Reproductive strategies and infant care in the malagasy primates

Building Babies: Primate Development in Proximate and Ultimate Perspective

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 321-359

  Tecot, Stacey R ^a   Baden, Andrea L ^b,c   Romine, Natalie ^a   Kamilar, Jason M ^d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d MIDWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Alloparental care; Infants; Investment; Lemurs; Malagasy primates; Meta analysis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887619960     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4060-4_15     Document Type: Chapter

References (212)

1. Altmann J (1980)Baboon mothers and infants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, p 272
2. Altmann J, Samuels A (1992) Costs of maternal care: infant-carrying in baboons. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 29:391-398
3. Andrews J (1998) Infanticide by a female black lemur, Eulemur macaco, in disturbed habitat on Nosy Be, North-Western Madagascar. Folia Primatol 69:14-17
4. Arrigo-Nelson SJ (2006)The impact of habitat disturbance on the feeding ecology of the Milne-Edwards' sifaka (Propithecus edwardsi) in Ranomafana National Park. Dissertation, Stony Brook University. 181 p
5. Baden AL (2009)It takes a village: communal infant care and socialization in wild ruffed lemurs ( Varecia variegata) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Am J Primatol 71(S1):93
6. Baden AL (2011)Communal infant care in black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata). Dissertation, Stony Brook University, 252 p
7. Baden AL, Louis EE Jr, Bradley BJ (2011)Cooperation confers fitness bene fits in a communally nesting primate. Am J Phys Anthropol 144(S52):79-80
8. Baden AL, Louis EE Jr, Bradley BJ (in revision) Communal infant care confers maternal success in a social primate Baldovino M, Di Bitetti M (2008) Allonursing in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus nigritus): milk or paci fier? Folia Primatol 79:79-92
9. Bales K, Dietz J, Baker A, Miller K, Tardif SD (2000) Effects of allocare-givers on fitness of infants and parents in callitrichid primates. Folia Primatol 71:27-38
10. Balko EA (1998)A behaviorally plastic response to forest composition and logging disturbance by Varecia variegata variegata in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Dissertation, SUNYCESF. 245 p
11. Balko EA (2011) Black and white ruffed lemur, Varecia variegata. In: Rowe N (ed) All the world's primates. Pogonias, Charlestown
12. Barthold J, Kappeler P, Fichtel C (2009) What is it going to be? Pattern and potential function of natal coat change in sexually dichromatic redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus). Am J Phys Anthropol 138:1-10
13. Bastian ML, Brockman D (2007) Paternal care in Propithecus verreauxi coquereli. Int J Primatol 28:305-313
14. Boskoff K (1978) The oestrous cycle of the brown lemur, Lemur fulvus. J Reprod Fertil 54:313-318
15. Brockman DK, van Schaik CP (2005) Seasonality and reproductive function. In: Brockman DK, van Schaik CP (eds) Seasonality in primates: studies of living and extinct human and nonhuman primates. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 269-305
16. Bronson FH, Heideman PD (1994) Seasonal regulation of reproduction in mammals. In: Knobil E, Neil JD (eds) The physiology of reproduction, 2nd edn. Raven, New York, pp 541-583
17. Brown GR, Almond REA, van Bergen Y (2004) Begging, stealing, and offering: food transfer in nonhuman primates. Adv Stud Behav 34:265-295
18. Buchan JC, Alberts SC, Silk JB, Altmann J (2003) True paternal care in a multi-male primate society. Nature 425:179-181
19. Buss DH, Cooper RW, Wallen K (1976) Composition of lemur milk. Folia Primatol 26:301-305
20. Carlson AA, Russell AF, Young AJ, Jordan NR, McNeilly AS, Parlow AF, Clutton-Brock T (2006) Elevated prolactin levels immediately precede decisions to babysit by male meerkat helpers. Horm Behav 50:94-100
21. Catlett KK, Schwartz GT, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL (2010) "Life history space": a multivariate analysis of life history variation in extant and extinct Malagasy lemurs. Yearb Phys Anthropol 142:391-404
22. Chism J (2000) Allocare patterns among cercopithecines. Folia Primatol 71:55-66
23. Chivers DJ (1974) The siamang in Malaya: a field study of a primate in tropical rain forest. Contrib Primatol 4:1-335
24. Clutton-Brock TH, Gaynor D, Kansky R, MacColl ADC, McIlrath G, Chadwick P, Brotherton PNM, O'Riain JM, Manswer M, Skinner JD (1998) Costs of cooperative behaviour in suricates (Suricates suricatta). Proc R Soc Lond, B 265:185-190
25. Curtis DJ (1997)The mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz): a study in behaviour and ecology. Dissertation, University of Zurich
