23. F. Kong, R. Kostecki, G. Nadeau, X. Song, K. Zaghib, K. Kinoshita, and F. McLarnon, J. Power Sources, 97-98, 58 (2001).
24. P. G. Bruce, B. Scrosati, and J.-M. Tarascon, Angew. Chem. Int., 47, 2930 (2008).
25. S. Hossain, Y.-K. Kim, Y. Saleh, and R. Loutfy, J. Power Sources, 114, 264 (2003).
26. M. S. Whittingham, Science, 192, 1126 (1976).
27. Q. Fan, P. J. Chupas, and M. S. Whittingham, Electrochem. Solid St., 10, A274 (2007).
28. E. Peled, J. Electrochem. Soc., 126, 2047 (1979).
29. R. Kanno, Y. Kawamoto, Y. Takeda, S. Ohashi, N. Imanishi, and O. Yamamoto, J Electrochem. Soc., 139, 3397 (1992).
30. J.Vetter, P. Novak,M. R.Wagner,C.Veit, K. C.Moller, J. O. Besenhard, M.Winter, M.Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, C. Vogler, and A. Hammouche, J. Power Sources, 147, 269 (2005).
31. E. Ferg, R. J. Gummow, A. de Kock, and M. M. Thackeray, J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, L147 (1994).
32. R. Kostecki and F. McLarnon, Electrochem. Solid St., 5, A164 (2002).
33. R. Kostecki and F. McLarnon, Electrochem Solid tate Lett., 7, A380 (2004).
34. C. Johnson, N. Li, J. Vaughey, S. Hackney, and M. Thackeray, Electrochem. Commun., 7, 528 (2005).
35. S.-H. Park, S.-H. Kang, and C. Johnson, Electrochem. Commun., 9, 262 (2007).
36. J. Whitacre, K. Zaghib, W. West, and B. Ratnakumar, J. Power Sources, 177, 528 (2008).
37. M. Dubarry, C. Truchot, M. Cugnet, B. Liaw, K. Gering, S. Sazhin, D Jamison, and C. Michelbacher, J. Power Sources, 196, 10328 (2011).
38. M. Dubarry, C. Truchot, M. Cugnet, B. Liaw, K. Gering, S. Sazhin, D Jamison, and C. Michelbacher, J. Power Sources, 196, 10336 (2011).
39. K. Nam,W. Yoon, H. Shin, K. Chung, S. Choi, and X. Yang, J. Power Sources, 192, 652 (2009).
40. J. Belt, V. Utgikar, and I. Bloom, J. Power Sources, 196, 10213 (2011).
41. S. Jeong, J. Shin, K. Nahm, T. Prem Kumar, and A. M. Stephan, Mater Chem. Phys., 111, 213 (1999).
42. C. Yang, H. Lai, Z. Liu, and P. Ma, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51, 1345 (2006).
43. A. K. Padhi, K. S. Nanjundaswamy, and J. B. Goodenough, J. Electrochem. Soc., 144, 1188 (1997).
44. A. K. Padhi, K. S. Nanjundaswamy, C. Masquelier, S. Okada, and J. B. Goodenough, J. Electrochem. Soc., 144, 1609 (1997).
45. A.Yamada, S. C. Chung, and K. Hinokuma, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, A224 (2001).
46. L.-X. Yuan, Z.-H. Wang, W.-X. Zhang, X,-L. Hu, J.-T. Chen, Y.-H. Huang, and J. B. Goodenough, Energy Environ. Sci., 4, 269 (2011).
47. P. Arora and Z. Zhang, Chem. Rev., 104, 4419 (2004).
48. S. Zhang, J. Power Sources, 164, 351 (2007).
49. K. Xu, Chem. Rev., 104, 4303 (2004).
50. J. Y. Song, Y. Y. Wang, and C. C. Wan, J. Power Sources, 77, 183 (1999).
51. S. C. Nagpure and B. Bhushan, "Nanomaterials for Electrical Energy Storage Devices," In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, ( B. Bhushan, ed.) pp. 1597-1608, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany (2012).
52. I. Buchmann, Batteries in a PortableWorld: A Handbook on Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineer, second ed., Cadex Electronics Inc., Richmond, VA (2001).
53. J. S. Newman, Electrochemical Systems, second ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1991).
54. J. Newman and K. E. Thomas-Alyea, Electrochemical Systems, 3rd Ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ (2004).
55. J. R. Dahn, Phys. Rev. B, 44, 9170 (1991).
56. V. R. Albertini, P. Perfetti, F. Ronci, P. Reale, and B. Scrosati, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 27 (2001).
