On Noncongruence between the Concept and Determination of Death

Hastings Center Report

Volumn 43, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 25-33

  Bernat, James L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DEATH; DEATH; DONOR; ETHICS; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROCEDURES; STANDARDS; TRANSPLANTATION; UNITED STATES; ARTICLE; METHODOLOGY; STANDARD;

BRAIN DEATH; DEATH; HUMANS; LIFE SUPPORT CARE; PHYSICIAN'S ROLE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; TISSUE AND ORGAN PROCUREMENT; TISSUE DONORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84888040951     PISSN: 00930334     EISSN: 1552146X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hast.231     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. J. L. Bernat, "Controversies in De-fning and Determining Death in Critical Care, " Nature Reviews Neurology 9 (2013): 164-73.
2. G. S. Belkin, "Brain Death and the Historical Understanding of Bioethics, " Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 58 (2003): 325-61.
3. J. A. Robertson, "The Dead Donor Rule, " Hastings Center Report 29, no. 6 (1999): 6-14
4. J. L. Bernat, quot;Life or Death for the Dead-Donor Rule?" New England Journal of Medicine 369 (2013): 1289-91.
5. M. Giacomini, "A Change of Heart and a Change of Mind? Technology and the Redefinition of Death in 1968, " Social Sciences and Medicine 44 (1997): 1465-82.
6. A. R. Manara, P. G. Murphy, and G. O'Callaghan, "Donation after Circulatory Death, " supplement, British Journal of Anesthesia 108, no. 1 (2012): i108-21.
7. S. Dhanini et al., "Variability in the Determination of Death after Cardiac Arrest: A Review of Guidelines and Statements, " Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 27 (2012): 238-52.
8. J. Lynn, "Are the Patients Who Become organ Donors under the Pittsburgh Protocol for 'Non-Heart-Beating Donors' Really Dead?, " Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 3, no. 2 (1993): 167-78.
9. D. A. Shewmon, "Brain Death: Can It Be Resuscitated?" Hastings Center Report 39, no. 2 (2009): 18-24.
10. R. D. Truog, "Is It Time to Abandon Brain Death?" Hastings Center Report 27, no. 1 (1997): 29-37.
11. S. K. Shah and F. G. Miller, "Can We Handle the Truth? Legal Fictions in the Determination of Death, " American Journal of Law & Medicine 36 (2010): 540-85.
12. A. Joffe et al., "Donation after Car-diocirculatory Death: A Call for a Moratorium Pending Full Public Disclosure and Fully Informed Consent, " Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 6 (2011): 17.
13. F. G. Miller, R. D. Truog, and D. W. Brock, "The Dead Donor Rule: Can It Withstand Critical Scrutiny?" Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 35 (2010): 299-312.
14. The Institute of Medicine cospon-sored a symposium on medical, legal, and social aspects of death determination. Selected papers were published in S. J. Young-ner, R. M. Arnold, and R. Schapiro, eds., The Definition of Death: Contemporary Controversies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Institute of Medicine, Non-Heart-Beating Organ Transplantation: Practice and Protocols (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000).
15. President's Council on Bioethics, Controversies in the Determination of Death: A White Paper by the President's Council on Bioethics (Washington, D.C.: President's Council on Bioethics, 2008).
16. L. A. Siminoff, C. Burant, and S. J. Youngner, "Death and organ Procurement: Public Beliefs and Attitudes, " Kennedy Institute for Ethics Journal 14 (2004): 217-34.
17. S. Bastami et al., "Systematic Review of Attitudes toward Donation after Cardiac Death among Healthcare Providers and the General Public, " Critical Care Medicine 41 (2013): 897-905.
18. J. L. Bernat, "Point: Are Donors after Circulatory Death Really Dead, and Does It Matter? Yes and Yes, " Chest 138 (2010): 13-16, 18-19; and R. D. Truog, "Counterpoint: Are Donors after Circulatory Death Really Dead, and Does It Matter? No and Not Really, " Chest 138 (2010): 16-18.
19. R. D. Truog, quot;Counterpoint: Are Donors after Circulatory Death Really Dead, and Does It Matter? No and Not Really," Chest 138 (2010): 16-18.
20. J. L. Bernat, C. M. Culver, and B. Gert, "on the Definition and Criterion of Death, " Annals of Internal Medicine 94 (1981): 389-94.
21. F. G. Miller and R. D. Truog, "Rethinking the Ethics of Vital organ Donations, " Hastings Center Report 38, no. 6 (2008): 38-46.
22. D. Marquis, "Are DCD Donors Dead?, " Hastings Center Report 40, no. 3 (2010): 24-31.
23. Joffe et al., "Donation after Cardio-circulatory Death."
24. J. L. Bernat, "How the Distinction between 'Irreversible' and 'Permanent' Illuminates Circulatory-Respiratory Death Determination, " Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 35 (2010): 242-55.
25. J. L. Bernat, "The Biophilosophical Basis of Whole-Brain Death, " Social Philosophy & Policy 19 (2002): 324-42.
26. S. Parnia et al., "A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of the Incidence, Features, and Etiology of Near Death Experiences in Cardiac Arrest Survivors, " Resuscitation 48 (2001): 149-56.
27. E. Alexander III, Proof of Heaven: A Neurosurgeon's Journey into the Afterlife (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012).
