Integration of artificial recharge and recovery systems for impaired water sources in urban settings: Overcoming current limitations and engineering challenges

Environmental Engineering Science

Volumn 30, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 409-420

  Regnery, Julia ^a,b   Lee, Jonghyun ^a,c   Kitanidis, Peter ^a,c   Illangasekare, Tissa ^a,b   Sharp, Jonathan O ^a,b   Drewes, Jörg E ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION   (United States)

^b Department of Geology and Geological Engineering   (United States)

^c Stanford University   (United States)

Author keywords

artificial recharge and recovery; hydrogeology; managed aquifer recharge; urban water infrastructure; water reuse

Indexed keywords

ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE; BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS; ENGINEERING CHALLENGES; MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGES; OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE; URBAN WATERS; WATER QUALITY ISSUES; WATER REUSE;

AQUIFERS; HYDROGEOLOGY; RECOVERY; WASTEWATER RECLAMATION; WATER CONSERVATION; WATER QUALITY;

WATER SUPPLY;

WATER;

ADSORPTION; ANISOTROPY; AQUIFER; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE AND RECOVERY; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONTROL STRATEGY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DISPERSION; ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY; EVAPORATION; FILTRATION; HYDRODYNAMICS; URBAN AREA; URBANIZATION; WASTE WATER RECYCLING; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TABLE;

