Oncologic photodynamic therapy: Clinical strategies that modulate mechanisms of action

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 331-341

  Allison, Ron R ^a   Moghissi, Keyvan ^b,c  

^a 21ST CENTURY ONCOLOGY   (United States)

^b Yorkshire Laser Centre   (United Kingdom)

^c NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Mechanisms of action; Photodynamic reaction; Photodynamic therapy; Photosensitizers; Review article

Indexed keywords

AMINOLEVULINIC ACID; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; APOPTOSOME; CASPASE; CYTOCHROME; CYTOKINE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN DERIVATIVE; NANOPARTICLE; OXYGEN; PADOPORFIN; PHOTOFRIN; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SINGLET OXYGEN; TEMOPORFIN; THROMBOXANE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; VACCINE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; BRONCHUS TUMOR; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER THERAPY; CELL DAMAGE; CELL HYPOXIA; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL ORGANELLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CONNECTIVE TISSUE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; FENTON REACTION; FLUORESCENCE; GOLGI COMPLEX; GREEN LIGHT; HUMAN; ILLUMINATION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOMODULATION; LIGHT; LOW DRUG DOSE; MACROPHAGE; MITOCHONDRION; NEOPLASM; ONCOLOGY; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PHOTODYNAMIC REACTION; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTODYNAMICS; PHOTON; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RED LIGHT; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; TISSUE INJURY; TISSUE SURVIVAL; TOPOGRAPHY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR CELL;

MECHANISMS OF ACTION; PHOTODYNAMIC REACTION; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIZERS; REVIEW ARTICLE;

DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, RADIATION; HUMANS; LIGHT; NEOPLASMS; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS;

EID: 84888054878     PISSN: 15721000     EISSN: 18731597     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.03.011     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Dougherty T.J., Gomer C.J., Henderson B.W., et al. Photodynamic therapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1998, 90(June (12)):889-905.
2. Allison R.R., Mota H.C., Sibata C.H. Clinical PD/PDT in North America: an historical review. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2004, 1(4):263-277.
3. Hamblin M.R., Newman E.L. On the mechanism of the tumour-localising effect in photodynamic therapy. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology B: Biology 1994, 23(1):3-8.
4. Oleinick N.L., Evans H.H. The photobiology of photodynamic therapy: cellular targets and mechanisms. Radiation Research 1998, 150(November (5 Suppl.)):S146-S156.
5. Dougherty T.J. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignant tumors. Critical Reviews in Oncology-Hematology 1984, 2(2):83-116.
6. Dougherty T.J. A brief history of clinical photodynamic therapy development at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine and Surgery 1996, 14(October (5)):219-221.
7. Mang T.S. Lasers and light sources for PDT: past, present and future. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2004, 1(1):43-48.
8. Kato H. Photodynamic therapy for lung cancer - a review of 19 years' experience. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology B: Biology 1998, 42(2):96-99.
9. Edell E.S., Cortese D.A. Photodynamic therapy. Its use in the management of bronchogenic carcinoma. Clinics in Chest Medicine 1995, 16(September (3)):455-463.
10. Moghissi K., Dixon K., Stringer M., Freeman T., Thorpe A., Brown S. The place of bronchoscopic photodynamic therapy in advanced unresectable lung cancer: experience of 100 cases. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 1999, 15(January (1)):1-6.
11. Oseroff A.R., Blumenson L.R., Wilson B.D., et al. A dose ranging study of photodynamic therapy with porfimer sodium (Photofrin) for treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Lasers in Surgery & Medicine 2006, 38(June (5)):417-426.
12. Mang T.S. Dosimetric concepts for PDT. Photodiagnosis & Photodynamic Therapy 2008, 5(September (3)):217-223.
13. Betz C.S., Rauschning W., Stranadko E.P., et al. Long-term outcomes following Foscan[REGISTERED]-PDT of basal cell carcinomas. Lasers in Surgery & Medicine 2012, 44(September (7)):533-540.