26. Curtis DJ, Zaramody A (1998) Group size, home range use, and seasonal variation in the ecology of Eulemur mongoz. Int J Primatol 19:811-837
27. Curtis DJ, Zaramody A (1999) Social structure and seasonal variation in the behaviour of Eulemur mongoz. Folia Primatol 70:79-96
28. Dausmann K, Glos J, Ganzhorn JU, Heldmaier G (2004) Hibernation in a tropical primate. Nature 429:825-826
29. Deag JM, Crook JH (1971) Social behaviour and "agonistic buffering" in the wild Barbary macaque Macaca sylvana. Folia Primatol 15:183-200
30. Dewar RE, Richard AF (2007) Evolution in the hypervariable environment of Madagascar. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:13723-13727
31. Dixson AF, Fleming D (1981) Parental behaviour and infant development in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra). J Zool 194:25-39
32. Dunbar RIM (1995) The mating system of callitrichid primates II: the impact of helpers. Anim Behav 50:1071-1089
33. Eaglen RH, Boskoff KJ (1978) The birth and early development of a captive sifaka, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli. Folia Primatol 30:206-219
34. Eberle M, Kappeler PM (2006) Family insurance: kin selection and cooperative breeding in a solitary primate (Microcebus murinus). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 60:582-588
35. Emlen ST (1984) Cooperative breeding in birds and mammals. In: Krebs JR, Davies NB (eds) Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 305-339
36. Emlen ST (1991) Evolution of cooperative breeding in birds and mammals. In: Krebs JR, Davies NB (eds) Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach, 3rd edn. Blackwell, London, pp 301-335
37. Emlen ST (1997) Predicting family dynamics in social vertebrates. In: Krebs JR, Davies NB (eds) Behavioural ecology, an evolutionary approach, 4th edn. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp 228-253
38. Erhart EM, Overdorff DJ (1998) Infanticide in Propithecus diadema edwardsi: an evaluation of the sexual selection hypothesis. Int J Primatol 19:73-81
39. Fairbanks LA (1990) Reciprocal bene fits of allomothering for female vervet monkeys. Anim Behav 40:553-562
40. Feistner ATC, McGrew WC (1989) Food-sharing in primates: a critical review. In: Seth PK, Seth S (eds) Perspectives in primate biology, vol 3. Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp 21-36
41. Feistner A, Price E (1991) Food offering in New World primates: two species added. Folia Primatol 57:165-168
42. Fernandez-Duque E, Valeggia CR, Mendoza SP (2009) The biology of paternal care in human and nonhuman primates. Annu Rev Anthropol 38:115-130
43. Fietz J (1999) Mating system of Microcebus murinus. Am J Primatol 48:127-133
44. Fietz J (2003) Pair living and mating strategies in the fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius). In: Reichard UH, Boesch C (eds) Monogamy: mating strategies and partnerships in birds, humans and other mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 214-231
45. Fietz J, Dausmann KH (2003) Costs and potential bene fits of parental care in the nocturnal fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius). Folia Primatol 74:246-258
46. Fragaszy DM, Schwarz S, Shimosaka D (1982) Longitudinal observations of care and development of infant titi monkeys (Callicebus moloch). Am J Primatol 2:191-200
47. Fragaszy DM, Fedigan LM, Visalberghi E (2004)The complete capuchin: the biology of the genus Cebus. Cambridge Univ Press, New York, p 339
48. Ganzhorn JU, Abraham JP, Razanahoera-Rakotomalala M (1985) Some aspects of the natural history and food selection of Avahi laniger. Primates 26:452-463
49. Ganzhorn JU, Wright PC, Ratsimbazafy HJ (1999) Primate communities: Madagascar. In: Fleagle JG, Janson CH, Reed K (eds) Primate communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 75-89
50. Garber PA, Leigh SR (1997) Ontogenetic variation in small-bodied New World primates: implications for patterns of reproduction and infant care. Folia Primatol 68:1-22
51. Geiser F, Ruf T (1995) Hibernation versus daily torpor in mammals and birds: physiological variables and classi fication of torpor patterns. Physiol Zool 68:935-966
52. Génin F (2008) Life in unpredictable environments: first investigation of the natural history of Microcebus griseorufus. Int J Primatol 29:303-321
53. Gero S, Engelhaupt D, Rendell L, Whitehead H (2009) Who cares? Between-group variation in alloparental caregiving in sperm whales. Behav Ecol 20:838-843
54. Godfrey LR, Samonds KE, Jungers WL, Sutherland MR, Irwin MT (2004) Ontogenetic correlates of diet in Malagasy lemurs. Am J Phys Anthropol 123:250-276
55. Goldizen AW (1987a) Facultative polyandry and the role of infant-carrying in wild saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 20:99-109
