Child maltreatment and executive functioning in middle adulthood: A prospective examination

Neuropsychology

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 417-427

  Nikulina, Valentina ^a   Widom, Cathy Spatz ^a  

^a JOHN JAY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Childhood physical abuse; Executive functioning; Neglect; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Sexual abuse

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887649827     PISSN: 08944105     EISSN: 19311559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0032811     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Ackerman, P. T., Newton, J. E. O., McPherson, W. B., Jones, J. G., & Dykman, R. A. (1998). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric diagnoses in three groups of abused children (sexual, physical, and both). Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 759-774.
2. Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994). Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient. American Psychologist, 49, 15-24.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Ammons, R. B., & Ammons, C. H. (1962). The Quick Test (QT): Provisional manual. Psychological Reports, 11(Suppl. 7-VII), 111-162.
5. Andersen, S. L. (2003). Trajectories of brain development: Point of vulnerability or window of opportunity? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 3-18.
6. Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2012). Executive function and PTSD: Disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology, 62, 686-694.
7. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategies, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
8. Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., Van Limbeek, J., & Braam, A. W. (1997). Criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D): Results from a community-based sample of older subjects in the Netherlands. Psychological Medicine, 27, 231-235.
9. Beers, S. R., & De Bellis, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological function in children with maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 483-486.
10. Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 371-399.
11. Bremner, J. D., & Vermetten, E. (2001). Stress and development: Behavioral and biological consequences. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 473-489.
12. Bremner, J. D., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Adil, J., Khan, S., Nazeer, A., Charney, D. S. (2003). Cortisol response to a cognitive stress challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to childhood abuse. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 733-750.
13. Brickman, A. M., Zimmerman, M. E., Paul, R. H., Grieve, S. M., Tate, D. F., Cohen, R. A., Gordon, E. (2006). Regional white matter and neuropsychological functioning across the adult lifespan. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 444-453.
14. Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J. L., Craig, I. W., Poulton, R. (2002, August 2). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297, 851-854.
15. Cohen, P., Cohen, J., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2002). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Routledge Academic.
16. Conroy, K., Sandel, M., & Zuckerman, B. (2010). Poverty grown up: How childhood socioeconomic status impacts adult health. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 31, 154-160.
17. Crowell, T. A., Kieffer, K. M., Siders, C. A., & Vanderploeg, R. D. (2002). Neuropsychological findings in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 310-321.
18. Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B., Polanczyk, G., Pariante, C., Caspi, A. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: Depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 163, 1135-1143.
19. De Bellis, M. D., Baum, A. S., Birmaher, B., Keshavan, M. S., Eccard, C. H., Boring, A. M. Ryan, N. D. (1999). Developmental traumatology: Part I. Biological stress systems. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1259-1270.
20. De Bellis, M. D., Hooper, S. R., Spratt, E. G., & Woolley, D. P. (2009). Neuropsychological findings in childhood neglect and their relationships to pediatric PTSD. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 868-878.
21. Devaraju-Backhaus, S., Espe-Pfeifer, P., Mahrou, M. L., & Golden, C. J. (2001). Correlation of the LNNB-III with the WAIS-III in a mixed psychiatric and brain-injured population. International Journal of Neuroscience, 111, 235-240.
22. Dizzonne, M. F., & Davis, W. E. (1973). Relationship between Quick Test and WAIS IQs for brain-injured and schizophrenic subjects. Psychological Reports, 32, 337-338.
23. Elzinga, B. M., & Bremner, J. D. (2002). Are the neural substrates of memory the final common pathway in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Journal of Affective Disorders, 70, 1-17.
24. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, J. L., & Woodward, L. J. (2000). The stability of child abuse reports: A longitudinal study of the reporting behaviour of young adults. Psychological Medicine, 30, 529 -544.