14. Allison R.R., Sibata C.H. Photofrin photodynamic therapy: 2.0mg/kg or not 2.0mg/kg that is the question. Photodiagnosis & Photodynamic Therapy 2008, 5(June (2)):112-119.
15. Kubler A.C., Haase T., Staff C., Kahle B., Rheinwald M., Muhling J. Photodynamic therapy of primary nonmelanomatous skin tumours of the head and neck. Lasers in Surgery & Medicine 1999, 25(1):60-68.
16. Betz C.S., Rauschning W., Stranadko E.P., et al. Optimization of treatment parameters for Foscan-PDT of basal cell carcinomas. Lasers in Surgery & Medicine 2008, 40(July (5)):300-311.
17. Chen J., Keltner L., Christophersen J., et al. New technology for deep light distribution in tissue for phototherapy. Cancer Journal 2002, 8(March-April (2)):154-163.
18. Allison R.R., Bagnato V.S., Sibata C.H. Future of oncologic photodynamic therapy. Future Oncology 2010, 6(June (6)):929-940.
19. Allison R.R., Sibata C.H. Oncologic photodynamic therapy photosensitizers: a clinical review. Photodiagnosis & Photodynamic Therapy 2010, 7(June (2)):61-75. [Epub 2010 Apr 21]. 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.02.001.
20. Allison R.R., Sibata C.H. Photodiagnosis for cutaneous malignancy: a brief clinical and technical review. Photodiagnosis & Photodynamic Therapy 2008, 5(December (4)):247-250.
21. Kessel D. Photodynamic therapy and neoplastic disease. Oncology Research 1992, 4(6):219-225.
22. Lou P.J., Jones L., Hopper C. Clinical outcomes of photodynamic therapy for head-and-neck cancer. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 2003, 2(August (4)):311-317.
23. Brown S.B., Brown E.A., Walker I. The present and future role of photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. Lancet Oncology 2004, 5(August (8)):497-508.
24. Castano A.P., Demidova T.N., Hamblin M.R. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part one: Photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2004, 1(4):279-293.
25. Allison R.R., Mota H.C., Bagnato V.S., Sibata C.H. Bio-nanotechnology and photodynamic therapy - state of the art review. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2008, 5(1):19-28.
26. Kessel D., Luo Y., Deng Y., Chang C.K. The role of subcellular localization in initiation of apoptosis by photodynamic therapy. Photochemistry & Photobiology 1997, 65(March (3)):422-426.
27. Francois A., Marchal S., Guillemin F., Bezdetnaya L. mTHPC-based photodynamic therapy induction of autophagy and apoptosis in cultured cells in relation to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum stress. International Journal of Oncology 2011, 39(December (6)):1537-1543.
28. Andrzejak M., Price M., Kessel D.H. Apoptotic and autophagic responses to photodynamic therapy in 1c1c7 murine hepatoma cells. Autophagy 2011, 7(September (9)):979-984.
29. Dougherty T.J., Mang T.S. Characterization of intra-tumoral porphyrin following injection of hematoporphyrin derivative or its purified component. Photochemistry & Photobiology 1987, 46(July (1)):67-70.
30. Boyle R.W., Dolphin D. Structure and biodistribution relationships of photodynamic sensitizers. Photochemistry & Photobiology 1996, 64(September (3)):469-485.
31. Jori G. In vivo transport and pharmacokinetic behavior of tumour photosensitizers. Ciba Foundation Symposium 1989, 146:78-86. [discussion 86-94].
32. Dougherty T.J., Sumlin A.B., Greco W.R., Weishaupt K.R., Vaughan L.A., Pandey R.K. The role of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in photodynamic activity of certain pyropheophorbide ether photosensitizers: albumin site II as a surrogate marker for activity. Photochemistry & Photobiology 2002, 76(July (1)):91-97.
33. Castano A.P., Demidova T.N., Hamblin M.R. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part three: Photosensitizer pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, tumor localization and modes of tumor destruction. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2005, 2(2):91-106.
34. Abels C. Targeting of the vascular system of solid tumours by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2004, 3(August (8)):765-771.