57. R. Kostecki and F. McLarnon, J. Power Sources, 119-121, 550 (2003).
58. S. Miao, M. Kocher, P. Rez, B. Fultz, R. Yazami, and C. C. Ahn, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 4242 (2007).
59. J. B. Siegel, X. Lin, A. G. Stefanopoulou, D. S. Hussey, D. L. Jacobson, and D. Gorsich, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158, A523 (2011).
60. A. Senyshyna, M. J. Muhlbauera, K. Nikolowskia, T. Pirling, and H. Ehrenberg, J. Power Sources, 203, 126 (2012).
61. R. S. Rubino, H. Gan, and E. S. Takeuchi, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, A1029 (2001).
62. P. Spagnol, S. Onori, N. Madella, Y. Guezennec, and J. Neal, "Aging and Characterization of Li-Ion Batteries in a HEV Application for Lifetime Estimation," Proc. of IFAC Symposium Advances in Automotive Control (2010).
63. V. Marano, S. Onori, Y. Guezennec, G. Rizzoni, and N. Madella, "Lithium-ion Batteries Life Estimation for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles," In Proceedings of the Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, IEEE, 536-543 (2009).
64. S. C. Nagpure, B. Bhushan, S. S. Babu, and G. Rizzoni, Scripta Mater., 60, 933 (2009).
65. S. C. Nagpure, R. Dinwiddie, S. S. Babu, G. Rizzoni, B. Bhushan, and T. Frech, J. Power Sources, 195, 872 (2010).
66. S. C. Nagpure, S. S. Babu, and B. Bhushan, J. Power Sources, 196, 1508 (2011).
67. S. C. Nagpure, R. G. Downing, B. Bhushan, S. S. Babu, and L. Cao, Electrochim. Acta, 56, 4735 (2011).
68. S. C. Nagpure, S. S. Babu, B. Bhushan, A. Kumar, R. Mishra,W.Windl, L. Kovarik, and M. Mills, Acta Mater., 59, 6917 (2011).
69. S. C. Nagpure, B. Bhushan, and S. S. Babu, Appl. Surf. Sci., 259, 49 (2012).
70. S. Franger, F. Le. Cras, C. Bourbon, C. Benoit, P. Soudan, and J. Santos-Pena, "Overview on the practical electrochemical behaviour of optimized lithium iron phosphate," In Recent Research Developments in Electrochemistry, Vol. 8, ( S. G. Pandalai, ed.) pp. 225-256, Transworld Research Network, Kerala, India (2005).
71. C. Benoit and S. Franger, J. Solid State Electr., 12, 987 (2008).
72. J. Wang, P. Liu, J. Hicks-Garner, E. Sherman, S. Soukiazian, M. Verbrugge, H. Tataria, J. Musser, and P. Finamorec, J. Power Sources, 196, 3942 (2011).
73. M. Safari and C. Delacourt, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158, A562 (2011).
74. M. Safari and C. Delacourt, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158, A1436 (2011).
75. P. Arora, R. E. White, and M. Doyle, J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, 3647 (1998).
76. M. Safari, M. Morcrette, A. Teyssot, and C. Delacourt, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156, A145 (2009).
77. D. Goers, M. Spahr, A. Leone, W. Markle, and P. Novak, Electrochim. Acta, 56, 3799 (2011).
78. W. Markle, C. Lu, and P. Novak, Electrochimica Acta, 56, 3799 (2011).
79. D. Bedrov, G. Smith, and A. Van Duin, J. Phys. Chem. A, 116, 2978 (2012).
80. G. Ning, R. White, and B. Popov, Electrochimica Acta, 51, 2012 (2006).
81. S. Santhanagopalan, Q. Guo, P. Ramadass, and R. E. White, J. Power Sources, 156, 620 (2006).
82. M. Broussely, S. Herreyre, P. Biensan, P. Kasztejna, K. Nechev, and R. Staniewicz, J. Power Sources, 97, 13 (2001).
83. S. J. Harris, A. Timmons, D. R. Baker, and C. Monroe, Chem. Phys. Lett., 485, 265 (2010).
84. B. V. Ratnakumar and M. C. Smart, ECS Trans., 25(36), 241 (2010).
85. W. Fang, O. Kwon, and C. Wang, Int. J. Energ. Res., 34, 107 (2010).
86. T. Ohzuku, A. Ueda, N. Yamamoto, and Y. Iwakoshi, J. Power Sources, 54, 99 (1995).
87. H. P. Lin, D. Chua, M. Salomon, H. C. Shiao, M. Hendrickson, E. Plichta, and S. Slane, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 4, A71 (2001).