25. Ferrer, E., O'Hare, E. D., & Bunge, S. A. (2009). Fluid reasoning and the developing brain. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 3, 46-51.
26. Fossati, P., Ergis, A. M., & Allilaire, J. F. (2002). Executive functioning in unipolar depression: A review. L'Encephale, 28, 97-107.
27. Goldstein, R. Z., Leskovjan, A. C., Hoff, A. L., Hitzemann, R., Bashan, F., Khalsa, S. S., Volkow, N. D. (2004). Severity of neuropsychological impairment in cocaine and alcohol addiction: Association with metabolism in the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1447-1458.
28. Gould, F., Clarke, J., Heim, C., Harvey, P. D., Majer, M., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2012). The effects of child abuse and neglect on cognitive functioning in adulthood. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 500-506.
29. Groeneveld, L. P., & Giovannoni, J. M. (1977). Disposition of child abuse and neglect cases. Social Work Research and Abstracts, 13, 24-30.
30. Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007). The neurobiology of stress and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 145-173.
31. Hays, J. R. (1995). Trail Making Test norms for psychiatric patients. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80, 187-194.
32. Hill, B. D., Elliott, E. M., Shelton, J. T., Pella, R. D., O'Jile, J. R., & Gouvier, W. D. (2010). Can we improve the clinical assessment of working memory? An evaluation of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition using a working memory criterion construct. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32, 315-323.
33. Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four-factor index of social status. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
34. Ito, Y., Teicher, M. H., Glod, C. A., & Ackerman, E. (1998). Preliminary evidence for aberrant cortical development in abused children: A quantitative EEG study. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 10, 298-307.
35. Jaffee, S. R., & Maikovich Fong, A. K. (2011). Effects of chronic maltreatment and maltreatment timing on children's behavior and cognitive abilities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 184-194.
36. Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E. M., & Bernstein, D. P. (1999). Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 600-606.
37. Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2002). The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 637-671.
38. LaGarde, G., Doyon, J., & Brunet, A. (2010). Memory and executive dysfunctions associated with acute posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research, 177, 144-149.
39. Leskin, L. P., & White, P. M. (2007). Attentional networks reveal executive function deficits in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychology, 21, 275-284.
40. Leventhal, J. M. (1982). Research strategies and methodologic standards in studies of risk factors for child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 6, 113-123.
41. MacMillan, H. L. (2010). Commentary: Child maltreatment and physical health: A call to action. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35, 533-535.
42. MacMillan, H. L., Fleming, J. E., Streiner, D. L., Lin, E., Boyle, M., Jamieson, E., Beardslee, W. R. (2001). Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1878-1883.
43. Majer, M., Nater, U. M., Lin, J.-M. S., Capuron, L., & Reeves, W. C. (2010). Association of childhood trauma with cognitive function in healthy adults: A pilot study. BMC Neurology, 10, 61-70.
44. Masunaga, H., Kawashima, R., Horn, J. L., Sassa, Y., & Sekiguchi, A. (2008). Neural substrates of the topology test to measure fluid reasoning: An fMRI study. Intelligence, 36, 607-615.
45. Mezzacappa, E., Kindlon, D., & Earls, F. (2001). Child abuse and performance task assessments of executive functions in boys. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 1041-1048.
46. Mitrushina, M. N., Boone, K. E., & D'Elia, L. F. (1999). Trail Making Test. In Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment (pp. 33-64). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
47. Navalta, C. P., Polcari, A., Webster, D. M., Boghossian, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2006). Effects of childhood sexual abuse on neuropsychological and cognitive function in college women. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 18, 45-53.
48. Neumann, D. A., Houskamp, B. M., Pollock, V. E., & Briere, J. (1996). The long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse in women: A metaanalytic review. Child Maltreatment, 1, 6 -16.
49. Perez, C. M., & Widom, C. S. (1994). Childhood victimization and long-term intellectual and academic outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 617-633.
50. Pollak, S. D., Nelson, C. A., Schlaak, M. F., Roeber, B. J., Wewerka, S. S., Wiik, K. L., Gunnar, M. R. (2010). Neurodevelopmental effects of early deprivation in postinstitutionalized children. Child Development, 81, 224-236.
51. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
52. Reitan, R. M. (1958). Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indication of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271-276.