35. Kurohane K., Tominaga A., Sato K., North J.R., Namba Y., Oku N. Photodynamic therapy targeted to tumor-induced angiogenic vessels. Cancer Letters 2001, 167(June (1)):49-56.
36. Chen B., Roskams T., de Witte P.A. Antivascular tumor eradication by hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy. Photochemistry & Photobiology 2002, 76(November (5)):509-513.
37. Kessel D. Artifacts in fluorescence emission spectroscopy related to wood's anomaly. Photochemistry & Photobiology 1991, 54(September (3)):481-483.
38. Kongshaug M., Moan J., Brown S.B. The distribution of porphyrins with different tumour localising ability among human plasma proteins. British Journal of Cancer 1989, 59(February (2)):184-188.
39. Muthukrishnan N., Johnson G.A., Lim J., Simanek E.E., Pellois J.P. TAT-mediated photochemical internalization results in cell killing by causing the release of calcium into the cytosol of cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2012, 1820(November (11)):1734-1743.
40. Morgan J., Oseroff A.R. Mitochondria-based photodynamic anti-cancer therapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2001, 49(July (1-2)):71-86.
41. Teiten M.H., Bezdetnaya L., Morliere P., Santus R., Guillemin F. Endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus are the preferential sites of Foscan localisation in cultured tumour cells. British Journal of Cancer 2003, 88(January (1)):146-152.
42. Kessel D., Arroyo A.S. Apoptotic and autophagic responses to bcl-2 inhibition and photodamage. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2007, 6(December (12)):1290-1295.
43. Sibata C.H., Colussi V.C., Oleinick N.L., Kinsella T.J. Photodynamic therapy in oncology. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2001, 2(June (6)):917-927.
44. Dougherty T.J., Potter W.R. Of what value is a highly absorbing photosensitizer in PDT?. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology B: Biology 1991, 8(2):223-225.
45. Svaasand L.O. Optical dosimetry for direct and interstitial photoradiation therapy of malignant tumors. Progress in Clinical & Biological Research 1984, 170:91-114.
46. Brancaleon L., Moseley H. Laser and non-laser light sources for photodynamic therapy. Lasers in Medical Science 2002, 17(3):173-186.
47. Honda N., Ishii K., Terada T., Nanjo T., Awazu K. Determination of the tumor tissue optical properties during and after photodynamic therapy using inverse Monte Carlo method and double integrating sphere between 350 and 1000nm. Journal of Biomedical Optics 2011, 16(May (5)):058003.
48. Valentine R.M., Brown C.T., Moseley H., Ibbotson S., Wood K. Monte Carlo modeling of in vivo protoporphyrin IX fluorescence and singlet oxygen production during photodynamic therapy for patients presenting with superficial basal cell carcinomas. Journal of Biomedical Optics 2011, 16(April (4)):048002.
49. Glennie D.L., Farrell T.J., Hayward J.E., Patterson M.S. Integrating spheres for improved skin photodynamic therapy. Journal of Biomedical Optics 2010, 15(September-October (5)):058001.
50. Veenhuizen R.B., Stewart F.A. The importance of fluence rate in photodynamic therapy: is there a parallel with ionizing radiation dose-rate effects?. Radiotherapy & Oncology 1995, 37(November (2)):131-135.
51. Ramakrishnan N., Clay M.E., Friedman L.R., Antunez A.R., Oleinick N.L. Post-treatment interactions of photodynamic and radiation-induced cytotoxic lesions. Photochemistry & Photobiology 1990, 52(September (3)):555-559.
52. Togsverd-Bo K., Idorn L.W., Philipsen P.A., Wulf H.C., Haedersdal M. Protoporphyrin IX formation and photobleaching in different layers of normal human skin: methyl- and hexylaminolevulinate and different light sources. Experimental Dermatology 2012, 21(October (10)):745-750.
53. Babilas P., Travnik R., Werner A., Landthaler M., Szeimies R.M. Split-face-study using two different light sources for topical PDT of actinic keratoses: non-inferiority of the LED system. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 2008, 6(January (1)):25-32.