56. Goldizen AW (1987b) Tamarins and marmosets: Communal care of offspring. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT (eds) Primate societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 34-43
57. Gould L (1992) Alloparental care in free-ranging Lemur catta at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Folia Primatol 58:72-83
58. Gould L (2011) The Lemuriformes. In: Campbell C, Fuentes CA, MacKinnon K, Bearder SK, Stumpf R (eds) Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 55-79
59. Gould L, Sauther ML, Cameron A (2000) Adoption of a wild orphaned ringtailed lemur infant by natal group members: adaptive explanations. Primates 41:413-419
60. Grassi C (2001)The behavioral ecology of Hapalemur griseus griseus: the in fluences of microhabitat and population density on this small-bodied prosimian folivore. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin. 345 p. Available from: University Micro films, Ann Arbor, MI; AADAA-I3032404
61. Grieser B (1992) Infant development and parental care in two species of sifakas. Primates 33:305-314
62. Gubernick DJ, Alberts JR (1987) The biparental care system of the California mouse, Peromyscus californicus. J Comp Psychol 101:169-177
63. Gursky S (2000) Allocare in a nocturnal primate: data on the spectral tarsier, Tarsius spectrum. Folia Primatol 71:39-54
64. Hamilton WD (1964) The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I, II. J Theor Biol 7:1-52
65. Harrington J (1978) Development of behavior in Lemur macaco in the first nineteen weeks. Folia Primatol 29:107-128
66. Harvey PH, Clutton-Brock TH (1985) Life history variation in primates. Evolution 39:559-581
67. Harvey PH, Martin RD, Clutton-Brock TH (1987) Life Histories in comparative perspective. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RS, Struhsaker TT (eds) Primate societies. Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp 181-196
68. Hilgartner R, Zinner D, Kappeler PM (2008) Life history traits and parental care in Lepilemur ru ficaudatus. Am J Primatol 70:2-11
69. Hinde K, Milligan LA (2011) Primate milk: proximate mechanisms and ultimate perspectives. Evol Anthropol 20:9-23
70. Hrdy S (1976) Care and exploitation of nonhuman primate infants by conspeci fics other than the mother. In: Rosenblatt J, Hinde R, Shaw E, Beer C (eds) Advances in the study of behavior. Academic, New York, pp 101-158
71. Hrdy SB (1977)The langurs of Abu: female and male strategies of reproduction. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, p 382
72. Hrdy S (2009)Mothers and others: the evolutionary origins of mutual understanding. The Belknap Press, Cambridge, p 432
73. Hrdy S (2010)Estimating the prevalence of shared care and cooperative breeding in the Order Primates, an appendix to mothers and others: the evolutionary origins of human understanding. http://www.citrona.com/hrdy/documents/AppendixI.pdf
74. Huck M, Fernandez-Duque E (2012) When dads help: male behavioral care during primate infant development. In: Clancy KBH, Hinde K, Rutherford JN (eds) Building babies: primate development in proximate and ultimate perspectives. Springer, New York
75. Huck M, Lottker P, Heymann EW (2004) The many faces of helping: Possible costs and bene fits of infant carrying and food transfer in wild moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax). Behaviour 141:915-934
76. Jaeggi AV, van Schaik CP (2011) The evolution of food sharing in primates. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 65:2125-2140
77. Janson C, Verdolin J (2005) Seasonality of primate births in relation to climate. In: Brockman DK, van Schaik CP (eds) Seasonality in primates: studies of living and extinct human and nonhuman primates. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 307-350
78. Jolly A (1966)Lemur behavior: a Madagascar field study. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p 187
79. Jolly A (1967) Breeding synchrony in wild Lemur catta . In: Altmann SA (ed) Social communication among primates. Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp 3-13
80. Jolly A (1972)The evolution of primate behavior. Macmillan Company, New York, p 397
81. Jolly A (1984) The puzzle of female feeding priority. In: Small M (ed) Female primates: studies by women primatologists. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 197-215
82. Jolly A, Caless S, Cavigelli S, Gould L, Pereira ME, Pitts A, Pride RE, Rabenandrasana HD, Walkder JD, Zafison T (2000) Infant killing, wounding, and predation in Eulemur and Lemur. Int J Primatol 21:21-40
83. Jones KE, Bielby J, Cardillo M, Fritz SA, O'Dell J, Orme CDL, Sa fiK, Sechrest W, Boakes EH, Carbone C, Connolly C, Cutts MJ, Foster JK, Grenyer R, Habib M, Plaster CA, Price SA, Rigby EA, Rist J, Teacher A, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Gittleman JL, Mace GM, Purvis A, Michener WK (2009) Pantheria: a species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals. Ecology 90:2648