53. Reitan, R. M. (1992). Trail Making Test: Manual for administration and scoring. Tucson, AZ: Reitan Neuropsychological Laboratory.
54. Richert, K. A., Carrion, V. G., Karchemskiy, A., & Reiss, A. L. (2006). Regional differences of the prefrontal cortex in pediatric PTSD: An MRI study. Depression and Anxiety, 23, 17-25.
55. Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22-53.
56. Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Cottler, L. B., & Goldring, E. (1989). National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. St. Louis, MO: Washington University.
57. Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughan, J. L., & Ratcliff, K. S. (1981). National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 381-389.
58. Samuelson, K. W., Krueger, C. E., Burnett, C., & Wilson, C. K. (2010). Neuropsychological functioning in children with posttraumatic stress disorder. Child Neuropsychology, 16, 119 -133.
59. Schoeman, R., Carey, P., & Seedat, S. (2009). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in South African adolescents: A case- control study of cognitive deficits. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 244- 250.
60. Schulsinger, F., Mednick, S. A., & Knop, J. (1981). Longitudinal research: Methods and uses in behavioral sciences. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff.
61. Sedlak, A. J., Mettenburg, J., Basena, M., Petta, I., McPherson, K., Greene, A., & Li, S. (2010). Fourth National Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-4): Report to Congress, Executive Summary: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families.
62. Shea, A., Walsh, C., Macmillan, H., & Steiner, M. (2005). Child maltreatment and HPA axis dysregulation: Relationship to major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in females. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 162-178.
63. Sheridan, M. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nelson, C. A., III. (2012). Variation in neural development as a result of exposure to institutionalization early in childhood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 109, 12927-12932.
64. Stein, M. B., Kennedy, C. M., & Twamley, E. W. (2002). Neuropsychological function in female victims of intimate partner violence with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 1079- 1088.
65. Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., Navalta, C. P., & Kim, D. M. (2003). The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 33-44.
66. Titus, J. B., Retzlaff, P. D., & Dean, R. S. (2002). Predicting scores of the Halstead Category Test with the WAIS-III. International Journal of Neuroscience, 112, 1099-1114.
67. Topitzes, J., Mersky, J. P., & Reynolds, A. J. (2010). Child maltreatment and adult cigarette smoking: A long-term developmental model. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35, 484-498.
68. Twamley, E. W., Hami, S., & Stein, M. B. (2004). Neuropsychological function in college students with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research, 126, 265-274.
69. Watt, N. F. (1972). Longitudinal changes in the social behavior of children hospitalized for schizophrenia as adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 155, 42-54.
70. Wechsler, D. (1997). WAIS-III administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
71. Widom, C. S. (1989a). Child abuse, neglect and adult behavior: Research design and findings on criminality, violence, and child abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 355-367.
72. Widom, C. S. (1989b, April 14). The cycle of violence. Science, 244, 160-166.
73. Widom, C. S. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1223-1229.
74. Widom, C. S. (2000). Understanding the consequences of childhood victimization. In Robert M. Reese (Ed.), Treatment of child abuse (pp. 339-361). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
75. Widom, C. S., Czaja, S., Bentley, T., & Johnson, M. S. (2012). A prospective investigation of physical health outcomes in abused and neglected children: New findings from a 30-year follow-up. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1135-1144.
76. Widom, C. S., DuMont, K., & Czaja, S. J. (2007). A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 49- 56.
77. Widom, C. S., Ireland, T., & Glynn, P. J. (1995). Alcohol abuse in abused and neglected children followed-up: Are they at increased risk? Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56, 207-217.
78. Wilson, H. W., & Widom, C. S. (2008). An examination of risky sexual behavior and HIV among victims of child abuse and neglect: A thirtyyear follow-up. Health Psychology, 27, 149-158.
79. Wilson, K. R., Hansen, D. J., & Li, M. (2011). The traumatic stress response in child maltreatment and resultant neuropsychological effects. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 87-97.
80. Yehuda, R. (2001). Biology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl. 17), 41-46.
81. Zook, N., Welsh, M. C., & Ewing, V. (2006). Performance of healthy, older adults on the Tower of London Revised: Associations with verbal and nonverbal abilities. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 13, 1-19.