88. B. V. Ratnakumar, M. C. Smart, and S. Surampudi, J. Power Sources, 97-98, 137 (2001).
89. J. Christensen and J. Newman, J. Solid State Electrochem., 10, 293 (2006).
90. X. Zhang, W. Shyy, and A. Sastry, J. Electrochem. Soc., 154, A910 (2007).
91. M. Verbrugge and Y. Cheng, ECS Trans, 16, 155 (2008).
92. Y. Cheng and M. Verbrugge, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 13, A128 (2010).
93. Y. Cheng and M. Verbrugge, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, A508 (2010).
94. S. Renganathan, G. Sikha, S. Santhanagopalan, and R. White, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, A155 (2010).
95. K. Zhao, M. Pharr, J. Vlassak, and Z. Suo, J. Appl. Phys., 108, 073517 (2010).
96. R. Deshpande, Y. Cheng, M. Verbrugge, and A. Timmons, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158, A718 (2011).
97. D. Aurbach,M. D. Levi, K. Gamulski, B.Markovsky, G. Salitra, E. Levi, U. Heider, L. Heider, and R. Oesten, J. Power Sources, 82, 472 (1999).
98. J. Cho, G. B. Kim, H. S. Lim, C. S. Kim, and S. I. Yoo, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 2, 607 (1999).
99. A. Du Pasquier, A. Blyr, P. Courjal, D. Larcher, G. Amatucci, B. Gerand, and J.-M. Tarascon, J. Electrochem. Soc., 146, 428 (1999).
100. H. Huang, C. Vincent, and P. Bruce, J. Electrochem. Soc., 146, 3649 (1999).
101. E. Iwata, K. Takahashi, K. Maeda, and T. Mouri, J. Power Sources, 81-82, 430 (1999).
102. T. Aoshima, K. Okahara, C. Kiyohara, and K. Shizuka, J. Power Sources, 97-98, 377 (2001).
103. B. S. Haran, A. Durairajan, P. Ramadass, R. E. White, and B. N. Popov, "Studies on Capacity Fade of Spinel based Li-Ion Batteries," In Proceedings of the 36th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference of IECEC 935-940, July 29-August 2, 2001, Savannah, Georgia (2001).
104. S. Komaba, N. Kumagai, T. Sasaki, and Y. Miki, Electrochemistry, 69, 784 (2001).
105. H. Oka, S. Kasahara, T. Okada, E. Iwata,M. Okada, T. Shoji, H. Ohki, and T. Okuda, Solid State Ionics, 144, 19 (2001).
106. H. Yamane, T. Inoue, M. Fujita, and M. Sano, J. Power Sources, 99, 60 (2001).
107. N. Iltchey, Y. Chen, S. Okada, and J. Yamaki, J. Power Sources, 119-121, 749 (2003).
108. H. Sclar, D. Kovacheva, and D. Zhecheva, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156, A938 (2009).
109. A. Du Pasquier, A. Blyr, A. Cressent, C. Lenain, G. Amatucci, and J. M. Tarascon, J. Power Sources, 81-82, 54 (1999).
110. Y. Liu, X. Li, H. Guo, Z. Wang, Q. Hu, W. Peng, and Y. Yang, J. Power Sources, 189, 721 (2009).
111. J. Park, J. Seo, G. Plett,W. Lu, and A. Sastry, J. Electrochem. Soc., 14, A14 (2011).
112. L. Cai, Y. Dai, M. Nicholson, R. White, K. Jagannathan, and G. Bhatia, J. Power Sources, 221, 191 (2013).
113. W. J. Parker, R. J. Jenkins, C. P. Butler, and G. L. Abbott, J. Appl. Phys., 32, 1679 (1961).
114. K. B. Larson and K. Koyama, J. Appl. Phys., 39, 4408 (1968).
115. L. Vozar and W. Hohenauer, High Temp-High Press., 35/36, 253 (2003).
116. M. Lafond-Huot and J. Bransier, Lett. Heat Mass Trans., 9, 49 (1982).
117. A. M. Luc and D. L. Balageas, High Temp-High Press., 16, 209 (1984).
118. I. Philippi, J.-C. Batsale, D. Maillet, and A. Degiovanni, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 66, 182 (1995).
119. A. Degiovanni, J.-C. Batsale, and D. Maillet, Revue generale de Thermique, 35, 141 (1996).
120. J.-C. Krapez, "Mesure de diffusivit longitudinale de plaques minces par mthode de grille," In Proceedings of Journe SFT Thermographie IR quantitative, ON-ERA, (1999).
121. J.-C. Batsale, C. Gobbe, and M. Quintard, Recent Res.Devel.Heat, Mass Momentum Transfer, 1, (1996).
122. L. Ramond, J.-C. Batsale, C. Gobbe, and M. Quintard, "Measurement of a Thermal Exchange Coefficient in Porous Media by Infrared Thermography- TwoTemperature Model Application," In Proceedings of 11th Int. Heat Transfer Conference, Kyong Ju Korea (1998).