84. Kappeler PM (1996) Causes and consequences of life-history variation among strepsirrhine primates. Am Nat 148:868-891
85. Kappeler PM (1998) Nests, tree holes, and the evolution of primate life histories. Am J Primatol 46:7-33
86. Kappeler PM, Pereira ME (2003) A primate life history database. In: Kappeler PM, Pereira ME (eds) Primate life histories and socioecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 313-330
87. Kesch K (2009) Allomothering and allonursing behavior in collared lemurs (Eulemur collaris). Lemur News 14:54-55
88. King SJ, Morelli TL, Arrigo-Nelson S, Ratelolahy FJ, Godfrey LR, Wyatt J, Tecot S, Jernvall J, Wright PC (2011) Morphometrics and pattern of growth in wild sifakas (Propithecus edwardsi) at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Am J Primatol 73:155-172
89. Kirkwood JK, Underwood SJ (1984) Energy requirements of captive cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus oedipus. Folia Primatol 42:180-187
90. Kleiman DG, Malcolm JR (1981) The evolution of male parental investment in mammals. In: Gubernick DJ, Klopfer PH (eds) Parental care in mammals. Plenum, New York, pp 347-387
91. Klopfer PH (1974) Mother-young relations in lemurs. In: Martin RD, Doyle GA, Walker AC (eds) Prosimian biology. Duckworth, London, pp 273-292
92. Koenig WD, Pitelka FA, Carmen WJ, Mumme RL, Stanback MT (1992) The evolution of delayed dispersal in cooperative breeders. Q Rev Biol 67:111-150
93. Kokko H, Johnstone RA (1999) Social queuing in animal societies: a dynamic model of reproductive skew. Proc R Soc Lond B 266:571-578
94. König B (1997) Cooperative care of young in mammals. Naturwissenschaften 84:95-104
95. König B (2006) Non-offspring nursing in mammals: general implications from a case study on house mice. In: Kappeler PM, van Schaik CP (eds) Cooperation in primates and humans: mechanisms and evolution. Springer, Berlin, pp 191-205
96. Lancaster JB (1971) Play-mothering: the relations between juvenile females and young infants among free-ranging vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Folia Primatol 15:161-182
97. Lappan S (2008) Male care of infants in a siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) population including socially monogamous and polyandrous groups. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 62:1307-1317
98. Leigh SR, Terranova CJ (1998) Comparative perspectives on bimaturism, ontogeny, and dimorphism in Lemurid primates. Int J Primatol 19:723-749
99. Lemon WC, Barth RH (1992) The effects of feeding rate on reproductive success in the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata. Anim Behav 44:851-857
100. Lessnau RG, Taylor LL, Thompson WL (1993)Infant transfer patterns in a captive group of ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Detroit zoological park. AAZPA Regional Conference Proceedings 1993, pp 254-259
101. Leutenegger W (1980) Monogamy in callitrichids: a consequence of phyletic dwar fism? Int J Primatol 1:95-98
102. Lewis RJ, Kappeler PM (2005) Seasonality, body condition, and timing of reproduction in Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi in the Kirindy Forest. Am J Primatol 67:347-364
103. Lewis SE, Pusey AE (1997) Factors in fluencing the occurrence of communal care in plural breeding mammals. In: Solomon NG, French JA (eds) Cooperative breeding in mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 335-363
104. Ligon JD, Stacey PB (1991) The origin and maintenance of helping behavior in birds. Am Nat 138:254-258
105. Lindenfors P (2002) Sexually antagonistic selection on primate size. J Evol Biol 15:595-607
106. Maestripieri D (1994) Social structure, infant handling, and mothering styles in group-living Old World monkeys. Int J Primatol 15:531-553
107. Martin RD (1972) A preliminary field-study of the lesser mouse lemur ( Microceuns murinus J.F. Miller 1777). In: Michael RP, Crook JH (eds) Comparative ecology and behavior of primates. Academic, London
108. McKenna JJ (1981) Primate infant caregiving behavior: origins, consequences, and variability with emphasis on the common Indian langur monkey. In: Gubernick DJ, Klopfer PH (eds) Parental care in mammals. Plenum, New York, pp 389-416
109. Meyers DM (1993)The effects of resource seasonality on behavior and reproduction in the goldencrowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli, Simons, 1988) in three Malagasy forests. Dissertation, Duke University. 251 p. Available from: University Micro films, Ann Arbor, MI; AADAA-I9508755
