Lemur traits and Madagascar ecology: Coping with an island environment

Yearbook of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 42, Issue , 1999, Pages 31-72

  Wright, Patricia C ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cathemerality; Disequilibrium hypothesis; Energy conservation; Female dominance; Life history; Weaning synchrony

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002948398     PISSN: 0096848X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (413)

1. Abraham J-P, Rakotonirina B, Randrianasolo M, Ganzhorn JU, Jeannoda V, Leigh EG, Jr. 1996. Tree diversity on small plots in Madagascar: a preliminary review. Rev Ecol 51:93-117.
2. Adler GH, Beatty RP. 1997. Changing reproductive rates in a neotropical forest rodent, Proechimys semispinosus. J Anim Ecol 66:472-480.
3. Alexander RK (1974) The evolution of social behavior. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5:325-383.
4. Albrecht GH, Jenkins PD, Godfrey LR. 1990. Ecogeographic size variation among the living and subfossil prosimians of Madagascar. Am J Primatol 22:1-50.
5. Altmann J. 1980. Baboon mothers and infants. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
6. Altmann J. 1990. Primate males go where the females are. Anim Behav 93:193-195.
7. Altmann J, Samuels A. 1992. Costs of maternal care: Infant carrying in baboons. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 29:391-398.
8. Andrews JR. 1998. Infanticide by a female black lemur, Eulemur macaco, in disturbed habitat on Nosy Be, northwestern Madagascar. Folia Primatol 69:14-17.
9. Andrews JR, Birkenshaw CR. 1998. A comparison between the daytime and night-time diet, activity and feeding height of the black lemur, Eulemur macaco (Primates: Lemuridae), in Lokobe Forest, Madagascar. Folia Primatol 69:175-182.
10. Andelmann S. 1986. Ecological and social determinants of cercopithecine mating systems. In: Rubenstein D, Wrangham R, editors. Ecological aspects of social evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p 201-216.
11. Arnaud J, Meier, B., Dugoujon JM, Rumpler Y. 1992. Study of the variability of erythrocyte enzymes in captive and wild populations of black lemurs Eulemur macaco macaco: An indispensable preliminary in captive breeding programs. Primates 33:139-146.
12. Atsalis S. 1998. Seasonal patterns in diet, distribution and reproduction of Microcebus rufus in the rain forest of Madagascar. Ph.D. dissertation. City University of New York.
13. Atsalis S. 1999. Diet of the brown mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus) at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 20:193-229.
14. Atsalis S, Schmid J, Kappeler PM. 1996. Metrical comparisons of three species of mouse lemur. J Hum Evol 31:61-68.
15. Balko E. 1998. The behavioral plasticity of Varecia variegata in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. PhD dissertation, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
16. Bartlett TQ, Sussman RW, Cheverud JM. 1993. Infant killing in primates: A review of observed cases with specific reference to the sexual selection hypothesis. Am Anthropol 95:958-990.
17. Bearder SK. 1987. Lorises, bushbabies, and tarsiers: Diverse societies in solitary foragers. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, editors. Primate societies. Chicago:Chicago University Press. p 11-24.
18. Benirschke K, Miller CJ. 1981. Weights and neonatal growth of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and ruffed lemurs (Lemur variegatus). J Zool Anim Med 12:107-110.
19. Boinski S. 1987. Mating patterns in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi): implications for seasonal sexual dimorphism. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 21:13-21.
20. Boinski S. 1989. Birth synchrony in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi): A strategy to reduce neonatal predation. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 21:393-400.
21. Brockelman WY, Ulrich R, Uthai T, Jeremy R. 1998. Dispersal, pair formation and social structure in gibbons (Hylobates lar). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 42:329-339.
22. Brockman DK, Whitten PL. 1996. Reproduction in free-ranging Propithecus verreauxi: Estrus and the relationship between multiple partner matings and fertilization. Am J Phys Anthropol 100:57-69.
23. Brockman DK, Whitten PL, Richard AF, Schneider A. 1998. Reproduction in free-ranging male Propithecus verreauxi: The hormonal correlates of mating and aggression. Am J Phys Anthropol 105:137-151.
24. Buesching CD, Heistermann M, Hodges JK, Zimmerman E. 1998. Multimodal oestrus advertisement in a small, nocturnal prosimian, Microcebus murinus. Folia Primatol 69:295-308.
25. Bulger JB. 1993. Dominance rank and access to estrous females in male savanna baboons. Behaviour 127:67-103.
26. Burney DA. 1997. Theories and facts regarding Holocene environmental change before and after human colonization. In; Goodman SM, Patterson DB, editors. Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Washington: Smithsonian Press. p 75-89.
27. Buss DH, Cooper RW, Wallen K. 1976. Composition of lemur milk. Folia Primatol 26:301-305.
28. Chapman CA, Wrangham, RW, Chapman LJ. 1995. Ecological constraints on group size:An analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee subgroups. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 36:59-70.
29. Chapman CA, Gautier-Hion A, Oates JF, Onderdonk D. 1999. African primate communities: Determinants of structure and threats to survival. In: Fleagle JG, Janson CH, Reed K, editors. Primate communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 1-37.
30. Charles Dominique P. 1977. Ecology and behaviour of nocturnal prosimians. London: Duckworth.
31. Charles-Dominique P. 1995. Food distribution and reproductive constraints in the evolution of social structure: Nocturnal primates and other mammals. In: Alterman L, Doyle G, Izard MK, editors. Creatures of the dark. New York: Plenum Press. p 425-438.
32. Charles Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Hladik CM, Pages E. Pariente GF, Petter-Rousseaux A, Petter JJ, Schilling A. 1980. Nocturnal Malagasy primates: Ecology, physiology and behavior. New York: Academic Press.
33. Cheney DL, Wrangham RW. 1987. Predation. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, editors. Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 227-239.
34. Clarke DA, Clarke DB. 1992. Life history diversity of canopy and emergent trees in a Neotropical rain forest. Ecol Monogr 62:315-344.
35. Clutton-Brock TH. 1985. Size, sexual dimorphism, and polygyny in primates. In: Jungers WL, editor. Size and scaling in primate biology. New York: Plenum. p 51-60.
36. Clutton-Brock TH, Harvey PH. 1977. Primate ecology and social organization. J Zool Lond 183:1-39.
37. Clutton-Brock TH, Harvey PH, Rudder B. 1977. Sexual dimorphism, socionomic sex ratio and body weight in primates. Nature (London) 269:797-800.
38. Clutton-Brock TH, Guinness FE, Albon SD. 1982. The red deer: Behaviour and ecology of two sexes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
39. Clutton-Brock TH, Guinness FE, Albon SD. 1983. The costs of reproduction to red deer hinds. J Anim Ecol 52:367-383.
40. Colquhoun IC. 1993. The socioecology of Eulemur macaco macaco: a preliminary report. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 11-23.
41. Colquhoun IC. 1998. Cathemeral behavior of Eulemur macaco macaco at Ambato Massif, Madagascar. Folia Primatol 69:22-34.
42. Condit R, Hubbell SP, Foster RB. 1993. Identifying fast-growing native trees from the Neotropics using data from a large, permanent census plot. Forest Ecol Managmnt 62:123-143.
43. Condit R, Hubbell SP, Foster RB. 1995. Mortality rates of 205 neotropical tree and shrub species and the impact of severe drought. Ecol Monogr 65:419-439.
44. Cote IM, Poulin R. 1995. Parasitism and group size in social animals: A meta-analysis. Behav Ecol 6:159-165.
45. Crockett CM, Rudran R. 1987a. Red howler monkey birth data. I. Seasonal variation. Am J Primatol 13:347-368.
46. Crockett CM, Rudran R. 1987b. Red howler monkey birth data. II. Interannual, habitat, and sex comparisons. Am J Primatol 13:369-384.
47. Crockett CM, Pope TR. 1993. Consequences of sex differences in dispersal for juvenile red howler monkeys. In: Pereira ME, Fairbanks LA, editors. Juvenile primates. Life history, development, and behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 104-118.
48. Crovella S, Rumpler Y. 1992. Confirmation of the specific status of Hapalemur aureus (Primates, Strepsirhini) by restriction genomic DNA binding patterns. Hum Evol 7:63-67.
49. Curtis DJ, Zaramody A. 1999. Social structure and seasonal variation in the behaviour of Eulemur mongoz. Folia Primatol 70:79-96.