123. L. Ramond, J.-C. Batsale, and C. Gobbe, Int. J. Thermal Sci., 38, 250 (1999).
124. C. Moyne, J.-C. Batsale, and A. Degiovanni, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 31, 2305 (1988).
125. C. Moyne, J.-C. Batsale, A. Degiovanni, and D. Maillet, "Thermal Conductivity of Wet Porous Media: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Measurements," In Proceedings of Thermal Conductivity 21 ( C. J. Cremers and H. A. Fine, eds.), pp. 109-120, Plenum Press, Lexington, KY (1990).
126. S. Azizi, J.-C. Batsale, C. Moyne, and A. Degiovanni, High Temp-High Press., 21, 383 (1989).
127. S. Andre and A. Degiovanni, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 38, 3401 (1995).
128. O. Hahn, F. Raether, M. C. Arduini-Schuster, and J. Fricke, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 40, 689 (1997).
129. M. Lazard, S. Andre, and D. Maillet, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 47, 477 (2004).
130. R. Coquard and B. Panel, Int. J. Thermal Sci., 48, 747 (2009).
131. F. Righini and A. Cezairliyan, High Temp-High Press., 5, 481 (1973).
132. A. Degiovanni, Rev. Gen. Therm., 185, 417 (1977).
133. R. E. Taylor, High Temp-High Press., 11, 43 (1979).
134. D. Balageas, High Temp-High Press., 21, 85 (1989).
135. R. E. Taylor and K. D. Maglic, "Pulse Method for Thermal Diffusivity Measurement," In Compendium of Thermophysical Property Mea-surement Methods: Survey of Measurement Techniques, Vol. 1, ( K. D. Maglic, A. Cezairliyan, and V. E. Peletsky, eds.) pp. 305-336, Plenum, New York (1984).
136. K. D. Maglic and R. E. Taylor, "The apparatus for thermal diffusivity measurement by the laser pulse method," In Compendium of Thermophysical Property Measurement Methods: Recommend Measurement Techniques and Practices, Vol. 2, ( K. D. Maglic, A. Cezairliyan, and V. E. Peletsky, eds.), pp. 281-314, Plenum, New York (1992).
137. M. Sheindlin, D. Halton, M. Musella, and C. Ronchi, Rev. Sci. Instru., 69, 1426 (1998).
138. T. Baba and A. Ono, Meas. Sci. Technol., 12, 2046 (2001).
139. L. Vozar and W. Hohenauer, High Temp-High Press., 33, 9 (2001).
140. Anonymous, ASTM Designation: E, 1461-92, 933 (1992).
141. H. E. Exner and E. Arzt, In Physical Metallurgy, ( R. W. Cahn and P. Haasen, eds.) third ed., Elsevier Science Publication (1983).
142. A. I. Brown and S. M. Marco, Introduction to Heat Transfer, third ed.,McGraw-Hill, New York (1958).
143. E. R. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York (1959).
144. J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, ninth ed., McGraw-Hill, New York (2002).
145. W. J. Zhang and D. E. Miser, J. Nanopart. Res., 8, 1027 (2006).
146. V. I. Kononenko, V. M. Baranovskii, and V. P. Dushchenko, Powder Metall. Met. C, 7, 175 (1968).
147. A. Bhattacharya, V. V. Calmidi, and R. L. Mahajan, Intl. J. Heat Mass Tran., 45, 1017 (2002).
148. J. Marcicki, G. Rizzoni, A. T. Conlisk, and M. Canova, "AReduced-Order Elec-trochemical Model of Lithium-Ion Cells for System Identification of Battery Aging," In Proceedings of the 4th Annual Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, "Modeling and Estimation for Automotive & Energy Systems," Arlington, VA (2011).
149. P. Maire, A. Evans, H. Kaiser, W. Scheifele, and P. Novak, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155, A862 (2008).
150. Y. Qi and S. J. Harris, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, A741 (2010).
151. P. Shearing, L. E. Howard, P. S. Jørgensen, N. P. Brandon, and S. J. Harris, Electrochem Comm., 12, 374 (2010).
152. S. Channagiri, S. C. Nagpure, S. S. Babu, G. J. Noble, and R. T. Hart, J. Power Sources, 243, 750 (2013).
153. D. P. Abraham,D. W.Dees, J. Knuth, E.Reynolds,R.Gerald, andY.-E. Hyung et al., "Diagnostic Examination of Generation 2 Lithium-Ion Cells and Assessment of Performance Degradation Mechanisms," ( D. P. Abraham, ed.) Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN. Report # ANL-05/21 (2006).