EID: 84887801965     PISSN: 10928758     EISSN: 15579018     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ees.2012.0186     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Abiye T. Sulieman H. and Ayalew M. (2009). Use of treated wastewater for managed aquifer recharge in highly populated urban centers: A case study in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Environ. Geol. 58 55.
2. Al Hagrey S.A. Schubert-Klempnauer T. Wachsmuth D. Michaelsen J. and Meissner R. (1999). Preferential flow: First results of a full-scale flow model. Geophys. J. Int. 138 643.
3. Albrechtsen H.J. Boe-Hansen R. Henze M. and Mikkelsen P.S. (1998). Microbial growth and clogging in sand column experiments simulating artificial recharge of ground water. In J.H. Peters Ed. Artificial Recharge of Groundwater: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Artificial Recharge of Ground Water-TISAR 98 Amsterdam The Netherlands 21-25 September 1998. Rotterdam The Netherlands pp. 73-77.
4. Anderson M.P. (2005). Heat as a ground water tracer. Ground Water 43 951.
5. Antoulas A.C. (2005). Approximation of Large-Scale Dynamical Systems. Philadelphia PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
6. Arthur J.D. (2005). Water-rock geochemical considerations for aquifer storage and recovery: Florida cases studies. In C.-F. Tsang and J.A. Apps Eds. Underground Injection Science and Technology. Amsterdam The Netherlands: Elsevier.
7. Ayuso-Gabella N. Page D. Masciopinto C. Aharoni A. Salgot M. and Wintgens T. (2011). Quantifying the effect of managed aquifer recharge on the microbiological human health risks of irrigating crops with recycled water. Agric. Water Manage. 99 93.
8. Bandara V. Jayasumana A.P. Pezeshki A. and Illangasekare T.H. (2010). Subsurface plume tracking using sparse wireless sensor networks. Electr. J. Struct. Eng. 10(special issue) 1.
9. Banton O. Seguin M.K. and Cimon M.A. (1997). Mapping field-scale physical properties of soil with electrical resistivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61 1010.
10. Barnhart K. Urteaga I. Han Q. Jayasumana A. and Illangasekare T. (2010). On integrating groundwater transport models with wireless sensor networks. Ground Water 48 771.
11. Bartolino J.R. and Cunningham W.L. (2003). Ground-water depletion across the nation. USGS Fact Sheet 103-03. Reston VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
12. Baumgarten B. Jä hrig J. Reemtsma T. and Jekel M. (2011). Long term laboratory column experiments to simulate bank filtration: Factors controlling removal of sulfamethoxazole. Water Res. 45 211.
13. Baveye P. Vandevivere P. Hoyle B.L. DeLeo P.C. and de Lozada D.S. (1998). Environmental impact and mechanisms of the biological clogging of saturated soils and aquifer materials. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Tec. 28 123.
14. Bekele E. Toze S. Patterson B. and Higginson S. (2011). Managed aquifer recharge of treated wastewater: Water quality changes resulting from infiltration through the vadose zone. Water Res. 45 5764.
15. Bell J.W. Amelung F. Ferretti A. Bianchi M. and Novali F. (2008). Permanent scatterer InSAR reveals seasonal and long-term aquifer-system response to groundwater pumping and artificial recharge. Water Resour. Res. 44 W02407.
16. Binley A. Winship P. Middleton R. Pokar M. and West J. (2001). High-resolution characterization of vadose zone dynamics using cross-borehole radar. Water Resour. Res. 37 2639.
17. Bouwer E.J. and McCarty P.L. (1984). Modeling of trace organics biotransformation in the subsurface. Ground Water 22 433.
18. Bouwer H. and Rice R.C. (1989). Effect of water depth in groundwater recharge basins on infiltration. J. Irrig. Drain. E-ASCE. 115 556.
19. Bouwer H. Back J.T. and Oliver J.M. (1999). Predicting infiltration and ground-water mounds for artificial recharge. J. Hydrol. Eng. 4 350.
20. Bouwer H. (2002). Artificial recharge of groundwater: Hydrogeology and engineering. Hydrogeol. J. 10 121.
21. Brun A. and Engesgaard P. (2002). Modelling of transport and biogeochemical processes in pollution plumes: Literature review and model development. J. Hydrol. 256 211.
22. Cheng W.C. Putti M. Kendall D.R. and Yeh W.W.G. (2011). A real-time groundwater management model using data assimilation. Water Resour. Res. 47 W06528.