50. Dagosto M. 1994. Testing positional behavior of Malagasy lemurs: A randomization approach. Am J Phys Anthropol 94:189-202.
51. Dagosto M. 1995. Seasonal variation in positional behavior of Malagasy lemurs. Int J Primatol 16:807-833.
52. Daniels HL. 1984. Oxygen consumption in Lemur fulvus: Deviation from the ideal model. J Mammal 65:584-592 .
53. Davies AG, Oates JF. 1994. Colobine monkeys: Their ecology, behaviour and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
54. Debyser IWJ. 1995. Prosimian juvenile mortality in zoos and primate centers. Int J Primatol 16:889-907.
55. Demes B, Jungers WL, Gross TS, Fleagle JG. 1995. Kinetics of leaping primates: Influence of substrate orientation and compliance. Am J Phys Anthropol 96:419-430.
56. de Ruiter JR. 1986. The influence of group size on predator scanning and foraging behaviour of wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivaceus). Behaviour 98:240-258.
57. Dew JL, Wright PC. 1998. Frugivory and seed dispersal by four species of primates in Madagascar's eastern rainforest. Biotropica 30:1-13.
58. Dewar RE. 1984. Extinctions in Madagascar the loss of the subfossil fauna. In: Martin PS, Klein RG, editors. Quarternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. p 574-593.
59. Dewar RE. 1997. Were people responsible for the extinction of Madagascar's subfossils, and how will we ever know? In: Goodman SM, Patterson BD, editors. Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press. p 364-377.
60. Diaz HF, Kiladis GN. 1992. Atmospheric teleconnections associated with the extreme phases of the southern oscillation. In: Diaz HF, Markgraf V, editors. El Niño: Historical and paleoclimatic aspects of the southern oscillation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 7-28.
61. Dittus WPJ. 1977. The social regulation of population density and age-sex distribution in the toque monkey. Behaviour 69:265-302.
62. Dittus WPJ. 1988. Group fission among toque macaques as a consequence of female resource competition and environmental stress. Anim Behav 36:1626-1645.
63. Djlelati R, Brun B, Rumpler Y. 1997. Meiotic study of hybrids in the genus Eulemur and taxonomic considerations. Am J Primatol 42:235-245.
64. Dixson AF. 1995. Sexual selection and the evolution of copulatory behavior in nocturnal prosimians. In: Alterman L, Doyle G, Izard MK, editors. Creatures of the dark. New York: Plenum Press. p 93-118.
65. Donque G. 1975. Contribution geographique a l'etude du climat de Madagascar. Nouvelle imprimerie des arts graphiques. Madagascar: Antananarivo.
66. Dunbar R. 1988. Primate social systems. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
67. Du Puy DJ, Moat J. 1996. A refined classification of the primary vegetation of Madagascar based on the underlying geology: using GIS to map its distribution and to assess its conservation status. In: Lourenco WR, editor. Biogeography of Madagascar. Paris: ORSTOM. p 205-218.
68. Eisenberg JF. 1977. The evolution of the reproductive unit in the class Mammalia. In: Rosenblatt JS, Komisauk B, editors. Reproductive behavior and evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 39-71.
69. Eisenberg JF, Muckenhirn, NA, Rudran R. 1972. The relation between ecology and social structure in Primates. Science 176:863-874.
70. Emmons L, Sherman P, Bolster D, Goldizen A, Terborgh J. 1989. Ocelot behavior in moonlight. Adv Neotrop Mammal 1:233-242.
71. Emlen ST, Oring LW. 1977. Ecology, sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197:215-223.
72. Engqvist A, Richard A. 1991. Diet as a possible determinant of cathemeral activity patterns. Folia Primatol. 57:169-176.
73. Erhart EM, Overdorff DJ. 1998. Infanticide in Propithecus diadema edwardsi: An evaluation of the sexual selection hypothesis. Int J Primatol 19:73-82.
74. Erickson CJ, Nowicki C, Dollar L, Goehring N. 1998. Percussive foraging: Stimuli for prey location by aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis). Int J Primatol 19:111-122.
75. Erwin DH. 1998. The end and the beginning: recoveries from mass extinctions. TREE 13:344-349.
76. Evans CS. Goy RW. 1968. Social behaviour and reproductive cycles in captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). J Zool 156:181-194.
77. Fedigan L, Rose M. 1995. Interbirth interval variation in three sympatric species of neotropical monkeys. Am J Primatol 37:9-24.
78. Feistner ATC, Taylor T. 1998. Sexual cycles and mating behaviour of captive aye-ayes, Daubentonia madagascariensis. Folia primatol 69:409-413.
79. Fietz J. 1998. Body mass in wild Microcebus murinus over the dry season. Folia Primatol. 69:183-190.
80. Fietz J. (in press). Monogamy as a rule rather than an exception in nocturnal lemurs: The case of the fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius). Ethology.
81. Fleagle JG, Reed K. 1996. Comparing primate communities: a multivariate approach. J Hum Evol 30:489-510.
82. Fleming TH, Breitwish R, Whitesides GH. 1987. Patterns of tropical frugivore diversity. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 18:91-109.
83. Foerg R. 1982a. Reproduction in Cheirogaleus medius. Folia Primatol 39:49-55.
84. Foerg R. 1982b. Reproductive behavior in Varecia variegata. Folia Primatol 38:108-121.
85. Fornasieri IC, Roeder JJ. 1993. Social dominance and priority of access to drinking in Lemur macaco. Aggress Behav 19:455-464.
86. Foster RB. 1982. Famine on Barro Colorado Island. In: Leigh EG Jr, Rand AS, Windsor DM, editors. The ecology of a tropical forest: Seasonal rhythms and long-term changes. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 201-212.
87. Freed BZ. 1996. Ecology of crowned lemurs and Sanford's lemurs in Mt. d'Ambre, Madagascar. Ph.D. dissertation. Washington University, St. Louis, MO.
88. Ganzhorn JU. 1988. Food partitioning among Malagasy primates. Oecologia 75:436-450.
89. Ganzhorn JU. 1989. Niche separation of seven lemur species in the eastern rainforest of Madagascar. Oecologia 79:279-286.
90. Ganzhorn JU. 1993. Flexibility and constraints of Lepilemur ecology. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 153-165.
91. Ganzhorn JU. 1995a. Low-level forest disturbance effects on primary production, leaf chemistry, and lemur populations. Ecology 76:2084-2096.
92. Ganzhorn JU. 1995b. Cyclones over Madagascar: Fate or fortune? Ambio 24:124-125.
93. Ganzhorn JU. 1997. Test of Fox's assembly rule for functional groups in lemur communities in Madagascar. J Zool 241:533-542.
94. Ganzhorn JU. 1998. Nested patterns of species composition and its implications for lemur biogeography in Madagascar. Folia Primatol 69:332-341.
95. Ganzhorn JU. 1999. Body mass, competition and the structure of primate communities. In: Fleagle JG, Janson CH, Reed K, editors. Primate communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p141-157.
96. Ganzhorn JU, Kappeler PM. 1996. Lemurs of the Kirindy Forest. In: Ganzhorn JU, Kappeler PM, editors. Ecology and economy of a tropical dry forest. Gottingen: Primate Report Special Issue 46-I, p 257-274.
97. Ganzhorn JU and JP Sorg. 1996. Ecology and economy of a tropical dry forest in Madagascar. Gottingen: Primate Report, 46-1, pp. 311-327.
98. Ganzhorn JU, Sorg JP. 1996. Ecology and economy of a tropical dry forest. Gottingen: Primate Report, 46-1, p 311-327.
99. Ganzhorn JU, Wright PC. 1994. Temporal patterns in primate leaf eating: The possible role of leaf chemistry. Folia Primatol 63:204-208.
100. Ganzhorn JU, Malcomber S, Andrianantoanina O, Goodman SM. 1997a. Habitat characteristics and lemur species richness in Madagascar. Biotropica 29:331-343.
101. Ganzhorn JU, Langrand O, Wright PC, O'Connor S, Rakotosamimanana B, Feister ATC, Rumpler Y. 1997b. The state of lemur conservation in Madagascar. Prim Conserv 8:1-12.
102. Ganzhorn JU, Wright PC, Ratsimbazafy HJ. 1999. Primate communities: Madagascar. In: Fleagle JG, Janson CH, Reed K, editors. Primate communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 75-89.