154. G. Binnig, C. F. Quate, and C. Gerber, Phys. Rev. Lett., 56, 930 (1986).
155. B. Bhushan, Nanotribology and Nanomechanics I-Measurement Techniques and Nanomechanics, II-Nanotribology, Biomimetics, and Industrial Applications, third ed., Springer, Heidelberg, Germany (2011).
156. S. C. Nagpure and B. Bhushan, "Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of Aging Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Batteries," In Applied Scanning Probe Methods Biomimetics and Industrial Applications, Vol. 13, ( B. Bhushan and H. Fuchs, eds.) pp. 203-233, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany (2009).
157. S. Ramdon and B. Bhushan, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 380, 187 (2012).
158. D. B.Williams and C. B. Carter, Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science, Vol. 1, first ed., Plenum, New York (2004).
159. G. Chen, X. Song, and T. J. Richardson, Electrochem. Solid. St., 9, A295 (2006).
160. L. Laffont, C. Delacourt, P. Gibot, M. Y. Wu, P. Kooyman, C. Masquelier, and J. M. Tarascon, Chem. Mater., 18, 5520 (2006).
161. C. Delmas, M. Maccario, L. Croguennec, F. Le Cras, and F. Weill, Nat. Mater., 7, 666 (2008).
162. L. A. Giannuzzi, J. L. Drown, S. R. Brown, R. B. Irwin, and F. A. Stevie, "Focused Ion Beam Milling and Micromanipulation Lift-out for Site Specific Cross-Section TEM Specimen Preparation," In Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 480 ( R. M. Anderson and S. D. Walck, eds.), pp. 19-27, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA (1997).
163. L. A. Giannuzzi and F. A. Stevie, Micron, 30, 197 (1999).
164. A. Brazier, L. Dupont, L. DantrasLaffont, N. Kuwata, J. Kawamura, and J. M. Tarascon, Chem. Mater., 20, 2352 (2008).
165. J. Y. Huang, L. Zhong, C. M. Wang, J. P. Sullivan, W. Xu, L. Q. Zhang, S. X. Mao, N. S. Hudak, X. H. Liu, A. Subramanian, H. Y. Fan, L. A. Qi, A. Kushima, and J. Li, Science, 330, 1515 (2010).
166. C. M.Wang,W.Xu, J. Liu,D. W.Choi,B.Arey, L. V. Saraf, J. G. Zhang, Z. G.Yang, S. Thevuthasan, D. R. Baer, and N. Salmon, J. Mater. Res., 25, 1541 (2010).
167. C. M.Wang,W.Xu, J. Liu, J. G. Zhang, L. V. Saraf, B. W. Arey,D.Choi, Z. G.Yang, J. Xiao, S. Thevuthasan, and D. R. Baer, Nano Letters, 11, 1874 (2011).
168. K. Yamamoto, Y. Iriyama, T. Asaka, T. Hirayama, H. Fujita, C. A. J. Fisher, K. Nonaka, Y. Sugita, and Z. Ogumi, Angewandte Chem.-Int'l. Ed., 49, 4414 (2010).
169. B. Bhushan, Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, third ed., Springer, Heidelberg, Germany (2010).
170. K. Slater, "Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy (SSRM)," In Support Note No. 294 Rev. A, Veeco Instruments Inc., Santa Barbara, CA (2000).
171. Anonymous, "Application Modules Training Supplement," Veeco Instruments Inc., Santa Barbara, CA (2004).
172. X. Zhang, P. N. Ross, Jr., R. Kostecki, F. Kong, S. Sloop, J. B. Kerr, K. Striebel, E. J. Cairns, and F. McLarnon, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, A463 (2001).
173. D. DeVecchio and B. Bhushan, Rev. Sci Intsrum., 60, 3618 (1998).
174. A. L. Zharin and D. A. Rigney, Tribol. Lett., 4, 205 (1998).
175. A. Rice, "Nanoscope Controller Manual," Rev. B, Veeco Instruments Inc., Santa Barbara, CA (2002).
176. B. Bhushan and A. Goldade, Appl. Surf. Sci., 157, 373 (2000).
177. H. A. Sturges, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc., 21, 65 (1926).
178. J. S. Bendat and A. G. Piersol, Engineering Applications of Correlation and Spectral Analysis, second ed. (Wiley, New York, 1986).