110. Meyers DM, Wright PC (1993) Resource tracking: food availability and Propithecus seasonal reproduction. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU (eds) Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. Plenum Press, New York, pp 179-192
111. Mitani JC, Watts D (1997) The evolution of non-maternal caretaking among anthropoid primates: do helpers help? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 40:213-220
112. Mitchell GD (1969) Paternalistic behavior in primates. Psychol Bull 71:399-417
113. Mittermeier RA, Louis EE Jr, Richardson M, Schwitzer C, Langrand O, Rylands A, Hawkins F, Rajaobelina S, Ratsimbazafy J, Roos C, Kappeler PM, MacKinnon J (2010)Lemurs of Madagascar, 3rd edn. Conservation International, Washington, p 762
114. Moehlman PD, Hofer H (1997) Cooperative breeding, reproductive suppression, and body mass in canids. In: Solomon NG, French JA (eds) Cooperative breeding in mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 76-127
115. Morelli TL, King SJ, Pochron ST, Wright PC (2009) The rules of disengagement: takeovers, infanticide, and dispersal in a rainforest lemur, Propithecus edwardsi . Behaviour 146:499-523
116. Morland HS (1990) Parental behavior and infant development in ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) in a northeast Madagascar rain forest. Am J Primatol 20:253-265
117. Morland HS (1991) Preliminary report on the social organization of ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) in a northeast Madagascar rainforest. Folia Primatol 56:157-161
118. Muldoon KM, Goodman SM (2010) Ecological biogeography of Malagasy non-volant mammals: community structure is correlated with habitat. J Biogeogr 37:1144-1159
119. Mumme RL (1997) A bird's eye view of cooperative breeding. In: Solomon NG, French JA (eds) Cooperative breeding in mammals. University Press, Cambridge, pp 164-388
120. Negus NC, Berger PJ (1972) Environmental factors and reproductive processes in mammalian populations. In: Velardo JT, Kasprow BA (eds) Biology of reproduction: basic and clinical studies. Third Pan American Congress on Anatomy, New Orleans. Pan American Association of Anatomy, pp 89-98
121. Nekaris KAI, Bearder SK (2011) The Lorisiform primates of Asia and mainland Africa: diversity shrouded in darkness. In: Campbell C, Fuentes CA, MacKinnon K, Bearder SK, Stumpf R (eds) Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 34-54
122. Numen M, Insel TR (2003)Neurobiology of parental behavior. Springer, New York, p 418
123. O'Farrell MJ, Studier EH (1973) Reproduction, growth, and development in Myotis Thysanodes and M. Lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Ecology 54:18-30
124. Overdorff DJ (1991)Ecological correlates to social structure in two prosimian primates: Eulemur fulvus rufous and Eulemur rubriventer in Madagascar. Dissertation, Duke University. 313 p. Available from: University Micro films, Ann Arbor, MI; AAD92-02491
125. Overdorff DJ (1996a) Ecological correlates to social structure in two Lemur species in Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 100:487-506
126. Overdorff DJ (1996b) Ecological correlates to activity and habitat use of two prosimian primates: Eulemur rubriventer and Eulemur fulvus rufus in Madagascar. Am J Primatol 40:327-342
127. Overdorff DJ, Tecot SR (2006) Social pair-bonding and resource defense in wild red-bellied lemurs (Eulemur rubriventer). In: Gould L, Sauther ML (eds) Lemurs: ecology and adaptation. Springer, New York, pp 235-254
128. Overdorff DJ, Merenlender A, Talata P, Telo A, Forward Z (1999) Life history of Eulemur fulvus rufus from 1988-1998 in southeastern Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 108:295-310
129. Packer C, Lewis S, Pusey A (1992) A comparative analysis of non-offspring nursing. Anim Behav 43:265-281
130. Pagel M (1999) Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature 401:877-884
131. Palombit RA, Seyfarth RM, Cheney DL (1997) The adaptive value of 'friendships' to female baboons: experimental and observational evidence. Anim Behav 54:599-614
132. Patel ER (2007) Non-maternal infant care in wild silky sifakas (Propithecus candidus). Lemur News 12:39-42
133. Pereira ME (1991) Asynchrony within estrous synchrony among ringtailed lemurs (Primates: Lemuridae). Physiol Behav 49:47-52
134. Pereira M (1993) Seasonal adustment of growth rate and adult body weight in ringtailed lemurs. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU (eds) Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. Plenum, New York, pp 205-221
135. Pereira ME, Klepper A, Simons EL (1987) Tactics of care for young infants by forest-living ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata): ground nests, parking, and biparental guarding. Am J Primatol 13:129-144
136. Pereira ME, Russ AS, Cavigelli SA, Hughes CL, Pearson DD (1999) Metabolic strategy and social behavior in Lemuridae. In: Rakotosamimanana B, Rasamimanana H, Ganzhorn JU, Goodman SM (eds) New directions in lemur studies. Plenum Publishers, New York, pp 93-118