103. Ganzhorn JU, Fietz J, Rakotovao E, Schwab D, Zinner D. 1999b. Lemurs and the regeneration of dry deciduous forest in Madagascar. Conserv Biol 13:794-804.
104. Garber PA. Leigh SR. 1997. Ontogenetic variation in small-bodied New World primates: Implications for patterns of reproduction and infant care. Folia primatol 68:1-22.
105. Gautier-Hion A, Duplantier JM, Emmons L, Feer F, Heckestweiler P, Moungazi A, Quris R, Sourd S. 1985. Coadaptation entre rythmes de fructification et frugivorie en foret tropicale humide du Gabon: Mythe ou realite. Rev Ecol 40:405-434.
106. Gentry AH, Terborgh J. 1990. Composition and dynamics of the Cocha Cashu "mature" floodplain forest. In: Gentry AH, editor. Four Neotropical rain forests. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p 542-564.
107. Glander KE, Wright PC, Seigler DS, Randrianosolo V, Randrianosolo B. 1989. Consumption of cyanogenic bamboo by a newly discovered species of bamboo lemur. Am J Primat 19:119-124.
108. Glander KE, Powzyk JA. 1998. Morphometrics of wild Indri indri and Propithecus diadema diadema. Folia Primatol 69:399.
109. Glander KE, Wright, PC, Merenlender A, Daniels PS. 1992. Morphometrics and testicle size of rain forest lemur species from southeastern Madagascar. J Hum Evol 22:1-17.
110. Godfrey LR, Simons EL, Chatrath PJ, Rakotosamimanana B. 1990. A new fossil lemur (Babakotia, Primates) from northern Madagascar. C R Acad Sci Paris 310:81-87.
111. Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Reed KE, Simons EL, Chatrath PS. 1997a. Inferences about past and present primate communities in Madagascar. In: Goodman SM, Patterson BD, editors. Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 218-256.
112. Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Wunderlich RE, Richmond BG. 1997b. Reappraisal of the postcranium of Hadropithecus (Primates, Indroidea). Am J Phys Anthropol 103:529-556.
113. Goldizen, AW, Terborgh, J, Cornejo F, Porras DT, Evans R. 1988. Seasonal food shortage, weight loss, and the timing of births in saddle-back tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis) J Anim Ecol 57:893-901.
114. Goldizen AW, Mendelson J, van Vlaardengen M, Terborgh J. 1996. Saddle-back tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis) reproductive strategies: Evidence from a thirteen-year study of a marked population. Am J Primatol 38:57-83.
115. Goodall J. 1986. The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behavior. Cambridge: Belknap.
116. Goodman SM. 1994a. The enigma of anti-predator behavior in lemurs: evidence of a large extinct eagle on Madagascar. Int J Primatol 15:129-134.
117. Goodman SM. 1994b. Description of a new species of subfossil eagle from Madagascar: Stephanoatus (Aves: Falconiformes) from the deposits of Ampasambazimba. Proc Biol Soc Wash 107:421-426.
118. Goodman SM, Ganzhorn JU. (in press). Rarity of figs (Ficus) on Madagascar and its relationship to a depauperate frugivore community. Rev Ecol.
119. Goodman SM, Langrand O. 1996. A high mountain population of the ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta on the Andringitra Massif, Madagascar. Oryx 30: 259-268.
120. Goodman SM, Rakotozafy LM. 1995. Evidence for the existence of two species of Aquila on Madagascar during the Quaternary. Geobios 28:241-246.
121. Goodman SM, Rakotozafy LM. 1997. Subfossil birds from coastal sites in Western and Southwestern Madagascar: A paleoenvironmental reconstruction. In: Goodman SM, Patterson BD, editors. Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 257-279.
122. Goodman SM, O'Connor S, Langrand O. 1993. A review of predation on lemurs: Implications for the evolution of social behavior in small, nocturnal primates. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum, p 51-66.
123. Goodman SM, Ganzhorn JU, Wilmé L. (1997). Observations at a Ficus tree in Malagasy humid rain forest. Biotropica 29:480-488.
124. Gould L. 1992. Alloparental care in free-ranging Lemur catta at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Folia Primatol 58:72-83.
125. Gould L. 1996. Vigilance behavior during the birth and lactation season in naturally occurring ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza-Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 17:331-347.
126. Gould L, Fedigan LM, Rose LM. 1997. Why be vigilant: The case of the alpha animal. Int J Primatol 18:401-414.
127. Gould L, Sussman RW, Sauther ML. 1999. Natural disasters and primate populations: The effects of a 2-year drought on a naturally occurring population of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in southwestern Madagascar. Int J Primatol 20: 69-84.
128. Graham RW, Lundelius EL Jr. 1984. Coevolutionary disequilibrium and Pleistocene extinctions. In: Martin PS, Klein RG, editors. Quarternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. p 223-249.
129. Grant PR, Grant BR. 1996. Finch communities in a climatically fluctuating environment. In: Cody ML, Smallwood JA, editors. Long-term studies of vertebrate communities. New York: Academic Press. p 343-390.
130. Gursky. S. 1998. Conservation status of the spectral tarsier Tarsius spectrum: Population density and home range size. Folia Primatol 69:191-203.
131. Hafen T, Neveu H, Rumpler Y, Wilden I, Zimmerman E. 1998. Acoustically dimorphic advertisement calls separate morphologically and genetically homogeneous populations of the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Folia Primatol 69:342-356.
132. Harcourt AH, Harvey PH, Larson SG, Short RV. 1981. Testis weight, body weight, and breeding system in primates. Nature (London) 293:55-57.
133. Harcourt CS. 1987. Brief trap/retrap study of the brown mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus). Folia Primatol 49: 209-211.
134. Harcourt CS. 1991. Diet and behaviour of a nocturnal lemur, Avahi laniger, in the wild. J Zool Lond 223:667-674.
135. Harvey PH, Harcourt AH. 1984. Sperm competition, testes size and breeding system in primates. In: Smith RL, editor. Sperm competition and the evolution of animal mating systems. New York: Academic Press.
136. Harvey PH, Kavanaugh M, Clutton-Brock TH. 1978. Sexual dimorphism in primate teeth. J Zool Lond 186:475-481.
137. Hawkins AFA, Durbin JC, Reid DB. 1998. The primates of the Baly Bay area, Northwestern, Madagascar. Folia Primatol 69:337-426.
138. Hemingway CA. 1995. Feeding and reproductive strategies of Propithecus diadema edwardsi. Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University.
139. Hemingway CA. 1996. Morphology and phenology of seeds and whole fruit eaten by Milne-Edward's sifaka, Propithecus diadema edwardsi, in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 17: 637-660.
140. Hemingway CA. 1998. Selectivity and variability in the diet of Milne-Edwards' sifakas (Propithecus diadema edwardsi): Implications for folivory and seed-eating. Int J Primatol 19:355-377.
141. Hood, LC. 1994. Infanticide among ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Am J Primatol 33:65-69.
142. Hood LC, Jolly A. 1995. Troop fission in female Lemur catta at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 16: 997-1015.
143. Hrdy SB. 1979. Infanticide among mammals: A review, classification and examination of the implications for reproductive strategies of females. Ethol Sociobiol. 1:13-40.
144. Hrdy SB. 1981. The woman that never evolved. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
145. Hrdy SB, Janson CH, van Schaik CP. 1995. Infanticide: Let's not throw out the baby with the bathwater. Evol Anthropol 3:151-154.
146. Isbell LA. 1991. Contest and scramble competition: patterns of female aggression and ranging behavior among primates. Behav Ecol 2:143-155.
147. Jacobs GH, Deegan JF. 1993. Photopigments underlying color vision in ringtail lemurs (Lemur catta) and brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus). Am J Primat 30:242-256.
148. Janson CH. 1992. Evolutionary ecology of primate social structure. In: Smith EA, Winterhalder B, editors. Evolutionary ecology and human behavior. New York: DeGruyter. p 95-130.
149. Janson CH and Goldsmith ML (1995) Predicting group size in primates: Foraging costs and predation risks. Behav. Ecol. 6:326-336.
150. Janson CH, van Schaik CP. 1993. Ecological risk aversion in juvenile primates: slow and steady wins the race. In: Pereira ME, Fairbanks LA, editors. Juvenile primates. Life history, development, and behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 57-74.
151. Jernvall J, Wright PC. 1998. Diversity components of impending primate extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:11279-11283.