179. A. S. Andersson and J. O. Thomas, J. Power Sources, 97-98, 498 (2001).
180. N.-H. Cho, K. M. Krishnan, D. K. Veirs, M. D. Rubin, C. B. Hopper, and B. Bhushan, J. Mater. Res., 5, 2543 (1990).
181. M. A. Tamor and W. C. Vassell, J. Appl. Phys., 76, 3823 (1994).
182. J. Schwan, S. Ulrich, V. Bathori, H. Erhardt, and S. R. P. Silva, J. Appl. Phys., 80, 440 (1996).
183. B. Bhushan, Diam. Relat. Mater., 8, 1985 (1999).
184. A. C. Ferrari and J. Robertson, Phys. Rev. B, 61, 14095 (2000).
185. R. Saito, T. Takeya, and T. Kimura, Phy. Rev. B, 57, 4145 (1998).
186. M. M. Doeff, Y. Hu, F. McLarnon, and R. Kostecki, Electrochem. Solid St., 6, A207 (2003).
187. Y. Cho, G. H. Fey, and H. Kao, J. Power Sources, 189, 256 (2009).
188. C. M. Julien, K. Zaghib, A. Mauger, M. Massot, A. Ait-Salah, M. Selmane, and F. Gendron, J. Appl. Phys., 100, 063511 (2006).
189. J. D. Wilcox, M. M. Doeff, M. Marcinek, and R. Kostecki, J. Electrochem. Soc., 154, A389 (2007).
190. M. Maccario, L. Croguennec, B. Desbat, M. Couzi, F. Le Cras, and L. Servant, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155, A879 (2008).
191. M. V. Klein, "Raman studies of phonon anomalies in transition-metal compounds," In Light Scattering in Solids III, Topics in Applied Physics, Vol. 51, ( M. Cardona and G. Guntherodt, eds.) pp. 121-171, Springer, Berlin (1982).
192. R. Vidano and D. B. Fischbach, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 61, 13 (1978).
193. F. Tuinstra and J. L. Koenig, J. Chem. Phys., 53, 1126 (1970).
194. M. J. Matthews,M. A. Pimenta, G. Dreesselhaus,M. S. Dreesselhaus, and M. Endo, Phys. Rev. B, 59, R6585 (1999).
195. Z. G. Li, R. L. Harlow, F. Gao, P. Lin, R. Miao, and L. Liang, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, A1171 (2003).
196. A. S. Andersson, B. Kalska, L. Haggstrom, and J. O. Thomas, Solid State Ionics, 130, 41 (2000).
197. D. B.Williams and C. B. Carter, Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science, Vol. 4, first ed., Plenum, New York (2004).
198. P. Tang and N. A. W. Holzwarth, Phys. Rev. B, 68, 165107-165107-10 (2003).
199. M. S. Islam, D. J. Driscoll, C. A. J. Fisher, and P. R. Slater, Chem. Mater., 17, 5085 (2005).
200. T. Hahn, (ed), International Tables for Crystallography, Volume A: Space-Group Symmetry, fifth ed., Kluwer, Dordrecht (2002).
201. G. Kresse and J. Furthmuller, Comp. Mater. Sci., 6, 15 (1996).
202. G. Kresse and J. Furthmuller, Phys. Rev. B, 54, 11169 (1996).
203. J. P. Perdew, J. A. Chevary, S. H.Vosko, K. A. Jackson,M. R. Pederson,D. J. Singh, and C. Fiolhais, Phys. Rev. B, 46, 6671 (1992).
204. V. I. Anisimov, J. Zaanen, and O. K. Andersen, Phys. Rev. B, 44, 943 (1991).
205. G. Duscher, R. Buckzo, S. J. Pennycook, and S. T. Pantelides, Ultramicroscopy, 86, 355 (2001).
206. W. Windl, T. Liang, S. Lopatin, and G. Duscher, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 114-115, 156 (2004).
207. H. J. Monkhorst and J. D. Pack, Phys. Rev. B, 13, 5188 (1976).
208. M. K. Kinyanjui, P. Axmann, M. Wohfahrt-Mehrens, P. Moreau, F. Boucher, and U. Kaiser, J. Phys-Condens. Mat., 22, 275501 (2010).
209. C. Delacourt and M. Safari, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159, A1283 (2012).
210. P. Liu, J. Wang, J. Hicks-Garner, E. Sherman, S. Soukiazian, M. Verbrugge, H. Tataria, J. Musser, and P. Finamore, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, A499 (2010).
211. D. Goers, M. Holzapfel, W. Scheifele, E. Lehmann, P. Vontobel, and P. Novak, J. Power Sources, 130, 221 (2004).
212. C. P. Grey and Y. J. Lee, Solid State Sci., 5, 883 (2003).
213. M. C. Tucker, M. M. Doeff, T. J. Richardson, R. Finones, J. A. Reimer, and E. J. Cairnsa, Electrochem. Solid St., 5, A95 (2002).