23. Clement T.P. Hooker B.S. and Skeen R.S. (1996). Macroscopic models for predicting changes in saturated porous media properties caused by microbial growth. Ground Water 34 934.
24. Cordy G.E. Duran N.L. Bouwer H. Rice R.C. Furlong E.T. Zaugg S.D. Meyer M.T. Barber L.B. and Kolpin D.W. (2004). Do pharmaceuticals pathogens and other organic waste water compounds persist when waste water is used for recharge. Ground Water Monit. R. 24 58.
25. Culkin S.L. Singha K. and Day-Lewis F.D. (2008). Implications of rate-limited mass transfer for aquifer storage and recovery. Ground Water 46 591.
26. Daily W. Ramirez A. Labrecque D. and Nitao J. (1992). Electrical-resistivity tomography of vadose water-movement. Water Resour. Res. 28 1429.
27. David G. and Pyne R. (1995). Groundwater Recharge and Wells: A Guide to Aquifer Storage Recovery. Boca Raton FL: Lewis Publishers.
28. Davis J.L. and Annan A.P. (1989). Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy. Geophys. Prospect 37 531.
29. Debroux J.-F. Soller J.A. Plumlee M.H. and Kennedy L.J. (2012). Human health risk assessment of non-regulated xenobiotics in recycled water: A review. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 18 517.
30. D́az-Cruz M.S. and Barceló D. (2008). Trace organic chemicals contamination in ground water recharge. Chemosphere 72 333.
31. Dillon P. (2005). Future management of aquifer recharge. Hydrogeol. J. 13 313.
32. Dillon P. Pavelic P. Page D. Beringen H. and Ward J. (2009). Managed Aquifer Recharge: An Introduction. Canberra Australia: National Water Commission.
33. Dillon P. Toze S. Page D. Vanderzalm J. Bekele E. Sidhu J. and Rinck-Pfeiffer S.M. (2010). Managed aquifer recharge: Rediscovering nature as a leading edge technology. Water Sci. Technol. 62 2338.
34. Drewes J.E. Anderson P. Denslow N. Olivieri A. Schlenk D. Snyder S.A. and Maruya K.A. (2013). Designing monitoring programs for chemicals of emerging concern in potable reuse-What to include and what not to include Water Sci. Technol. 67 433.
35. Drewes J.E. Dickenson E.R.V. and Snyder S. (2011). Development of Surrogates to Determine the Efficacy of Groundwater Recharge Systems for the Removal of Trace Organic Chemicals. Alexandria VA: WateReuse Research Foundation.
36. Drewes J.E. Heberer T. Rauch T. and Reddersen K. (2003). Fate of pharmaceuticals during ground water recharge. Ground Water Monit. R. 23 64.
37. Drewes J.E. and Khan S.J. (2010). Water reuse for drinking water augmentation. In J.K. Edzwald Ed. Water Quality & Treatment 6th Edition. Denver CO: American Water Works Association p. 161.
38. Drewes J.E. Sedlak D.L. Snyder S. and Dickenson E.R.V. (2008). Development of Indicators and Surrogates for Chemical Contaminant Removal During Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation. Alexandria VA: WateReuse Research Foundation.
39. Eastwood J.C. and Stanfield P.J. (2001). Key success factors in an ASR scheme. Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol. 34 399.
40. Farnsworth C.E. and Hering J.G. (2011). Inorganic geochemistry and redox dynamics in bank filtration settings. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 5079.
41. Feddes R.A. Kabat P. Vanbakel P.J.T. Bronswijk J.J.B. and Halbertsma J. (1988). Modeling soil-water dynamics in the unsaturated zone-State of the art. J. Hydrol. 100 69.
42. Foster S.S.D. (2001). The interdependence of groundwater and urbanisation in rapidly developing cities. Urban Water 3 185.
43. Fox P. and Makam R. (2011). Kinetics of model high molecular weight organic compounds biodegradation in soil aquifer treatment. Water Res. 45 4419.
44. Fukue M. Minato T. Horibe H. and Taya N. (1999). The micro-structures of clay given by resistivity measurements. Eng. Geol. 54 43.
45. Gamey T.J. Hõ lladay J.S. Lewis R. and Abernáthy D. (1996). Clay thickness mapping for irrigation canals using airborne electromagnetics. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems pp. 367-375.
46. Gerba C.P. (2007). Virus occurrence and survival in environmental waters. In A. Bosach Ed. Human Viruses in Water. Amsterdam The Netherlands: Elsevier p. 91.