54. Wiegell S.R., Fabricius S., Gniadecka M., et al. Daylight-mediated photodynamic therapy of moderate to thick actinic keratoses of the face and scalp: a randomized multicentre study. British Journal of Dermatology 2012, 166(June (6)):1327-1332.
55. Moseley H., Allen J.W., Ibbotson S., et al. Ambulatory photodynamic therapy: a new concept in delivering photodynamic therapy. British Journal of Dermatology 2006, 154(April (4)):747-750.
56. Tong R., Kohane D.S. Shedding light on nanomedicine. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine & Nanobiotechnology 2012, 4(6):638-662.
57. Allison R.R., Future P.D.T. Photodiagnosis & Photodynamic Therapy 2009, 6(September-December (3-4)):231-234.
58. Shrestha T.B., Seo G.M., Basel M.T., et al. Stem cell-based photodynamic therapy. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2012, 11(July (7)):1251-1258.
59. Mroz P., Yaroslavsky A., Kharkwal G.B., Hamblin M.R. Cell death pathways in photodynamic therapy of cancer. Cancers 2011, 3(2):2516-2539.
60. Hammer G.P., Blettner M., Langner I., Zeeb H. Cosmic radiation and mortality from cancer among male german airline pilots: extended cohort follow-up. European Journal of Epidemiology 2012, 27(June (6)):419-429.
61. Chiaviello A., Postiglione I., Palumbo G. Targets and mechanisms of photodynamic therapy in lung cancer cells: a brief overview. Cancers 2011, 3(1):1014-1041.
62. Garg A.D., Nowis D., Golab J., Agostinis P. Photodynamic therapy: illuminating the road from cell death towards anti-tumour immunity. Apoptosis 2010, 15(September (9)):1050-1071.
63. Oleinick N.L., Morris R.L., Belichenko I. The role of apoptosis in response to photodynamic therapy: what, where, why, and how. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2002, 1(January (1)):1-21.
64. Henderson B.W., Waldow S.M., Mang T.S., Potter W.R., Malone P.B., Dougherty T.J. Tumor destruction and kinetics of tumor cell death in two experimental mouse tumors following photodynamic therapy. Cancer Research 1985, 45(February (2)):572-576.
65. Kessel D. Death pathways associated with photodynamic therapy. Medical Laser Application 2006, 21(4):219-224.
66. Gomer C.J., Ryter S.W., Ferrario A., Rucker N., Wong S., Fisher A.M. Photodynamic therapy-mediated oxidative stress can induce expression of heat shock proteins. Cancer Research 1996, 56(May (10)):2355-2360.
67. Hanlon J.G., Adams K., Rainbow A.J., Gupta R.S., Singh G. Induction of Hsp60 by photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology B: Biology 2001, 64(1):55-61.
68. Agarwal M.L., Clay M.E., Harvey E.J., Evans H.H., Antunez A.R., Oleinick N.L. Photodynamic therapy induces rapid cell death by apoptosis in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Cancer Research 1991, 51(November (21)):5993-5996.
69. Balkwill F. Tumour necrosis factor and cancer. Nature Reviews: Cancer 2009, 9(5):361-371.
70. Berkovitch-Luria G., Weitman M., Nudelman A., Rephaeli A., Malik Z. Multifunctional 5-aminolevulinic acid prodrugs activating diverse cell-death pathways. Investigational New Drugs 2012, 30(June (3)):1028-1038.
71. Ruck A., Heckelsmiller K., Kaufmann R., Grossman N., Haseroth E., Akgun N. Light-induced apoptosis involves a defined sequence of cytoplasmic and nuclear calcium release in AlPcS4-photosensitized rat bladder RR 1022 epithelial cells. Photochemistry & Photobiology 2000, 72(August (2)):210-216.
72. Luna M.C., Wong S., Gomer C.J. Photodynamic therapy mediated induction of early response genes. Cancer Research 1994, 54(March (5)):1374-1380.