137. Perry S (1995)Social relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus. Dissertation, University of Michigan. 326 p. Available from: University Micro films, Ann Arbor, MI; AADAA-I9542933
138. Petter-Rousseaux A (1964) Reproductive physiology and behavior of the Lemuroidea. In: Buettner-Janusch J (ed) Evolutionary and genetic biology of Primates. Academic, New York, pp 92-132
139. Petter-Rousseaux A (1980) Seasonal activity rhythms, reproduction, and body weight variations in five sympatric nocturnal prosimians, in simulated light and climatic conditions. In: Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Hladik CM, Pages E, Pariente GF, Petter-Rousseaux A, Petter J-J, Schilling A (eds) Nocturnal malagasy primates: ecology, physiology, and behavior. Academic, New York, pp 137-152
140. Pochron ST, Tucker WT, Wright PC (2004) Demography, life history and social structure in Propithecus edwardsi in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 125:61-72
141. Poirier FE (1968) The Nilgiri langur (Presbytis johnii) mother-infant dyad. Primates 9:45-68
142. Poirier FE (1970) The Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis johnii) of South India. In: Rosenblum LA (ed) Primate behavior, developments in field and laboratory research, vol I. Academic, New York, pp 251-383
143. Pollock JI (1975) Field observations on Indri indri: a preliminary report. In: Tattersall I, Sussman RW (eds) Lemur biology. Plenum, New York, pp 287-311
144. Pollock JI (1977) The ecology and sociology of feeding in Indri indri. In: Clutton-Brock TH (ed) Primate ecology: studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs, monkeys and apes. Academic, New York, pp 37-69
145. Pontzer H, Kamilar JM (2009) Great ranging associated with greater reproductive investment in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:192-196
146. Powzyk J (1997)The Socio-ecology of two sympatric indriids: Propithecus diadema diadema and Indri indri, a comparison of feeding strategies and their possible repercussions on speciesspeci fic behaviors. Dissertation, Duke University. 307 p
147. Quiatt D (1979) Aunts and mothers: adaptive implications of allomaternal behavior of nonhuman primates. Am Anthropol 81:310-319
148. Rasmussen D (1985) A comparative study of breeding seasonality and litter size in eleven taxa of captive lemurs (Lemur and Varecia). Int J Primatol 6:501-517
149. Ravosa MJ, Meyers DM, Glander KE (1993) Relative growth of the limbs and trunk in sifakas: heterochronic, ecological, and functional considerations. Am J Anthropol 92:499-520
150. Richard AF (1976) Preliminary observations on the birth and development of Propithecus verreauxi to the age of six months. Primates 17:357-366
151. Richard A (1978) Behavioral variation: case study of a Malagasy lemur. Bucknell University Press, Lewisburg
152. Richard AF (1987) Malagasy prosimians: female dominance. In: Smuts B, Cheney D, Seyfarth R, Wrangham R, Struhsaker T (eds) Primate Societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 25-33
153. Richard AF, Dewar RE (1991) Lemur ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 22:145-175
154. Richard AF, Dewar RE, Schwartz M, Ratsirarson J (2002) Life in the slow lane? Demography and life histories of male and female sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). J Zool, Lond 256:421-436
155. Ross C (2001) Park or ride? Evolution of infant carrying in primates. Int J Primatol 22:749-771
156. Ross C (2003) Life history, infant care strategies, and brain size in primates. In: Kappeler PM, Pereira ME (eds) Primate life histories and socioecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 266-284
157. Ross C, MacLarnon A (1995) Ecological and social correlates of maternal expenditure on infant growth in haplorhine primates. In: Pryce C, Martin R, Skuse D (eds) Motherhood in human and nonhuman primates. Karger, Basel, pp 37-46
158. Ross C, MacLarnon A (2000) The evolution of non-maternal care in anthropoid primates: a test of the hypotheses. Folia Primatol 71:93-113
159. Rowe N, Myers M (eds) (2011)All the world's primates. Primate Conservation Inc, Charlestown, www.alltheworldsprimates.org
160. Russell AF, Clutton-Brock TH, Brotherton PNM, Sharpe LL, McIlrath GM, Dalerum FD, Cameron EZ, Barnard JA (2002) Factors affecting pup growth and survival in co-operatively breeding meerkats Suricata suricata. J Anim Ecol 71:700-709
161. Sauther ML (1998) The interplay of phenology and reproduction in ringtailed lemurs: implications for ringtailed lemur conservation. Folia Primatol 69:309-320
162. Schmid J, Kappeler PM (1998) Fluctuating sexual dimorphism and differential hibernation by sex in a primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 43:125-132