47. Gerba C.P. Yates M.Y. and Yates S.R. (1991). Quantitation of factors controlling viral and microbial transport in the subsurface. In C. Hurst Ed. Modeling the Environmental Fate of Microorganisms. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology pp. 77-88.
48. Griffiths D.H. (1976). Application of electrical-resistivity measurements for determination of porosity and permeability in sandstones. Geoexploration 14 207.
49. Grü nheid S. Amy G. and Jekel M. (2005). Removal of bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and trace organic compounds by bank filtration and artificial recharge. Water Res. 39 3219.
50. Grü tzmacher G. and Reuleaux M. (2011). Literature Study on Redox Control for Infiltration Ponds and Other Subsurface Systems. Berlin Germany: KompetenzZentrum Wasser.
51. Haack S.K. and Bekins B.A. (2000). Microbial populations in contaminant plumes. Hydrogeol. J. 8 63.
52. Haines S.S. Pidlisecky A. and Knight R. (2009). Hydrogeologic structure underlying a recharge pond delineated with shear-wave seismic reflection and cone penetrometer data. Near Surf. Geophys. 7 329.
53. Healy R.W. and Scanlon B.R. (2010). Estimating Groundwater Recharge. New York: Cambridge University Press.
54. Heberer T. Mechlinski A. Fanck B. Knappe A. Massmann G. Pekdeger A. and Fritz B. (2004). Field studies on the fate and transport of pharmaceutical residues in bank filtration. Ground Water Monit. R. 24 70.
55. Herzig J.P. Leclerc D.M. and Legoff P. (1970). Flow of suspensions through porous media-Application to deep filtration. Ind. Eng. Chem. 62 8.
56. Hibbs B.J. and Sharp J.M. (2012). Hydrogeological impacts of urbanization. Environ. Eng. Geosci. 18 3.
57. Higgins C.P. and Luthy R.G. (2006). Sorption of perfluorinated surfactants on sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 7251.
58. Hogg S. Lau-Staggs R. Uota D.K. Salveson A. Fontaine N. Swanback S. Mackey E. Danielson R. and Cooper R. (2011). Demonstration of Filtration and Disinfection Compliance Through Soil-Aquifer Treatment. Alexandria VA: WateReuse Research Foundation.
59. Hoppe-Jones C. (2012). Biotransformation of Bulk Organic Carbon and Trace Organic Chemicals During Riverbank Filtration [dissertation]. Golden CO: Colorado School of Mines.
60. Houben G. and Treskatis C. (2007). Water Well Rehabilitation and Reconstruction. New York: McGraw Hill.
61. Hunter K.S. Wang Y.F. and Van Cappellen P. (1998). Kinetic modeling of microbially-driven redox chemistry of subsurface environments: Coupling transport microbial metabolism and geochemistry. J. Hydrol. 209 53
62. International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2001). Third Assessment Report-Climate Change. Cambridge United Kingdom: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
63. James B.R. and Gorelick S.M. (1994). When enough is enough-The worth of monitoring data in aquifer remediation design. Water Resour. Res. 30 3499.
64. Kirkner D.J. and Reeves H. (1988). Multicomponent masstransport with homogeneous and heterogeneous chemicalreactions-Effect of the chemistry on the choice of numerical algorithm. 1. Theory. Water Resour. Res. 24 1719.
65. Kitanidis P.K. (2007). On stochastic inverse modeling. In D.W. Hyndman F.D. Day-Lewis K. Singha Eds. Subsurface Hydrology: Data Integration for Properties and Processes. Washington DC: American Geophysical Union p. 19.
66. Kloppmann W. Aharoni A. Chikurel H. Dillon P. Gaus I. Guttman J. Kraitzer T. Kremer S. Masciopinto C. Miotlinski K. Pavelic P. Pettanati M. and Picot-Colbeaux G. (2012). Use of groundwater models for prediction and optimisation of the behaviour of MAR sites. In C. Kazner T. Wintgens P. Dillon Eds. Water Reclamation Technologies for Safe Managed Aquifer Recharge. London: IWA Publishing p. 311.
67. Konikow L.F. August L.L. and Voss C.I. (2001). Effects of clay dispersion on aquifer storage and recovery in coastal aquifers. Transport Porous Med. 43 45.
68. Konikow L.F. and Kendy E. (2005). Groundwater depletion: A global problem. Hydrogeol. J. 13 317.
69. Kuehn W. and Mueller U. (2000). Riverbank filtration-An overview. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 92 60.
70. Lerner D.N. (2002). Identifying and quantifying urban recharge: A review. Hydrogeol. J. 10 143.