73. Ryter S.W., Gomer C.J. Nuclear factor kappa B binding activity in mouse L1210 cells following photofrin II-mediated photosensitization. Photochemistry & Photobiology 1993, 58(November (5)):753-756.
74. Fingar V.H., Siegel K.A., Wieman T.J., Doak K.W. The effects of thromboxane inhibitors on the microvascular and tumor response to photodynamic therapy. Photochemistry & Photobiology 1993, 58(September (3)):393-399.
75. Ahmad N., Kalka K., Mukhtar H. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase pathway by photodynamic therapy. Oncogene 2001, 20(April (18)):2314-2317.
76. Gollnick S.O., Liu X., Owczarczak B., Musser D.A., Henderson B.W. Altered expression of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 as a result of photodynamic therapy in vivo. Cancer Research 1997, 57(September (18)):3904-3909.
77. Korbelik M., Naraparaju V.R., Yamamoto N. Macrophage-directed immunotherapy as adjuvant to photodynamic therapy of cancer. British Journal of Cancer 1997, 75(2):202-207.
78. Kawczyk-Krupka A., Czuba Z., Szliszka E., Krol W., Sieron A. The role of photosensitized macrophages in photodynamic therapy. Oncology Reports 2011, 26(July (1)):275-280.
79. Fingar V.H., Wieman T.J., Karavolos P.S., Doak K.W., Ouellet R., van Lier J.E. The effects of photodynamic therapy using differently substituted zinc phthalocyanines on vessel constriction, vessel leakage and tumor response. Photochemistry & Photobiology 1993, 58(August (2)):251-258.
80. Fingar V.H., Wieman T.J., Doak K.W. Role of thromboxane and prostacyclin release on photodynamic therapy-induced tumor destruction. Cancer Research 1990, 50(May (9)):2599-2603.
81. Buytaert E., Dewaele M., Agostinis P. Molecular effectors of multiple cell death pathways initiated by photodynamic therapy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2007, 1776(September (1)):86-107.
82. Calzavara-Pinton P.G., Venturini M., Sala R. Photodynamic therapy: update 2006. Part 1: Photochemistry and photobiology. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2007, 21(March (3)):293-302.
83. Plaetzer K., Kiesslich T., Oberdanner C.B., Krammer B. Apoptosis following photodynamic tumor therapy: induction, mechanisms and detection. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2005, 11(9):1151-1165.
84. Krammer B., Verwanger T. Molecular response to hypericin-induced photodamage. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2012, 19(6):793-798.
85. Kessel D.H., Price M., Reiners J.J. ATG7 deficiency suppresses apoptosis and cell death induced by lysosomal photodamage. Autophagy 2012, 8(September (9)):1333-1341.
86. Robertson C.A., Evans D.H., Abrahamse H. Photodynamic therapy (PDT): a short review on cellular mechanisms and cancer research applications for PDT. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology B: Biology 2009, 96(1):1-8.
87. Shahzidi S., Cunderlikova B., Wiedlocha A., et al. Simultaneously targeting mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum by photodynamic therapy induces apoptosis in human lymphoma cells. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2011, 10(November (11)):1773-1782.
88. Yoo J.O., Ha K.S. New insights into the mechanisms for photodynamic therapy-induced cancer cell death. International Review of Cell & Molecular Biology 2012, 295:139-174.
89. Dabrowska A., Gos M., Janik P. "Bystander effect" induced by photodynamically or heat-injured ovarian carcinoma cells (OVP10) in vitro. Medical Science Monitor 2005, 11(September (9)):BR316-BR324.
90. Debefve E., Mithieux F., Perentes J.Y., et al. Leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction is necessary for photodynamic therapy induced vascular permeabilization. Lasers in Surgery & Medicine 2011, 43(September (7)):696-704.
91. Debefve E., Cheng C., Schaefer S.C., et al. Photodynamic therapy induces selective extravasation of macromolecules: insights using intravital microscopy. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology B: Biology 2010, 98(1):69-76.