163. Schmid J, Stephenson PJ (2003) Physiological adaptations of Malagasy mammals: lemurs and tenrecs compared. In: Benstead J, Goodman SM (eds) The natural history of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 1198-1203
164. Schradin C, Anzenberger G (2001) Costs of infant carrying in common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus:an experimental analysis. Anim Behav 62:289-295
165. Schülke O (2005) Evolution of pair-living in Phaner furcifer. Int J Primatol 26:903-919
166. Silk J (1980) Kidnapping and female competition among captive bonnet macaques. Primates 21:100-110
167. Smuts B (1998)What are friends for? In: Ciochon RL, Nisbett RA (eds) The primate anthology: essays on primate behavior, ecology, and conservation from Natural History. Prentice Hall, New York, pp 36-43
168. Solomon NG, French JA (1997) The study of mammalian cooperative breeding. In: Solomon NG, French JA (eds) Cooperative breeding in mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1-10
169. Solomon NG, Getz LL (1997) Examinations of alternative hypotheses for cooperative breeding in rodents. In: Solomon NG, French JA (eds) Cooperative breeding in mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 335-363
170. Sørg J-P, Ganzhorn JU, Kappeler PM (2003) Forestry and research in the Kirindy Forest/Centre de Formation Professionnelle Forestiere. In: Benstead J, Goodman SM (eds) The natural history of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 1512-1519
171. Stanford CB (1992) The costs and bene fits of allomothering in wild capped langurs (Presbytis pileata). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 30:29-34
172. Storey AE, Delahunty KM, McKay DW, Walsh CJ, Wilhelm SI (2006) Social and hormonal bases of individual differences in the parental behaviour of birds and mammals. Can J Exp Psychol 60:237-245
173. Sussman RW (1977) Socialization, social structure, and ecology of two sympatric species of lemur. In: Chevalier-Skolnikoff S, Poirier FE (eds) Primate biosocial development: biological, social and ecological determinants. Garland Publishing, New York, pp 515-545
174. Sussman RW (1991) Demography and social organization of free-ranging Lemur catta in the Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 84:43-58
175. Tan CL (2000)Behavior and ecology of three sympatric bamboo lemur species (genus Hapalemur) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook. 242 p. Available from: University Micro films, Ann Arbor, MI; AADAA-I3000799
176. Tan CL (2006) Behavior and ecology of gentle lemurs (Genus Hapalemur). In: Gould L, Sauther ML (eds) Lemurs: ecology and adaptation. Springer, New York, pp 369-381
177. Tardif SD (1997) The bioenergetics of parental behavior and the evolution of alloparental care in marmoset and tamarins. In: Solomon NG, French JA (eds) Cooperative breeding in mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 11-32
178. Tardif SD, Santos CV, Baker AJ, Van Elsacker L, Ruiz-Miranda CR, Moura ACA, Passos FC, Price EC, Rapaport LG, de Vleeschouwer K (2002) Infant care in lion tamarins. In: Kleiman DG, Rylands AB (eds) Lion tamarins: biology and conservation. Smithsonian University Press, Washington, pp 213-232
179. Tattersall I (1982) The primates of Madagascar. Columbia University Press, New York
180. Tecot S (2007) Fecal cortisol levels and maintenance behaviors in wild groups of a cooperatively breeding species, the red-bellied lemur (Eulemur rubriventer) . Am J Primatol 69:127
181. Tecot S (2008)Seasonality and predictability: the hormonal and behavioral responses of Eulemur rubriventer in Southeastern Madagascar. Dissertation, University of Texas-Austin. 544 p. Available from: University of Texas Libraries
182. Tecot S (2010) It's all in the timing: out of season births and infant survival in Eulemur rubriventer. Int J Primatol 31:715-735
183. Tecot S (2012) Variable energetic strategies in disturbed and undisturbed rain forest habitats: fecal cortisol levels in southeastern Madagascar. In: Masters J, Gamba M, Génin F (eds) Leapin ahead: advances in prosimian biology. Developments in primatology series. Springer, New York (in press)
184. Tecot S and Overdorff DJ (2005)Aseasonal births and reproductive patterns in Eulemur rubriventer in southeastern Madagascar. Am J Primatol 66(S1):111-112
185. Tecot S, Baden A, Romine N, Kamilar J (In revision). Infant parking and nesting, not allomaternal care, in fluence Malagasy primate life histories
186. Tilden CD, Oftedal OT (1995)The bioenergetics of reproduction in prosimian primates: is it related to female dominance? In: Alterman L, Doyle GA, Izard MK (eds) Creatures of the dark: the nocturnal prosimians. Plenum, New York, pp 119-131