71. Li D. Alidina M. Ouf M. Sharp J.O. Saikaly P. and Drewes J.E. (2013). Microbial community evolution during simulated managed aquifer recharge in response to different biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) concentrations. Water Res. 47 2421.
72. Li D. Sharp J.O. Saikaly P. Ali S. Alidina M. Alarawi M.S. Keller S. Hoppe-Jones C. and Drewes J.E. (2012). Dissolved organic carbon influences microbial community composition and diversity in geographically distinct managed aquifer recharge systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78 6819.
73. Lovley D.R. (2003). Cleaning up with genomics: Applying molecular biology to bioremediation. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 1 35.
74. Lowry C.S. and Anderson M.P. (2006). An assessment of aquifer storage recovery using ground water flow models. Ground Water 44 661.
75. Lu C.H. Du P.F. Chen Y.M. and Luo J. (2011). Recovery efficiency of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) with mass transfer limitation. Water Resour. Res. 47 W08529.
76. Maeng S.K. Ameda E. Sharma S.K. Grü tzmacher G. and Amy G.L. (2010). Organic micropollutant removal from wastewater effluent-impacted drinking water sources during bank filtration and artificial recharge. Water Res. 44 4003.
77. Maeng S.K. Sharma S.K. Lekkerkerker-Teunissen K. and Amy G.L. (2011). Occurrence and fate of bulk organic matter and pharmaceutically active compounds in managed aquifer recharge: a review. Water Res. 45 3015.
78. Maliva R.G. Clayton E.A. and Missimer T.M. (2009). Application of advanced borehole geophysical logging to managed aquifer recharge investigations. Hydrogeol. J. 17 1547.
79. Maliva R.G. and Missimer T.M. (2010). Aquifer Storage and Recovery and Managed Aquifer Recharge Using Wells: Planning Hydrogeology Design and Operation. Sugar Land TX: Schlumberger.
80. McDowell-Boyer L.M. Hunt J.R. and Sitar N. (1986). Particletransport through porous-media. Water Resour. Res. 22 1901.
81. McMahon P.B. and Chapelle F.H. (2008). Redox processes and water quality of selected principal aquifer systems. Ground Water 46 259.
82. McPhee J. and Yeh W.W.G. (2008). Groundwater management using model reduction via empirical orthogonal functions. J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 134 161.
83. Mirecki J.E. (2004). Water-Quality Changes During Cycle Tests at Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR) Systems of South Florida. Jacksonville FL: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
84. Mitchell V. Knight R. and Pidlisecky A. (2011). Inversion of time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging data for monitoring infiltration. Leading Edge 30 140.
85. Molz F.J. Widdowson M.A. and Benefield L.D. (1986). Simulation of microbial-growth dynamics coupled to nutrient and oxygen-transport in porous-media. Water Resour. Res. 22 1207.
86. Moorman J.H.N. Colin M.G. and Stuyfzand P.J. (2002). Iron precipitation clogging of a recovery well following nearby deep well injection. In P.J. Dillon Ed. Management of Aquifer Recharge for Sustainability: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Artificial Recharge of Groundwater ISAR-4 Adelaide South Australia 22-26 September 2002. Exton PA: A.A. Balkema Lisse p. 209.
87. National Groundwater Association. (2012). Groundwater facts. Available at: www.ngwa.org/Fundamentals/use/Pages/Ground water-facts.aspx
88. National Research Council. (2008). Prospects for Managed Underground Storage of Recoverable Water. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
89. Nenna V. Pidlisecky A. and Knight R. (2011). Application of an extended Kalman filter approach to inversion of time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging data for monitoring recharge. Water Resour. Res. 47 W10531.
90. Page D. Dillon P. Vanderzalm J. Toze S. Sidhu J. Barry K. Levett K. Kremer S. and Regel R. (2010). Risk assessment of aquifer storage transfer and recovery with urban stormwater for producing water of a potable quality. J. Environ. Qual. 39 2029.
91. Pang L. (2009). Microbial removal rates in subsurface media estimated from published studies of field experiments and large intact soil cores. J. Environ. Qual. 38 1531.
92. Parkhurst D.L. and Appelo C. (1999). User's Guide to PHREEQC (version 2)-A Computer Program for Speciation Batch-Reaction One-Dimensional Transport and Inverse Geochemical Calculations. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99 312. Reston VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