214. C. P. Grey and N. Dupre, Chem. Rev., 104, 4493 (2004).
215. J. R. Dahn, U. von Sacken, and C. A. Michal, Solid State Ionics, 44, 87 (1990).
216. C. Marichal, J. Hirschinger, P. Granger, M. Menetrier, A. Rougier, and C. Delmas, Inorg. Chem., 34, 1773 (1995).
217. S. Levasseur, M. Menetrier, E. Suard, and C. Delmas, Solid State Ionics, 128, 11 (2000).
218. D. Carlier, M. Menetrier, and C. Delmas, J. Mater. Chem., 11, 594 (2001).
219. D. Carlier, I. Saadoune, L. Croguennec, M. Menetrier, E. Suard, and C. Delmas, Solid State Ionics, 144, 263 (2001).
220. K. R. Morgan, S. Collier, G. Burns, and K. Ooi, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1719 (1994).
221. B. Gee, C. R. Horne, E. J. Cairns, and J. A. Reimer, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 10142 (1998).
222. Y. J. Lee, F. Wang, and C. P. Grey, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, 12601 (1998).
223. Y. J. Lee, F. Wang, S. Mukerjee, J. McBreen, and C. P. Grey, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 803 (2000).
224. Y. J. Lee and C. P. Grey, Chem. Mater., 12, 3871 (2000).
225. M. C. Tucker, J. A. Reimer, and E. J. Cairns, Electrochem. Solid St., 3, 463 (2000).
226. V. W. J. Verhoeven, I. M. de Schepper, G. Nachtegaal, A. P. M. Kentgens, E. M. Kelder, J. Schoonman, and F. M. Mulder, Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 4314 (2001).
227. J. Gaubicher, C. Wurm, G. Goward, C. Masquelier, and L. Nazar, Chem. Mater., 12, 3240 (2000).
228. M. C. Tucker, M. M. Doeff, T. J. Richardson, R. Finones, E. J. Cairns, and J. A. Reimer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 3832 (2002).
229. M. Arrabito, S. Bodoardo, N. Penazzi, S. Panero, P. Reale, B. Scrosati, Y. Wang, X. Guo, and S. G. Greenbaum, J. Power Sources, 97-98, 478 (2001).
230. R. E. Gerald, J. Sanchez, C. S. Johnson, R. J. Klinger, and J. W. Rathke, J. Phys. Condens. Mater., 13, 8269 (2001).
231. F. Chevallier, M. Letellier, M. Morcrette, J.-M. Tarascon, E. Frackowiak, J.-N. Rouzaud, and F. Beguin, Electrochem. Solid St., 6, A225 (2003).
232. J. F. Ziegler, G. W. Cole, and J. E. E. Baglin, J. Appl. Phys., 43, 3809 (1972).
233. R. G. Downing, R. F. Fleming, J. K. Langland, and D. H. Vincent, Nuel. Inst. Methods, 218, 47 (1983).
234. R. G. Downing, G. P. Lamaze, J. K. Langland, and S. T. Hwang, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., 98, 109 (1993).
235. J. P. Biersack and D. Fink, "Implantation of Boron, and Lithium in Semiconductors, and Metals," In Ion Implantation in Semiconductors, ( S. Namba, ed.) pp. 211-218, Plenum Press, New York (1975).
236. L. H. M. Krings, Y. Tamminga, J. van Berkumc, F. Labohm, A. van Veen, and W. M. Arnoldbik, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 17, 198 (1999).
237. G. P. Lamaze, H. H. Chen-Mayer, D. A. Becker, F. Vereda, R. B. Goldner, T. Haas, and P. Zerigian, J. Power Sources, 119-121, 680 (2003).
238. S. Whitney, S. R. F. Biegalski, Y. H. Huang, and J. B. Goodenough, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156, A886 (2009).
239. J. F. Ziegler, J. P. Biersack, and M. D. Ziegler, SRIM-The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter, Lulu Press Co., Morrisville, NC (2008).
240. D. M. Gilliam, G. P. Lamaze,M. S. Dewey, and G. L. Greene, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., 334, 149 (1993).
241. K. Edstrom, M. Herstedt, and D. Abraham, J. Power Sources, 153, 380 (2006).
242. T. Yoshida, M. Takahashi, S. Morikaa, C. Ihara, H. Katsukaa, T. Shiratsuchi, and J. Yamaki, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A576 (2006).
243. E. Peled, D. Golodnistsky, C. Menachem, and D. Bar-Tow, J. Electochem. Soc., 145, 3482 (1998).
244. J. Li, E. Murphy, J. Winnick, and P. Kohl, J. Power Sources, 102, 302 (2001).
245. S. S. Zhang, K. Xu, and T. R. Jow, Electrochim. Acta, 49, 1057 (2004).
246. P. Verma, P. Marie, and P. Novak, Electrochim. Acta, 55, 6332 (2010).
247. J. F. M. Oudenhoven, F. Labohm, M. Mulder, R. A. H. Niessen, F. M. Mulder, and P. H. L. Notten, Adv. Mater., 23, 4103 (2011).