152. Johnson B. 1994. The soils of southeastern Madagascar. Ph.D. dissertation. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
153. Jolly A. 1966. Lemur behavior: Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
154. Jolly A. 1967. Breeding synchrony in wild Lemur catta. In: Altmann SA, editor. Social communication among primates. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p 3-13.
155. Jolly A. 1984. The puzzle of female feeding priority. In: Small M, editor. Female primates: Studies by women primatologists: New York: Alan R. Liss. p 197-215.
156. Jolly A. 1998. Pair-bonding, female aggression and the evolution of lemur societies. Folia Primatol 69:1-13.
157. Jolly A, Pride E. 1999. Troop histories and range inertia of Lemur catta at Berenty, Madagascar: A 33-year perspective. Int J Primatol 20:359-373.
158. Jolly A, Rasamimanana HR, Kinnaird MF, O'Brien TG, Crowley HM, Harcourt CS, Gardner S, Davidson J. 1993. Territoriality in Lemur catta groups during the birth season at Berenty, Madagascar. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 85-109.
159. Julien-Laferriere D. 1997. The influence of moonlight on activity of woolly opossums (Caluromys philander). J Mammal 78:251-255.
160. Jungers WL, Godfrey LR, Simons EL, Chatrath PS. 1995). Subfossil Indri indri from the Ankarana Massif of northern Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 97:357-366.
161. Jungers WL, Godfrey LR, Simons EL, Chatrath PS. 1997. Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:11998-12001.
162. Kappeler PM. 1990. Female dominance in Lemur catta: More than just female feeding priority? Folia Primatol 55:92-95.
163. Kappeler PM. 1991. Patterns of sexual dimorphism in body weight among Prosimian primates. Folia Primatol 57:132-146.
164. Kappeler PM. 1993. Sexual selection and lemur social systems. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 223-240.
165. Kappeler PM. 1996a. Causes and consequences of life-history variation among strepsirhine primates. Am Nat 148:868-891.
166. Kappeler PM. 1996b. Intrasexual selection and phylogenetic constraints in the evolution of sexual canine dimorphism in strepsirhine primates. J. Evol. Biol. 9:43-65.
167. Kappeler PM. 1997a. Intrasexual selection and testis size in strepsirhine primates. Behav. Ecol. 8:10-19.
168. Kappeler PM. 1997b. Intrasexual selection in Mirza coquereli: evidence for scramble competition in a solitary primate. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 45:115-127.
169. Kappeler PM, Heyman EW. 1996. Nonconvergence in the evolution of primate life history and socio-ecology. Biol J Linn Soc 59:297-326.
170. Karpanty SM, Goodman SM. 1999. Prey profile of the Madagascar Harrier-Hawk, Polyboroides radiatus in southeastern Madagascar. J Raptor Res in press.
171. Kauffman R. 1991. Female dominance in semifree-ranging black and white ruffed lemurs, Varecia variegata variegata. Folia Primatol 57:39-41.
172. Kay RF, Plavcan JM, Glander KE, Wright PC. 1988. Sexual selection and canine dimorphism in New World monkeys Am J Phys Anthropol 77:385-397.
173. Kinzey WG. 1987. A primate model for human mating systems. In: Kinzey WG, editor. The evolution of human behavior: Primate models. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. p 105-114.
174. Kleiman DG. 1977. Monogamy in mammals. Quart Rev Biol 52:39-69.
175. Koyama N. 1991. Troop division and inter-troop relationships of ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Berenty, Madagascar. In: Ehara A, Kimura T, Takenaka O, Iwamoto M, editors. Primatology today. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p 173-177.
176. Koyoma N. 1992. Some demographic data of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Berenty, Madagascar. In: Yamagishi S, editor. Social structure of Madagascar higher vertebrates in relation to their adaptive radiation. Osaka: Osaka City University.
177. Krebs J R, Davies NB. 1997. An introduction behavioural ecology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
178. Kubzdela KS. 1997. Social relations in Propithecus verreauxi at Beza Mahafaly, Madagascar. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
179. Kubzdela KS, Richard AD, Pereira ME. 1992. Social relations in semi-free-ranging sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli) and the question of female dominance. Am J Primatol 28:139-145.
180. Kuroda S. 1980. Social behavior of the pygmy chimpanzees. Primates 21:81-197.
181. Kuzawa CW. 1998. Adipose tissue in human infancy and childhood: An evolutionary perspective. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 41:177-209.
182. Lack D. 1964. A long term study of the Great Tit (Parus major). J Anim Ecol 34:159-173.
183. Lee PC. 1997. The meanings of weaning: growth, lactation, and life history. Evol Anthropol 5:87-96.
184. Lee PC, Majluf P, Gordon IJ. 1991. Growth, weaning and maternal investment from a comparative perspective. J Zool Lond 225:99-114.
185. Leigh EG, Windsor DM, Rand AS, Foster RB. 1990. The impact of the "El Niño" drought of 1982-83 on a Panamanian semideciduous forest. In: Glynn PW, editor. Global ecological consequences of the 1982-83 El Niño-southern oscillation. New York: Elsevier. p 473-486.
186. Leighton DR. 1987. Gibbons: Territoriality and monogamy. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, editors. Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 135-145.
187. Leighton M, Wirawan N. 1986. Catastrophic drought and fire in Borneo tropical rain forest associated with the 1982-1983 El Niño southern oscillation event. In: Prance GT, editor. Tropical rain forests and the world atmosphere. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p75-102.
188. Lovejoy T, Bierregaard RO Jr. 1990. Central Amazonia forests and the minimum critical size of ecosystems project In: Gentry AH, editor. Four neotropical rain forests. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p 60-74.
189. Lowry PP II, Schatz GE, Phillipson PB. 1997. The classification of natural and anthropogenic vegetation in Madagascar. In: Goodman SM, Patterson BD, editors. Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 93-123.
190. Macedonia JM. 1990. What is communicated in the antipredator calls of lemurs: Evidence from playback experiments with ringtailed and ruffed lemurs. Ethology 86:177-190.
191. Macedonia JM. 1993. Adaptation and phylogenetic constraints in the antipredator behavior of ringtailed and ruffed lemurs. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 167-84.
192. Macedonia JM, Stanger KF. 1994. Phylogeny of the Lemuridae revisited: Evidence from communication signals. Folia Primatol 63:1-43.
193. MacPhee RDE, Marx PA. 1997. The 40,000-year plague: Humans, hyperdisease and first-contact extinctions In: Goodman SM, Patterson BD, editors. Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 169-217.
194. Martin RD. 1990. Primate origins and evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
195. Mayor M, Lehman SM. 1999. Conservation of Perrier's sifaka (Propithecus diadema perrieri) in Analamera Special Reserve, Madagascar. Lemur News 4:21-23.
196. McNab BK, Wright PC. 1987. Temperature regulation and oxygen consumption in the Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta). Physiol Zool 60(5):596-600.
197. Meier B, Albignac R, Peyrieras A, Rumpler Y, Wright P. 1987. A new species of Hapalemur (Primates) from southeast Madagascar. Folia Primatol 48:211-215.
198. Meier B, Albignac A. 1991. Rediscovery of Allocebus trichotis Gunther 1875 (Primates) in north east Madagascar. Folia Primatol 56:57-63.
199. Merenlender A. 1993. The comparative population biology of two lemur species. Dissertation. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.
200. Merenlender AM, Dobson AP. In press. The genetic consequences of monogamy versus polygamy for two sympatric congeneric lemur species. Proc R Soc Lond
201. Meyers DM. 1993. The effects of resource seasonality on behavior and reproduction in the golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli, Simons 1988) in three Malagasy forests. Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, Durham, NC.
202. Meyers DM, Wright PC. 1993. Resource tracking: Food availability and Propithecus seasonal reproduction. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 179-192.
203. Milton K. 1985. Mating patterns of woolly spider monkeys, Brachyteles arachnoides: Implications for female choice. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 17:53-59.
204. Milton K, Laca EA, Demment MW. 1994. Successional patterns of mortality and growth of large trees in a Panamanian lowland forest. J Ecol 82:79-87.
205. Mitani JC. 1984. The behavioral regulation of monogamy in gibbons (Hylobates muelleri). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 15:225-229.
206. Mitani JC. 1990. Demography of agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) Int J Primatol 11:411-425.
207. Mitani JC, Gros-Louis J, Richards AF. 1996. Sexual dimorphism, the operational sex ratio, and the intensity of male competition in polygynous primates. Am Nat 147:966-980.