187. Tilden CD, Oftedal OT (1997) Milk composition re flects pattern of maternal care in prosimian primates. Am J Primatol 41:195-211
188. Trivers RL (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Campbell BG (ed) Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971. Aldine, Chicago, pp 136-179
189. van Horn RN (1975) Primate breeding season: photoperiodic regulation in captive Lemur catta. Folia Primatol 24:203-220
190. van Schaik CP, Kappeler PM (1997) Infanticide risk and the evolution of male-female association in primates. Proc Biol Sci 264:1687-1694
191. van Schaik CP, Paul A (1996) Male care in primates: does it ever re flect paternity? Evol Anthropol 5:152-156
192. Vasey N (2007) The breeding system of wild red ruffed lemurs (Varecia rubra): a preliminary report. Primates 48:41-54
193. Vogel C (1984) Patterns of infant-transfer within two troops of common langurs (Presbytis entellus) near Jodhpur. Testing hypotheses concerning the bene fits and risks. In: Roonwal M, Mohnot S, Rathore N (eds) Current primate researches. University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur, pp 361-379
194. Volampeno MSN, Masters J, Downs C (2011) Life history traits, maternal behavior and infant development of blue-Eyed black lemurs (Eulemur flavifrons). Am J Primatol 73:474-484
195. White FJ, Burton AS, Buchholz S, Glander KE (1992) Social organization of free-ranging ruffed lemurs, Varecia variegata variegata: mother-adult daughter relationship. Am J Primatol 28:281-287
196. Whitten PL, Brockman DK (2001) Strepsirrhine reproductive ecology. In: Ellison PT (ed) Reproductive ecology and human evolution. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp 321-350
197. Williams L, Gibson S, McDaniel M, Bazzel J, Barnes S, Abee C (1994) Allomaternal interactions in the Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis). Am J Primatol 34:145-156
198. Wilson EO (1975) Sociobiology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
199. Wolovich CK, Perea-Rodriguez JP, Fernandez-Duque E (2007) Food transfers to young and mates in wild owl monkeys (Aotus azarai). Am J Primatol 69:1-16
200. Wright PC (1984) Biparental care in Aotus trivirgatus and Callicebus moloch. In: Small M (ed) Female primates: studies by women primatologists. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 59-75
201. Wright PC (1990) Patterns of paternal care in primates. Int J Primatol 11:89-102
202. Wright PC (1995) Demography and life history of free-ranging Propithecus diadema edwardsi in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 16:835-854
203. Wright PC (1999) Lemur traits and Madagascar ecology: coping with an island environment. Yearb Phys Anthropol 42:31-72
204. Wright PC, Martin LB (1995) Predation, pollination and torpor in two nocturnal prosimians: Cheirogaleus major and Microcebus rufus in the rain forest of Madagascar. In: Alterman L, Doyle GA, Izard MK (eds) Creatures of the dark: the nocturnal prosimians. Plenum, New York, pp 45-60
205. Wright PC, Razafindratsita T, Pochron ST, Jernvall J (2005) The key to frugivory in Madagascar. In: Dew JL, Boubli JP (eds) Tropical fruits and frugivores: the search for strong interactors. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, pp 118-128
206. Wright PC, Erhart EM, Tecot SR, Baden AL, Arrigo-Nelson S, Morelli TL, Deppe A, Ratelolahy F, Blanco M, Atsalis S, Johnson SE, Ratolahy F, Tan CLM, Zohdy S (2012) Long-term lemur research at Centre ValBio, Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. In: Kappeler PM, Watts D (eds) Long-term research in Primates. Springer, Dordrecht (2012)
207. Young AL, Richard AF, Aiello LC (1990) Female dominance and maternal investment in Strepsirhine primates. Am Nat 135:473-488
208. Zahed SR, Prudom SL, Snowdon CT, Ziegler TE (2007) Male parenting and response to infant stimuli in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Primatol 69:1-15
209. Zehr S, Haring D, Taylor J, Katz A, Williams C, Yoder A (2011)Everything you ever wanted to know about infant growth rates in prosimians but didn't have a large enough sample size to ask: analyses of infant weight data at the Duke Lemur Center (abstract). Am J Phys Anthropol 144((Suppl)):317
210. Ziegler TE (2000) Hormones associated with non-maternal infant care: a review of mammalian and avian studies. Folia Primatol 71:6-21
211. Ziegler TE, Wegner FH, Carlson AA, Lazaro-Perea C, Snowdon CT (2000) Prolactin levels during the periparturitional period in the biparental cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus): Interactions with gender, androgen levels, and parenting. Horm Behav 38:111-122
212. Ziegler TE, Washabaugh KF, Snowdon CT (2004) Responsiveness of expectant male cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus, to mate's pregnancy. Horm Behav 45:84-92