28. The medical consultants to the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Bio-medical and Behavioral Research stipulated a "prolonged" period of observation that corresponds to my usage of "permanent cessation." President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, "Guidelines for the Determination of Death, " Journal of the American Medical Association 246 (1981): 2184-86.
29. D. J. Powner, B. M. Ackerman, and A. Grenvik, "Medical Diagnosis of Death in Adults: Historical Contributions to Current Controversies, " Lancet 348 (1996): 1219-23.
30. M. S. Tweet et al., "Emergency Cardiac Support with Extracorporeal Membrane oxygenation for Cardiac Arrest, " Mayo Clinic Proceedings 88 (2013): 761-65.
31. B. S. Allen and G. D. Buckberg, "Studies of Isolated Global Brain Ischaemia: I. Overview of Irreversible Brain Injury and Evolution of a New Concept-Redefining the Time of Brain Death, " European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 41 (2012): 1132-37.
32. J. L. Bernat et al., "The Circulatory-Respiratory Determination of Death in organ Donation, " Critical Care Medicine 38 (2010): 972-79.
33. Allen and Buckberg, "Studies of Isolated Global Brain Ischaemia."
34. A. M. Capron, "Brain Death-Well Settled yet Still Unresolved, " New England Journal of Medicine 344 (2000): 1244-46.
35. J. L. Bernat et al., "Circulatory Death Determination in Uncontrolled organ Donors: A Panel Viewpoint, " Annals of Emergency Medicine (2013), doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.05.018 (epub ahead of print).
36. J. Korein, "ontogenesis of the Brain in the Human organism: Definitions of Life and Death of the Human Being and Person, " Advances in Bioethics 2 (1997): 1-74; Bernat, "The Biophilosophical Basis of Whole-Brain Death"; and R. M. Bonelli, E. H. Prat, and J. Bonelli, "Philosophical Considerations on Brain Death and the Concept of the organism as a Whole, " Psy-chiatria Danubina 21 (2009): 3-8.
37. D. Rodriguez-Arias et al., "one or Tw o Types of Death? Attitudes of Health Professionals towards Brain Death and Donation after Circulatory Death in Three Countries, " Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 16 (2013): 457-67.
38. J. L. Bernat et al., "Report of a National Conference on Donation after Cardiac Death, " American Journal of Transplantation 6 (2006): 281-91.
39. K. G. Munjal et al., "A Rationale in Support of Uncontrolled Donation after Circulatory Determination of Death, " Hastings Center Report 43, no. 1 (2013): 19-26.
40. Manara et al., "Donation after Circulatory Death."
41. J. Menikoff, "Doubts about Death: The Silence of the Institute of Medicine, " Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 26 (1998): 157-65; Miller and Truog, "Rethinking the Ethics of Vital organ Donations"; Marquis, "Are DCD Donors Dead?"
42. Bastami et al., "Systematic Review of Attitudes toward Donation after Cardiac Death, " and D. Rodriguez-Arias et al., "one or Two Types of Death?"
43. Menikoff, "Doubts about Death."
44. Truog, "Counterpoint: Are Donors after Circulatory Death Really Dead, and Does it Matter?"; Marquis, "Are DCD Donors Dead?"; and Menikoff, "Doubts about Death."
45. Bernat et al., "The Circulatory-Respiratory Determination of Death in organ Donation."
46. Bernat et al., "Circulatory Death Determination in Uncontrolled organ Donors."
47. Bernat et al., "The Circulatory-Respiratory Determination of Death in organ Donation."
48. Marquis, "Are DCD Donors Dead?"
49. T. L. Vanden Hoek et al., "Part 12: Cardiac Arrest in Special Situations: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care, " supplement, Circulation 122, no. 3 (2010): S829-61.
50. Z. D. Goldberger et al., "Duration of Resuscitation Efforts and Survival after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: An observational Study, " Lancet 380 (2012): 1473-81
51. see also R. I. Matos, quot;Duration of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Illness Category Impact Survival and Neurologic outcomes for In-Hospital Pediatric Cardiac Arrests," Circulation 127 (2013): 442-51.
52. J. P. Nolan and J. Soar, "Duration of In-Hospital Resuscitation: When to Call Time?" Lancet 380 (2012): 1451-53.
53. Tweet et al., "Emergency Cardiac Support with Extracorporeal Membrane oxygenation for Cardiac Arrest."
54. P. S. Mueller and C. C. Hook, "Technological and Treatment Imperatives, Life-Sustaining Technologies, and Associated Ethical and Social Challenges, " Mayo Clinic Proceedings 88 (2013): 641-44.
55. D. Rodríguez-Arias and I. O. De-ballon, "Protocols for Uncontrolled Donation after Circulatory Death, " Lancet 379 (2012): 1275-76.
56. J. E. Fugate et al., "Cognitive outcomes of Patients Undergoing Therapeutic Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest, " Neurology 81 (2013): 40-45; Allen and Buck-berg, "Studies of Isolated Global Brain Ischaemia."
57. P. Bhattacharya et al., "What Drives the Increasing Utilization of Hemicraniec-tomy in Acute Ischaemic Stroke?, " Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 84 (2013): 727-31.
58. Tweet et al., "Emergency Cardiac Support with Extracorporeal Membrane oxygenation for Cardiac Arrest"; D. F. M. Brown et al., "Case 28-2013: A 52-Year-old Man with Cardiac Arrest after an Acute Myocardial Infarction, " New England Journal of Medicine 369 (2013): 1047-54.
59. See American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics, Policy Statement, "Ethical Controversies in organ Donation after Circulatory Death, " Pediatrics 131 (2013): 1021-26.