208. Mittermeier RA. 1988. Primate diversity and the tropical forest: case studies from Brazil and Madagascar and the importance of megadiversity countries. In: Wilson EO, Peters FM, editors. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. p 145-154.
209. Mittermeier RA, Tattersall I, Konstant WR, Meyers DM, Mast RB. 1994. Lemurs of Madagascar. Washington, DC: Conservation International.
210. Montagnon D, Crovella S, Rumpler Y. 1993. Comparison of highly repeated DNA sequences in some Lemuridae and taxonomic implications. Cytogenet Cell Genet 63:131-134.
211. Morland HS. 1990. Parental behavior and infant development in ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) in a northeast Madagascar rain forest. Am J Primatol 20:253-265.
212. Morland HS. 1991. Preliminary report on the social organization of ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) in a northeast Madagascar rainforest. Folia Primatol 56:157-161.
213. Morland HS. 1993a. Reproductive activity of ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) in a Madagascar rain forest. Am J Phys Anthropol 97:71-82.
214. Morland HS. 1993b. Seasonal behavioral variation and its relationships to thermoregulation in ruffed lemurs. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 193-205.
215. Morrison DW. 1978. Lunar phobia in a Neotropical fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae). Anim Behav 26:852-855.
216. Muller AE. 1998. A preliminary report on the social organization of Cheirogaleus medius (Cheirogalidae; Primates) in north-west Madagascar. Folia Primatol 69:160-166.
217. Muller AE. 1999a. Social organization of the fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius) in northwestern Madagascar. In: Rasamimanana H, Rakotosamimanana B, Ganzhorn J, Goodman S, editors. New directions in lemur studies. New York: Plenum. (in press).
218. Muller AE. 1999b. Aspects of social life in the fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius): Inferences from body weights and trapping data. Am J Primatol (in press)
219. Muller EF. 1985. Basal metabolic rates in primates-the possible role of phylogenetic and ecological factors. Comp Biochem Physiol A 81-707.
220. Muller EF, Nieschalk U, Meier B. 1985. Thermoregulation in the slender loris (Loris tardigradus). Folia Primatol 44:216-226.
221. Mutschler T. 1999. The alaotran gentle lemur (Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis): A study in behavioural ecology. PhD dissertation. University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
222. Mutschler T, Feistner ATC. 1995. Conservation status and distribution of the alaotran gentle lemur Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis. Oryx 29:267-274.
223. Myher JJ, Kuksis A, Tilden C, Oftedal OT. 1994. A cross-species comparison of neutral lipid composition of milk fat of prosimian primates. Lipids 29:411-419.
224. Nakamichi M, Koyama N. 1997. Social relationships among ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in two free-ranging troops at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 18:73-93.
225. Nakamichi M, Koyama N, Jolly A. 1996. Maternal responses to dead and dying infants in wild troops of ring-tailed lemurs at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 17:505-523.
226. Nash LT. 1986. Influence of moonlight level on calling and traveling patterns in two sympatric species of Galago in Kenya. In: Taub DM, King FA, editors. Current perspectives in primate social dynamics. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p 357-367.
227. Nash LT. 1998. Vertical clingers and sleepers: Seasonal influences on the activities and substrate use of Lepilemur leucopus at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Folia Primatol 69: 204-217.
228. Nievergelt CM, Mutschler T, Feistner ATC. 1998. Group encounters and territoriality in wild alaotran gentle lemurs (Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis). Am J Primatol 46:251-258.
229. Nicholson N. 1987. Infants, mothers and other females. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, editors. Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 330-342.
230. Nunes A. 1998. Diet and feeding ecology of Ateles belzebuth belzebuth at Maraca Ecological Station, Roraima, Brazil. Folia Primatol 69:61-76.
231. Oates JF. 1994. The natural history of African colobines In: Davies AG, Oates JF, editors. Colobine monkeys their ecology, behaviour and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 75-128.
232. Oftedal OT. 1984. Milk composition, milk yield, and energy output at peak lactation: A comparative review. Symp Zool Soc Lond 51:33-85.
233. Ortmann S, Heldmaier G, Schmid J, Ganzhorn JV. 1997. Spontaneous daily torpor in Malagasy mouse lemurs. Naturwissenschaften 84:28-32.
234. Overdorff DJ. 1988. Preliminary report on the activity cycle and diet of the red-bellied lemur (Lemur rubriventer) in Madagascar. Am J Primatol 16:143-153.
235. Overdorff DJ. 1990. Flower predation and nectarivory in Lemur fulvus rufus and Lemur rubriventer. Am J Phys Anthropol 81:276.
236. Overdorff DJ. 1991. Ecological correlates to social structure in two prosimian primates: Eulemur fulvus rufus and Eulemur rubriventer in Madagascar. Ph.D. dissertation. Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
237. Overdorff DJ. 1992. Differential patterns in flower feeding by Eulemur fulvus rufus and Eulemur rubriventer in Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 28:191-203.
238. Overdorff DJ. 1993. Similarities, differences, and seasonal patterns in the diets of Eulemur rubriventer and Eulemur fulvus rufus in the Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 14:721-753.
239. Overdorff DJ. 1996a. Ecological correlates to social structure in two lemur species in Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 100:487-506.
240. Overdorff DJ. 1996b. Ecological correlates to activity and habitat use of two prosimian primates: Eulemur rubriventer and Eulemur fulvus rufus in Madagascar. Am J Primatol 40:327-342.
241. Overdorff DJ. 1998. Are Eulemur species pair-bonded? Social organization and mating strategies in Eulemur fulvus rufus from 1988-1995 in southeast Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 105:153-166.
242. Overdorff DJ, Rasmussen MA. 1995. Determinants of nighttime activity in "diurnal" lemurid primates. In: Alterman L, Doyle GA, Izard MK, editors. Creatures of the dark. New York: Plenum. p 61-74.
243. Overdorff DJ, Strait SG. 1998. Seed handling by three prosimian primates in southeastern Madagascar: implications for seed dispersal. Am J Primatol 45:69-82.
244. Overdorff DJ, Strait, SG, Telo A. 1997. Seasonal variation in activity and diet in a small-bodied folivorous primate, Hapalemur griseus, in southeastern Madagascar. Am J Primatol 43:211-223.
245. Overdorff DJ, Merenlender AM, Talata P, Telo A, Forward ZA. 1999. Life history of Eulemur fulvus rufus from 1988-1995 in southeastern Madagascar. Am J Primatol. In press.
246. Pages-Feuillade E. 1988. Modalites de l'occupation de l'espace et relations interindividuels chez un prosimien nocturne malgache (Microcebus murinus). Folia Primatol 50:204-220.
247. Palombit RA. 1994a. Dynamic pair bonds in hylobatids: Implications regarding monogamous social systems. Behaviour 128:65-101.
248. Palombit RA. 1994b. Extra-air copulations in a monogamous ape. Anim Behav 47:721-723.
249. Palombit RA. 1995. Longitudinal patterns of reproduction in wild female siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) and white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Int J Primatol 16:739-760.
250. Palombit RA. 1999. Infanticide and the evolution of pair bonds in nonhuman primates. Evol Anthropol 7:117-129.
251. Pariente GF. 1980. Vision in lemurs. In: Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Hladik CM, Pages E, Pariente GF, Petter-Rousseaux A, Petter JJ, Schilling A, editors. Nocturnal Malagasy primates: Ecology, physiology and behavior. New York: Academic Press. p 153-161.
252. Paul A. 1997. Breeding seasonality affects the association between dominance and reproductive success in non-human male primates. Folia Primatol 68:344-349.
253. Pereira ME. 1991. Asynchrony within estrous synchrony among ringtailed lemurs (Primates: Lemuridae). Physiol Behav 49:47-52.
254. Pereira ME. 1993a. Agonistic interaction, dominance relation and ontogenetic trajectories in ringtailed lemurs. In: Pereira ME, Fairbanks LA, editors. Juvenile primates life history, development, and behavior. New York: Oxford University Press. p 285-305.
255. Pereira ME. 1993b. Seasonal adjustment of growth rate and adult body weight in ringtailed lemurs. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 205-221.