93. Paterson N. Reford S. (1986). Inversion of airborne electromagnetic data for overburden mapping and groundwater exploration. In G.J. Palacky Ed. Airborne Resistivity Mapping Geological Survey of Canada Paper 86-22. Ottawa Canada: Geological Survey of Canada p. 39.
94. Patterson B.M. Shackleton M. Furness A.J. Bekele E. Pearce J. Linge K.L. Busetti F. Spadek T. and Toze S. (2011). Behaviour and fate of nine recycled water trace organics during managed aquifer recharge in an aerobic aquifer. J. Contam. Hydrol. 122 53.
95. Pavelic P. Dillon P.J. Barry K.E. Vanderzalm J.L. Correll R.L. and Rinck-Pfeiffer S.M. (2007). Water quality effects on clogging rates during reclaimed water ASR in a carbonate aquifer. J. Hydrol. 334 1.
96. Pavelic P. Peter D. and Neville R. (2006). Modelling of wellfield design and operation for an aquifer storage transfer and recovery (ASTR) trial. In UNESCO Ed. Recharge Systems for Protecting and Enhancing Groundwater Resources: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Management of Aquifer Recharge (ISMAR5) Berlin Germany 11-16 June 2005. Paris France: UNESCO p. 133.
97. Pérez-Paricio A. and Carrera J. (1998). A conceptual and numerical model to characterize clogging. In J.H. Peters Ed. Artificial Recharge of Groundwater: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Artificial Recharge of Ground Water-TISAR 98 Amsterdam The Netherlands 21-25 September 1998. Rotterdam The Netherlands: A.A. Balkema p. 61.
98. Pérez-Paricio A. and Carrera J. (2000). Validity and sensitivity analysis of a new comprehensive clogging model. In F. Stauffer Ed. Calibration and Reliability in Groundwater Modelling: Coping with Uncertainty; Proceedings of the ModelCare'99 Conference Zurich Switzerland 20-23 September 1999.
99. Wallingford United Kingdom: IAHS p. 523
100. Peterson J.D. Murphy R.R. Jin Y. Wang L. Nessl M.B. and Ikehata K. (2011). Health effects associated with wastewater treatment reuse and disposal. Water Environ. Res. 23 1853.
101. Pidlisecky A. and Knight R. (2011). The use of wavelet analysis to derive infiltration rates from time-lapse one-dimensional resistivity records. Vadose Zone J. 10 697.
102. Porta L. Illangasekare T.H. Asce F. Loden P. Han Q. and Jayasumana A.P. (2009). Continuous plume monitoring using wireless sensors: proof of concept in intermediate scale tank. J. Environ. Eng. 135 831.
103. Prommer H. Barry D.A. and Zheng C. (2003). MODFLOW/MT3DMS-based reactive multicomponent transport modeling. Ground Water 41 247.
104. Puranen R. Sää vuori H. Sahala L. Suppala I. Mä kilä M. and Lerssi J. (1999). Airborne electromagnetic mapping of surficial deposits in Finland. First Break 17 145.
105. Pyne R.D.G. (1995). Groundwater Recharge and Wells: A Guide to Aquifer Storage Recovery. Boca Raton FL: Lewis Publishers.
106. Rauch-Williams T. Hoppe-Jones C. and Drewes J.E. (2010). The role of organic matter in the removal of emerging trace organic chemicals during managed aquifer recharge. Water Res. 44 449.
107. Ray C. (2002). Riverbank Filtration: Understanding Contaminant Biogeochemistry and Pathogen Removal. Dordrecht The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
108. Ray C. Grischek T. Hubbs S. Drewes J.E. Haas D. and Darnault C. (2008). Riverbank Filtration for Drinking Water Supply. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
109. Reese R.S. (2002). Inventory and Review of Aquifer Storage and Recovery in Southern Florida. U.S. Geological Survey Report WRI 02-4036. Reston VA: U.S. Geological survey.
110. Reeves J.A. Knight R. Zebker H.A. Schreuder W.A. Agram P.S. and Lauknes T.R. (2011). High quality InSAR data linked to seasonal change in hydraulic head for an agricultural area in the San Luis Valley Colorado. Water Resour. Res. 47 W12510.
111. Rhine E.D. Fuhrmann J.J. and Radosevich M. (2003). Microbial community responses to atrazine exposure and nutrient availability: Linking degradation capacity to community structure. Microb. Ecol. 46 145.
112. Richards L.A. (1931). Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums. J. Appl. Phys. Physics 1 318.