248. S. C. Nagpure, R. G. Downing, B. Bhushan, and S. S. Babu, Scripta Mater, 67, 669 (2012).
249. A. Van de Walle, Z. Moser, and W. Gasior, Arch. Metall. Mater., 49, 535 (2004).
250. W. Gasior, B. Onderka, Z. Moser, A. Debski, and T. Gancarz, CALPHAD, 33, 215 (2009).
251. Z. Xiong, S. Shi, C. Ouyang, M. Lei, L. Hu, Y. Ji, Z.Wang, and L. Chen, Phys. Lett A, 337, 247 (2005).
252. J. Suzuki, M. Yoshida, C. Nakahara, K. Sekine, M. Kikuchi, and T. Takamura, Electrochem. Solid St., 4, A1 (2001).
253. R. M. Rose, J.Wulff, and L. A. Shepard, Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. 4: Electronic Properties, Wiley, New York (1966).
254. B. Y. Liaw, G. Nagasubramanian, R. G. Jungst, and D. H. Doughty, Solid State Ionics, 175, 835 (2004).
255. M. Casacca and Z. Salameh, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 11, 139 (1996).
256. M. Durr, A. Cruden, S. Gair, and J. R. McDonald, J Power Sources, 161, 1400 (2006).
257. M. Casacca and Z. Salameh, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 7, 442 (1992).
258. Z. Salameh and M. Casacca, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 7, 93 (1992).
259. J. Appelbaum and R. Weiss, "An Electrical Model of the Lead-Acid Battery," Telecommunications Energy Conference, INTELEC International, 304-307 (1982).
260. H. L. Chan and D. Sutanto, IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting Conference, 1, 470 (2000).
261. V. Ramadesigan, P. W. C. Northrop, S. De, S. Santhanagopalan, R. D. Braatz, and V. R. Subramaniana, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159, R31 (2012).
262. P. P. Mukherjee, S. Pannala, and J. A. Turner, "Modeling and Simulation of Battery Systems," In Handbook of Battery Materials, 2nd Ed., ( C. Daniel and J. O. Besenhard, eds.) pp. 843-871, Wiley, Weinheim, Germnay (2011).
263. J. Newman, K. E. Thomas, H. Hafezi, and D. R. Wheeler, J. Power Sources, 119-121, 838 (2003).
264. J. Newman and W. Tiedemann, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 21, 25 (1975).
265. K. E. Thomas, R. M. Darling, and J. Newman, "Modeling of lithium batteries," In Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York (2002).
266. J. Newman and C. W. Tobias, J. Electrochem. Soc., 109, 1183 (1962).
267. T. F. Fuller, M. Doyle, and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 1 (1994).
268. T. F. Fuller, M. Doyle, and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 982 (1994).
269. M. Doyle and J. Newman, J. Power Sources, 54, 46 (1995).
270. M. Doyle and J. Newman, J. Appl. Electrochem., 27, 846 (1997).
271. P. Ramadass, B. Haran, P. M. Gomadam, R. E. White, and B. N. Popov, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A196 (2004).
272. P. K. Adanuvor and R. E. White, J. Electrochem. Soc., 135, 1888 (1988).
273. M. W. Verbrugge, J. Electrochem. Soc., 139, 3529 (1992).
274. M. W. Verbrugge and B. J. Koch, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 600 (1996).
275. B. S. Haran, B. N. Popov, and R. E. White, J. Power Sources, 75, 56 (1998).
276. G. Ning and B. N. Popov, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A1584 (2004).
277. R. Darling and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, 990 (1998).
278. G. Sikha, B. N. Popov, and R. E. White, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A1104 (2004).
279. T. I. Evans, T. V. Nguyen, and R. E. White, J. Electrochem. Soc., 136, 328 (1989).
280. M. Tang, H.-Y. Huang, H. Meethong, Y.-H. Kao, W. C. Carter, and Y.-M. Chiang, Chem. Mater., 21, 1557 (2009).
281. M. Doyle, T. F. Fuller, and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 1526 (1993).
282. F. A. Mantia, "Characterization of Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry," PhD Thesis (2008).
283. T. Ohzuku, A. Ueda, and N. Yamamoto, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 1431 (1995).
284. Anonymous, "Overview of lithium-ion batteries," Panasonic Corp., Secaucus, NJ, (2007).
285. Z. Tun, J. J. Noel, Th. Bohdanowicz, L. R. Cao, R. G. Downing, and L. V. Goncharova, Can. J. Phys., 88, 751 (2010).