256. Pereira ME. 1998. The male conference at the German Primate Center. Evol Anthropol 7:39-45.
257. Pereira ME, Kappeler PM. 1997. Divergent systems of agonistic relationships in lemurs. Behaviour 134:225-274.
258. Pereira ME, McGlynn CA. 1997. Special relationships instead of female dominance for redfronted lemurs, Eulemur fulvus rufus. Am J Primatol 43:239-258.
259. Pereira ME, Weiss, ML. 1991. Female mate choice, male migration, and the threat of infanticide in ringtailed lemurs. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 28:141-152.
260. Pereira ME, Kaufman R, Kappeler PM, Overdorff D. 1990. Female dominance does not characterize all the Lemuridae. Folia Primatol 55:96-103.
261. Perret M. 1982. Influence du groupement social sur la reproduction de la femelle de Microcebus murinus. Z Tierpsychol 60:47-65.
262. Petter JJ. 1962. Recherches sur l'ecologie et l'ethologie des lemuriens malgaches. Mem Mus Natl Hist Nat (Paris) 27:1-146.
263. Petter-Rousseaux A. 1980. Seasonal activity rhythms, reproduction, and body weight variations in five sympatric nocturnal prosimians in simulated light and climatic conditions. In: Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Hladik CM, Pages E, Pariente GF, Petter-Rousseaux A, Petter JJ, Schilling A, editors. Nocturnal Malagasy primates: Ecology, physiology and behavior. New York: Academic Press. p 137-152.
264. Plavcan JM, van Schaik CP. 1992. Intrasexual competition and canine dimorphism in anthropoid primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 87:461-477.
265. Plavcan JM, van Schaik CP. 1997. Intrasexual competition and body weight dimorphism in anthropoid primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 103;37-68.
266. Pollock JI. 1975. Feeding behavior of the indri (Indri indri) at Anamalazoatra Reserve, Madagascar. Ph.D. dissertation. University College, London.
267. Pollock JI. 1979. Female dominance in Indri indri. Folia Primatol 31:143-164.
268. Pope TR. 1992. The influence of dispersal patterns and mating system on genetic differentiation within and between populations of the howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus). Evolution 46:1112-1128.
269. Pope TR. 1996. Socioecology, population fragmentation, and patterns of genetic loss in endangered primates. In: Avis JC, Hamrick JL, editors. Ecology and behavior of neotropical primates. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund. p 119-159.
270. Pope TR. 1998. Genetic variation in Brachyteles arachnoides. Folia Primatol 19:95-109.
271. Porter LM. 1998. Influences on the distribution of Lepilemur microdon in the Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Folia Primatol 69:172-176.
272. Powzyk JA. 1997. The socio-ecology of two sympatric indriids: Propithecus diadema diadema and Indri indri, A comparison of feeding strategies and their possible repercussions on species-specific behaviors. Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, Durham North Carolina.
273. Rabarivola C, Meier B, Langer C, Bayart F, Ludes B, Rumpler Y. 1998. Comparison of genetic variability in wild insular and mainland populations of Eulemur macaco: Implications for conservation strategy. Folia Primatol 69:136-146.
274. Rakotoarison N, Zimmermann H, Zimmermann E. 1997. First discovery of the hairy-eared dwarf lemur (Allocebus trichotis) in a highland rain forest of eastern Madagascar. Folia Primatol 68:86-94.
275. Rakotondravony D, Goodman SM, Soarimalala V. 1998. Predation on Hapalemur griseus griseus by Boa manditra (Boidae) in the littoral forest of eastern Madagascar. Folia Primatol 69:405-408.
276. Rakotozafy HJ. In press. Census of Varecia variegata variegata and Eulemur fulvus rufus at Manombo Reserve, 1997. Lemur News.
277. Ralisoamalala RC. 1996. Role de Eulemur fulvus rufus (Audeberg, 1799) et de Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi (A Grandidier 1867) dans la dissemination des graines. In: Ganzhorn JU, Kappeler PM, editors. Ecology and economy of a tropical dry forest. Goettingen: Primate Report Special Issue 46-I, p 285-293.
278. Rasamimanana HR, Rafidinarivo E. 1993. Feeding behavior of Lemur catta females in relation to their physiological state. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 123-133.
279. Rasmussen DT. 1985. A comparative study of breeding seasonality and litter size in eleven taxa of captive lemurs (Lemur and Varecia). Int J Primatol 6:501-511.
280. Rasmussen MA. 1999. Ecological influences on activity cycle in two cathemeral primates, the mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz) and the common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus fulvus). Ph.D. dissertation. Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
281. Rasolonandrasana BPN, Ganzhorn JU, Goodman SM. 1995. Predation on vertebrates in the Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar. Ecotropica 1:59-65.
282. Ratsimbazafy HJ. 1999. Varecia v. variegata in fragmented forests in the coastal forest of Manombo Special Reserve, Madagascar. Lemur News 4:40.
283. Rendall D. 1993. Does female social precedence characterize captive aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis). Folia Primatol 14:125-130.
284. Reichard U. 1995. Extra-pair copulations in a monogamous gibbon (Hylobates lar). Ethology 100:99-112.
285. Resnick D. 1985. Costs of reproduction: An evaluation of the empirical evidence. Oikos 44:257-267.
286. Rhine RJ, Wasser SK, Norton GW. 1988. Eight-year study of social and ecological correlates of mortality among immature baboons of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Am J Primatol 16:199-212.
287. Richard AF. 1974. Patterns of mating in Propithecus verreauxi Grandidier 1867. In: Martin RD, Doyle GA, Walker AC, editors. Prosimian biology. London: Duckworth. p 49-74.
288. Richard AF. 1978. Behavioral variation. New York: Freeman.
289. Richard AF. 1985. Social boundaries in a Malagasy prosimian, the sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). Int J Primatol 6:553-568.
290. Richard AF. 1987. Malagasy prosimians: Female dominance. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RM, Struhsaker TT, editors. Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 25-33.
291. Richard AF. 1992. Aggressive competition between males, female-controlled polygyny and sexual monomorphism in a Malagasy primate Propithecus verreauxi. J Hum Evol 22:395-406.
292. Richard AF, Dewar RE. 1991. Lemur ecology. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 22:145-175.
293. Richard AF, Heimbuck R. 1975. An analysis of the social behavior of three groups of Propithecus verreauxi. In: Tattersall I, Sussman RW, editors. Lemur biology. New York: Plenum Press. p 313-333.
294. Richard AF, Nicoll ME. 1987. Female social dominance and basal metabolism in a Malagasy primate, Propithecus verreauxi. Am J Primatol 12:309-314.
295. Richard AF, O'Connor S. 1997. Degradation, transformation, and conservation The past, present and possible future of Madagascar's environment. In: Goodman SM, Patterson BD, editors. Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 406-418.
296. Richard AF, Rakotomanga P, Schwartz M. 1991. Demography of Propithecus verreauxi at Beza Mahafaly, Madagascar: Sex ratio, survival, and fertility. Am J Phys Anthropol 84:307-322.
297. Richard AF, Rakotomanga P, Schwartz M. 1993. Dispersal by Propithecus verreauxi at Beza Mahafaly, Madagascar: 1984-1991. Am J Primatol 30:1-20.
298. Ridley M. 1986. The number of males in a primate group. Anim Behav 34:1848-1858.
299. Rigamonti MM. 1993. Home range and diet in red ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata rubra) on the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 25-40.
300. Ross C. 1991. Life history patterns in New World monkeys. Int J Primatol 12:481-502.
301. Ross C. 1992. Basal metabolic rate, body weight and diet in primates: An evaluation of the evidence. Folia Primatol. 58:7-23.
302. Ross C. 1995. Allometric and functional influences on primate orbit orientation and the origin of the Anthropoidea. J Hum Evol 29:201-227.
303. Ross C. 1998. Primate life histories. Evol Anthropol 6:54-63.
304. Roth O. 1997. The Behavior of Avahi laniger and Lepilemur microdon in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. M.A. thesis, University of Basel, Switzerland.
305. Rowe N. 1996. The pictorial guide to the living primates. East Hampton, NY: Pogonias Press.
306. Rumpler Y, Warter S, Hauwy M, Meier B, Peyrieras A, Albignac R, Petter JJ, Dutrillaux B. 1995. Cytogenetic study of Allocebus trichotis, a Malagasy prosimian. Am J Primatol 36: 239-244.
307. Saito C. 1998. Cost of lactation in the Malagasy primate Propithecus verreauxi: Estimates of energy intake in the wild. Folia Primatol 69: 414.