113. Richardson S.D. and Ternes T.A. (2011). Water analysis: Emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal. Chem. 83 4614.
114. Robain H. Descloitres M. Ritz M. and Atangana Q.Y. (1996). A multiscale electrical survey of a lateritic soil system in the rain forest of Cameroon. J. Appl. Geophys. 34 237.
115. Saar M.O. (2011). Review: Geothermal heat as a tracer of largescale groundwater flow and as a means to determine permeability fields. Hydrogeol. J. 19 31.
116. Serra O. Baldwin J. and Quirein J. (1980). Theory Interpretation and Practical Applications of Natural Gamma Ray Spectroscopy. Houston TX: Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts p. Q1.
117. Shade A. Carey C.C. Kara E. Bertilsson S. McMahon K.D. and Smith M.C. (2009). Can the black box be cracked The augmentation of microbial ecology by high-resolution automated sensing technologies. ISME J. 3 881.
118. Sharma S.K. and Amy G. (2011). Natural treatment systems. In J.K. Edzwald Ed. Water Quality & Treatment. Denver CO: American Water Works Association pp. 1-33.
119. Sharma S.K. Ernst M. Hein A. Jekel M. Jefferson B. and Amy G. (2012). Treatment trains utilising natural and hybrid processes. In C. Kazner T. Wintgens P. Dillon Eds. Water Reclamation Technologies for Safe Managed Aquifer Recharge. London: IWA Publishing.
120. Sharp J.O. Sales C. LeBlanc J. Liu J. Wood T. Eltis L. Mohn W. and Alvarez-Cohen L. (2007). An inducible propane monooxygenase is responsible for n-nitrosodimethylamine degradation by Rhodococcus sp. strain RHAI. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 6930.
121. Sharp J.O. Sales C. and Alvarez-Cohen L. (2010). Functional insights towards propane-enhanced n-nitrosodimethylamine removal by two actinomycetes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 107 924.
122. Sheng Z. (2005). An aquifer storage and recovery system with reclaimed wastewater to preserve native groundwater resources in El Paso Texas. J. Environ. Manage. 75 367.
123. Stuyfzand P.J. (2011). Riverbank Filtration for Water Security in Desert Countries. Dordrecht the Netherlands: Springer.
124. Tabbagh A. Dabas M. Hesse A. and Panissod C. (2000). Soil resistivity: A non-invasive tool to map soil structure horizonation. Geoderma 97 393.
125. Taylor S.W. Milly P.C.D. and Jaffe P.R. (1990). Biofilm growth and the related changes in the physical properties of a porous medium. 2. Permeability. Water Resour. Res. 26 2161.
126. Thullner M. Schroth M.H. Zeyer J. and Kinzelbach W. (2004). Modeling of a microbial growth experiment with bioclogging in a two-dimensional saturated porous media flow field. J. Contam. Hydrol. 70 37.
127. Tolls J. (2001). Sorption of veterinary pharmaceuticals in soils: A review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 3397.
128. van Dam J.C. and Feddes R.A. (2000). Numerical simulation of infiltration evaporation and shallow groundwater levels with the Richards equation. J. Hydrol. 233 72.
129. van Overmeeren R.A. (1998). Radar facies of unconsolidated sediments in The Netherlands: A radar stratigraphy interpretation method for hydrogeology. J. Appl. Geophys. 40 1.
130. Vermeulen P.T.M. Heemink A.W. and Stroet C.B.M.T. (2004). Reduced models for linear groundwater flow models using empirical orthogonal functions. Adv. Water Resour. 27 57.
131. Ward J.D. Simmons C.T. and Dillon P.J. (2007). A theoretical analysis of mixed convection in aquifer storage and recovery: how important are density effects J. Hydrol. 343 169.
132. Ward J.D. Simmons C.T. and Dillon P.J. (2008). Variabledensity modelling of multiple-cycle aquifer storage and recovery (ASR): Importance of anisotropy and layered heterogeneity in brackish aquifers. J. Hydrol. 356 93.
133. Ward J.D. Simmons C.T. Dillon P.J. and Pavelic P. (2009). Integrated assessment of lateral flow density effects and dispersion in aquifer storage and recovery. J. Hydrol. 370 83.
134. Wiese B. Massmann G. Jekel M. Heberer T. Dü nnbier U. Orlikowski D. and Grü tzmacher G. (2011). Removal kinetics of organic compounds and sum parameters under field conditions for managed aquifer recharge. Water Res. 45 4939.
135. Zhang X. Zhao X. Zhang M. and Wu Q. (2011). Safety evaluation of an artificial groundwater recharge system for reclaimed water reuse based on bioassays. Desalination 281 185.