92. Maas A.L., Carter S.L., Wileyto E.P., et al. Tumor vascular microenvironment determines responsiveness to photodynamic therapy. Cancer Research 2012, 72(April (8)):2079-2088.
93. Casas A., Di Venosa G., Hasan T., Al B. Mechanisms of resistance to photodynamic therapy. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2011, 18(16):2486-2515.
94. Nowak-Sliwinska P., van Beijnum J.R., van Berkel M., van den Bergh H., Griffioen A.W. Vascular regrowth following photodynamic therapy in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Angiogenesis 2010, 13(December (4)):281-292.
95. Chen B., Pogue B.W., Hoopes P.J., Hasan T. Vascular and cellular targeting for photodynamic therapy. Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression 2006, 16(4):279-305.
96. Franks H.A., Wang Q., Patel P.M. New anticancer immunotherapies. Anticancer Research 2012, 32(July (7)):2439-2453.
97. Jung N.C., Kim H.J., Kang M.S., et al. Photodynamic therapy-mediated DC immunotherapy is highly effective for the inhibition of established solid tumors. Cancer Letters 2012, 324(November (1)):58-65.
98. Gollnick S.O., Brackett C.M. Enhancement of anti-tumor immunity by photodynamic therapy. Immunologic Research 2010, 46(March (1-3)):216-226.
99. Kwitniewski M., Juzeniene A., Glosnicka R., Moan J. Immunotherapy: a way to improve the therapeutic outcome of photodynamic therapy?. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2008, 7(September (9)):1011-1017.
100. Preise D., Oren R., Glinert I., et al. Systemic antitumor protection by vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy involves cellular and humoral immunity. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 2009, 58(January (1)):71-84.
101. Castano A.P., Mroz P., Hamblin M.R. Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumour immunity. Nature Reviews: Cancer 2006, 6(7):535-545.
102. van Duijnhoven F.H., Aalbers R.I., Rovers J.P., Terpstra O.T., Kuppen P.J. The immunological consequences of photodynamic treatment of cancer, a literature review. Immunobiology 2003, 207(2):105-113.
103. Jankun J. Protein-based nanotechnology: antibody conjugated with photosensitizer in targeted anticancer photoimmunotherapy. International Journal of Oncology 2011, 39(October (4)):949-953.
104. Korbelik M. Photodynamic therapy-generated cancer vaccines. Methods in Molecular Biology 2010, 635:147-153.
105. Liu B., Farrell T.J., Patterson M.S. A dynamic model for ALA-PDT of skin: simulation of temporal and spatial distributions of ground-state oxygen, photosensitizer and singlet oxygen. Physics in Medicine & Biology 2010, 55(October (19)):5913-5932.
106. Baran T.M., Foster T.H. Fluence rate-dependent photobleaching of intratumorally administered pc 4 does not predict tumor growth delay. Photochemistry & Photobiology 2012, 88(September-October (5)):1273-1279.
107. Sandell J.L., Zhu T.C. A review of in-vivo optical properties of human tissues and its impact on PDT. Journal of Biophotonics 2011, 4(November (11-12)):773-787.
108. Hamblin M.R., Rajadhyaksha M., Momma T., Soukos N.S., Hasan T. In vivo fluorescence imaging of the transport of charged chlorin e6 conjugates in a rat orthotopic prostate tumour. British Journal of Cancer 1999, 81(September (2)):261-268.
109. Jarvi M.T., Patterson M.S., Wilson B.C. Insights into photodynamic therapy dosimetry: simultaneous singlet oxygen luminescence and photosensitizer photobleaching measurements. Biophysical Journal 2012, 102(February (3)):661-671.
110. Liu B., Farrell T.J., Patterson M.S. Comparison of noninvasive photodynamic therapy dosimetry methods using a dynamic model of ALA-PDT of human skin. Physics in Medicine & Biology 2012, 57(February (3)):825-841.
111. Moghissi K., Dixon K. Update on the current indications, practice and results of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in early central lung cancer (ECLC). Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2008, 5(March (1)):10-18.