308. Sauther ML. 1989. Antipredator behavior in troops of free-ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 10:595-606.
309. Sauther ML. 1991. Reproductive behavior of free-ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 84:463-477.
310. Sauther ML. 1993a. Resource competition in wild populations of ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta): Implications for female dominance. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 135-152.
311. Sauther ML. 1993b. Antipredator behavior in troops of free-ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 10:595-606.
312. Sauther ML. 1998. The interplay of phenology and reproduction in ringtailed lemurs: Implications for ringtailed lemur conservation. Folia Primatol 69:309-320.
313. Sauther ML, Sussman RW. 1993. A new interpretation of the social organization and mating system of the ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta). In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 111-121.
314. Scharfe F, Schlunde W. 1996. Seed removal by lemurs in a dry deciduous forest of western Madagascar. In: Ganzhorn JU, Sorg JP, editors. Ecology and economy of a tropical dry forest in Madagascar. Gottingen: Erich Goltze. p 295-304.
315. Scheffrahn W, Rabarivola C, Rumpler Y. 1998. Field studies of population genetics in Eulemur: A discussion of their potential importance in conservation. Folia Primatol 69:147-151.
316. Schideler SE, Ortuno AM, Moran FM, Moorman EA, Lasley BL. 1993. Simple extraction and enzyme immunoassays for estrogen and progesterone metabolites in the feces of Macaca fascicularis during non-conceptive and conceptive ovarian cycles. Biol Reprod 48:1290-1298.
317. Schmid J. 1998. Daily torpor in mouse lemurs, Microcebus spp.: Metabolic rate and body temperature. Folia Primatol 69:394-404.
318. Schmid J, Ganzhorn JU. 1996. Resting metabolic rates of Lepilemur ruficaudatus. Am J Primatol 38:169-174.
319. Schmid J, Kappeler PM. 1994. Sympatric mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in western Madagascar. Folia Primatol 63:162-170.
320. Schmid J, Kappeler PM. 1998. Fluctuating sexual dimorphism and differential hibernation by sex in a primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 43:125-132.
321. Schmid J, Smolker R. 1997. Lemurs of the Reserve Speciale of Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar: with reference to elevational variation. In: Goodman SM, editor. Fieldiana zoology 90. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History Press. p 227-238.
322. Simons EL. 1988. A new species of Propithecus (Primates) from northeast Madagascar. Folia Primatol 50:14-21.
323. Simons EL. 1994. The giant aye aye Daubentonia robusta. Folia Primatol 62:14-21.
324. Simons EL. 1997. Lemurs: Old and new. In: Goodman SM, Patterson BD, editors. Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press, p 142-166.
325. Simons EL, Rumpler Y. 1988. Eulemur: New generic name for species of Lemur other than Lemur catta. C R Acad Sci Paris 307:547-551.
326. Simons EL, Godfrey LR, Vuillaume-Randriamanantena M, Chatrath PS, Gagnon M. 1990. Discovery of new giant subfossil lemurs Ankarana Mountains of northern Madagascar. J Hum Evol 19:311-319.
327. Simons EL, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Chatrath PS, Rakotosamimanana B. 1992. A new giant subfossil lemur, Babakotia, and the evolution of the sloth lemurs. Folia Primatol 58:197-203.
328. Simons EL, Burney DA, Chatrath PS, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Rakotosamimanana B. 1995a. AMS C-14 dates for extinct lemurs from caves in the Ankarana Massif, northern Madagascar. Quaternary Res 43:249-254.
329. Simons EL, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Chatrath PS, Ravaoarisoa J. 1995b. A new species of Mesopropithecus (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae) from northern Madagascar. Int J Primatol 16:653-682.
330. Small MF. 1989. Female choice in nonhuman primates. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 32:103-127.
331. Small MF, Smith DG. 1986. The influence of birth timing on infant growth and survival in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Int J Primatol 7:289-304.
332. Smith AP, Ganzhorn JU. 1996. Convergence and divergence in community structure and dietary adaptations in Australian possums and gliders and Malagasy lemurs. Austral J Ecol 21:31-46.
333. Smith AP, Horning N, Moore D. 1997. Regional biodiversity planning and lemur conservation with GIS in western Madagascar. Conserv Biol 11:498-512.
334. Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT. 1987. Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
335. Sorg JP, Rohner U. 1996. Climate and tree phenology of the dry deciduous forest of the Kirindy Forest. In: Ganzhorn JU, Sorg JP, editors. Ecology and economy of a tropical dry forest in Madagascar. Gottingen: Erich Goltze. p 57-80.
336. Sterck EHM, Steenbeek R. 1997. Female dominance relationships and food competition in the sympatric Thomas langur and long-tailed macaque. Behaviour 134:749-774.
337. Sterck EHM, Watts DP, van Schaik CP. 1997. The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 41:291-309.
338. Sterling EJ. 1993. Patterns of range use and social organization in aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) on Nosy Mangabe. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 1-10.
339. Sterling EJ. 1994. Evidence for nonseasonal reproduction in wild aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis). Folia Primatol 62:46-53.
340. Sterling EJ, Ramarison X. (1996) Rapid assessment of the primate fauna of the eastern slopes of the Reserve Naturelle Integrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar. In: Goodman SM, editor. A floral and faunal inventory of the eastern slopes of the Reserve Naturelle Integrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar: With reference to elevational variation. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. p 293-305.
341. Stevenson PR, Quinones MJ, Ahumada JA. 1998. Effects of fruit patch availability on feeding subgroup size and spacing patterns in four primate species at Tinigua National Park, Colombia. Int J Primatol 19:313-324.
342. Strier KB. 1992. Faces in the forest. The endangered muriqui monkeys of Brazil. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
343. Strier KB. 1994. Brotherhoods among atelines. Behaviour 130:151-167.
344. Strier KB. 1996. Male reproductive strategies in New World primates. Hum Nature 7:105-123.
345. Strier KB. 1997. Mate preferences in wild muriqui monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides): Reproductive and social correlates. Folia Primatol. 68:120-133.
346. Strier KB, Ziegler TE. 1997. Behavioral and endocrine characteristics of the reproductive cycle in wild muriqui monkeys, Brachyteles arachnoides. Am J Primatol 42:299-310.
347. Struhsaker TT. 1997. Ecology of an African rain forest logging in Kibale and the conflict between conservation and exploitation. Gainesville: University Press of South Florida.
348. Sussman RW. 1972. Feeding ecology of Lemur fulvus. Ph.D. dissertation. Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
349. Sussman RW. 1991. Demography and social organization of free-ranging Lemur catta in the Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 84:43-58.
350. Sussman RW. 1992. Male life histories and inter-group mobility among ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Int J Primatol 13:395-413.
351. Sussman RW, Garber PA. 1987. A new interpretation of the social organization and mating system of the Callithichidae. Int J Primatol 8:73-92.
352. Sussman RW, Rakotozafy A. 1994. Plant diversity and structural analysis of a tropical dry forest in southwestern Madagascar. Biotropica 26:241-254.
353. Sussman RW, Tattersall I. 1976. Cycles of activity, group composition, and diet of Lemur mongoz in Madagascar. Folia Primatol 26:270-278.
354. Sussman RW, Green GM, Sussman LK. 1994. Satellite imagery, human ecology, anthropology, and deforestation in Madagascar. Hum Ecol 22:333-354.
355. Tan CL. 1998. Comparison of food passage time in three species of Hapalemur. Am J Phys Anthropol 26:215.
356. Tan CL. 1999. Group composition, home range size and diet of three sympatric bamboo lemur species (genus Hapalemur) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 20:547-566.
357. Tan CL, Wright PC. 1995. Behavioral development and mother-infant relations in Propithecus diadema edwardsi (Milne-Edwards' sifaka), in southeastern rain forest of Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 26:215.
358. Tattersall I. 1982. The primates of Madagascar. New York: Columbia University Press.
359. Tattersall I. 1987. Cathemeral activity in primates: A definition. Folia Primatol 49:200-202.
360. Taylor L. 1986. Kinship, dominance and social organization in a semi free-ranging group of ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Ph.D. dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
361. Taylor L, Sussman RW. 1985. A preliminary study of kinship and social organization in a semi free-ranging group of Lemur catta. Int J Primatol 6:601-614.
362. Terborgh J. 1983. Five New World primates: A study in comparative ecology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
363. Terborgh J, Goldizen AW. 1985. On the mating system of the cooperatively breeding saddle-backed tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 16:293-299.
364. Terborgh J, Janson CH. 1986. The sociecology of primate groups. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 17:111-135.
365. Terborgh J, van Schaik C. 1987. Convergence vs. nonconvergence in primate communities. In: Gee JHR, Giller PS, editors. Organization of communities. Oxford: Blackwell. p 205-226.
366. Terborgh J, Cesar Flores N, Mueller P, Davenport L. 1997. Estimating the ages of successional stands of tropical trees from growth increments. J Trop Ecol 14:833-856.
367. Thompson-Handler N, Malenky RK, Badrian N. 1984. Sexual behavior of Pan paniscus under natural conditions in the Lamako Forest, Equateur, Zaire. In: Susman RL, editor. The pygmy chimpanzee, New York: Plenum. p 347-368.
368. Tilden CD, Oftedal OT. 1995. The bioenergetics of reproduction in prosimian primates: is it related to female dominance? In: Alterman L, Doyle G, Izard MK, editors. Creatures of the dark. New York: Plenum. p 119-131.
369. Tilden CD, Oftedal OT. 1997. Milk composition reflects pattern of maternal care in prosimian primates. Am J Primatol 41:195-211.
370. Trivers RL. 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Campbell B, editor. Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971. Chicago: Aldine. p 136-179.
371. Van Horn RN, Resko JA. 1977. Reproductive cycle of the ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta: Sex steroid levels and sexual receptivity under controlled photoperiods. Endocrinology 101:1579-1590.
372. Van Noordwijk MA, van Schaik CP. 1987. Competition among female long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis. Anim Behav 35: 577-589.
373. Van Noordwijk MA, van Schaik CP. 1988. Male careers in Sumatran long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Behaviour 107:25-43.
374. Van Schaik CP. 1983. Why are diurnal primates living in groups? Behaviour 87:120-144.
375. Van Schaik CP. 1986. Phenological changes in a Sumatran rain forest. J Trop Ecol 2:327-247.
376. Van Schaik CP. 1989. The ecology of social relationships amongst female primates. In: Standen V, Foley RA, editors. The comparative socioecology. The behavioural ecology of humans and other mammals. Oxford: Blackwell. p 195-218.
377. Van Schaik CP, Dunbar RIM. 1990. The evolution of monogamy in large primates: A new hypothesis and some crucial tests. Behaviour 115:241-261.
378. Van Schaik CP, Kappeler PM. 1993. Life history, activity period, and lemur social systems. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum. p 241-260.
379. Van Schaik CP, Kappeler PM. 1996. The social systems of gregarious lemurs: Lack of convergence with anthropoids due to evolutionary disequilibrium? Ethology 102:915-941.
380. Van Schaik CP, van Hoof JARAM. 1983. On the ultimate causes of primate social systems. Behaviour 85:91-117.
381. Vasey N. 1998. The social behavior of red-ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata rubra) in Masoala Peninsula. PhD dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
382. Vick LG, Pereira ME. 1989. Episodic targetted aggression and the histories of lemur social groups. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 25:3-12.
383. Warren RD. 1997. Habitat use and support preference of two free-ranging saltatory lemurs (Lepilemur edwardsi and Avahi occidentalis). J Zool Lond 241:325-341.
384. Warren RD, Crompton RH. 1998a. Lazy leapers: locomotor behaviour and ecology of Lepilemur edwardsi and Avahi occidentalis. Am J Phys Anthropol 104:471-486.
385. Warren RD, Crompton RH. 1998b. Diet, body size and the energy costs of locomotion in saltatory primates. Folia Primatol 69:86-100.
386. Wasser SK. 1996. Reproductive control in wild baboons measured by fecal steroids. Biol Reprod 55:393-3399.
387. Wells NA, Andriamihaja BR. 1997. Extreme gully erosion in Madagascar and its natural and anthropogenic causes. In: Goodman SM, Patterson BD, editors. Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press. p 44-74.
388. Whitten PL. 1984. Competition among female vervet monkeys. In: Small MF, editor. Female primates. New York: Liss. p 127-140.
389. Whitten PL, Brockman DK, Stavisky RC. 1998. Recent advances in noninvasive techniques to monitor hormone-behavior interactions. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 41: 1-23.
390. Wittenberger JF, Tilson RL. 1980. The evolution of monogamy: Hypotheses and evidence. Ann Rev Ecol Sys 11:197-232.
391. Wolfe JL, Summerlin CT. 1989. The influence of lunar light on nocturnal activity of the old field mouse. Anim Behav 37:410-414.
392. Wrangham RW. 1980. An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups. Behaviour 75:262-300.
393. Wright PC. 1984. Biparental care in Aotus trivirgatus and Callicebus moloch. In: Small ME, editor. Female primates: Studies by women primatologists. New York: Liss. p 59-75.
394. Wright PC. 1986. Ecological correlates to monogamy. In: Else JC, Lee PC, editors. Primate ecology and conservation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 159-168.
395. Wright PC. 1989a. Comparative ecology of three sympatric bamboo lemurs in Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 78:327.
396. Wright PC. 1989b. The nocturnal primate niche in the New World. J Hum Evol 18:635-646.
397. Wright PC. 1990. Patterns of paternal care in primates. Int J Primatol 11:89-102.
398. Wright PC. 1992. Primate ecology, rainforest conservation and economic development: Building a national park in Madagascar. Evol Anthropol 1:25-33.
399. Wright PC. 1993. The evolution of female dominance and biparental care among non-human primates. In: Miller B, editor. Sex and gender hierarchies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 127-147.
400. Wright PC. 1994. The behavior and ecology of the owl monkey. In: Baer JF, Weller RE, Kakoma I, editors. Aotus: The owl monkey. New York: Academic Press. p 97-111.
401. Wright PC. 1995. Demography and life history of free-ranging Propithecus diadema edwardsi in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 16: 835-854.
402. Wright PC. 1996. The neotropical primate adaptation to nocturnality: Feeding in the night (Aotus nigriceps and A. azarae). In: Norconk M, Garber P, Rosenberger A, editors. Adaptive radiations of neotropical primates. New York: Plenum. p 369-382.
403. Wright PC. 1997a. The future of biodiversity in Madagascar: A view from Ranomafana National Park. In: Goodman SM, Patterson BD, editors. Natural change and human impact in Madagascar. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press. p 381-405.
404. Wright PC. 1997b. Behavioral and ecological comparisons of neotropical and Malagasy primates. In: Kinzey WG, editor. New World primates: Ecology, evolution, and behavior. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. p 127-143.
405. Wright PC. 1998. Impact of predation risk on the behaviour of Propithecus diadema edwardsi in the rain forest of Madagascar. Behaviour 135:1-30.
406. Wright PC, Jernvall J. 1999. The future of primate communities, a reflection of the present? In: Fleagle JG, Janson CH, Reed K, editors. Primate communities: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 295-309.
407. Wright PC, Martin LB. 1995. Predation, pollination and torpor in two nocturnal primates: Cheirogaleus major and Microcebus rufus in the rain forest of Madagascar. In: Alterman L, Doyle G, Izard MK, editors. Creatures of the dark. New York: Plenum. p 45-60.
408. Wright PC, Heckscher SK, Dunham AE. 1997. Predation on Milne-Edward's sifaka (Propithecus diadema edwardsi) by the fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) in the rain forest of southeastern Madagascar. Folia Primatol 68:34-43.
409. Yamashita N. 1996 Seasonality and site specificity of mechanical dietary patterns in two Malagasy lemur families (Lemuridae and Indriidae). Int J Primatol 17:355-388.
410. Yoder AD, Rakotarisoa SV, Goodman SM. 1998. Genetic analysis of Lemur catta from the Andringitra Massif of Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 26:237.
411. Young AL, Richard AF, Aiello LC. 1990. Female dominance and maternal investment in strepsirhine primates. Am Nat 135:473-488.
412. Zimmerman E. 1995. Vocal communication in nocturnal prosimians. In: Alterman L, Doyle G, Izard MK, editors. Creatures of the dark. New York: Plenum. p 311-327.
413. Zimmerman E, Cepok, S, Rakotoarison N, Zietemann V, Radespiel U. 1998. Sympatric mouse lemurs in northwest Madagascar: A new rufous mouse lemur species (Microcebus ravelobensis). Folia Primatol 69:106-114.