The Lithospheric mantle plays no active role in the formation of orthomagmatic ore deposits

Economic Geology

Volumn 108, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 1953-1970

  Arndt, Nicholas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUSHVELD COMPLEX; CONTINENTAL CRUSTS; GEOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE; HIGH VOLUMES; LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE; MANTLE PLUME; PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS; SUB-CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERIC MANTLES;

DEPOSITS; ECONOMIC GEOLOGY; IGNEOUS ROCKS; METALS; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

ORE DEPOSITS;

CARBON DIOXIDE; CONTINENTAL CRUST; ECONOMIC GEOLOGY; LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; MAGMA CHEMISTRY; MANTLE CHEMISTRY; MANTLE PLUME; MANTLE SOURCE; ORE BODY; PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENT; XENOLITH;

BUSHVELD COMPLEX; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 84887424542     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: 15540774     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/econgeo.108.8.1953     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (148)

1. Anderson, D.L., Zhang, Y.-S., and Tanimoto, T., 1992, Plume heads, continental lithosphere, flood basalts and tomography: London, Geological Society Special Publication 68, p. 99-124.
2. Arndt, N.T., 2011, Insights into the geological setting and origin of Ni-Cu (PGE) sulfide deposits of the Norilsk-Talnakh region, Siberia: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 17, p. 199-215.
3. Arndt, N.T., and Christensen, U., 1992, Role of lithospheric mantle in continental volcanism: Thermal and geochemical constraints: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 10967-10981.
4. Arndt, N.T., Chauvel, C., Fedorenko, V., and Czamanske, G., 1998, Two mantle sources, two plumbing systems: Tholeiitic and alkaline magmatism of the Maymecha River basin, Siberian flood volcanic province: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 133, p. 297-313.
5. Arndt, N.T., Czamanske, G.K., Walker, R.J., Chauvel, C., and Fedorenko, V.A., 2003, Geochemistry and origin of the intrusive hosts of the Noril'sk- Talnakh Cu-Ni-PGE deposits: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 495-515.
6. Arndt, N.T., Lesher, C.M., and Czamanske, G.K., 2004, Mantle-derived magmas and magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits: Economic Geology 100th Aniversary volume, p. 5-24.
7. Arndt, N.T., Barnes, S.J., and Lesher, C.M., 2008, Komatiite: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 487 p.
8. Barnes, S.J., and Campbell, I.H., 1988, Role of late magmatic fluids in Merensky- type platinum deposits: A discussion: Geology, v. 16, p. 488-490.
9. Barnes, S.-J., Maier, W.D., and Curl, E.A., 2010, Composition of the marginal rocks and sills of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Implications for the formation of the platinum-group element deposits: Economic Geology, v. 105, p. 1491-1511.
10. Begg, G.C., Hronsky, J.A.M., Arndt, N.T., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., and Hayward, N., 2011, Lithospheric, cratonic, and geodynamic setting of Ni- Cu-PGE sulfide deposits: Economic Geology, v. 105, p. 1057-1070.
11. Beresford, S., Cas, R., Lahaye, Y., and Jane, M., 2002, Facies architecture of an Archean komatiite-hosted Ni-sulphide ore deposit, Victor, Kambalda, Western Australia: Implications for komatiite lava emplacement: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 118, p. 57-75.
12. Bodinier, J.L., Menzies, M., Shimizu, N., Frey, F.A., and McPherson, E., 2004, Silicate, hydrous and carbonate metasomatism at Lherz, France: Contemporaneous derivatives of silicate melt-harzburgite reaction: Journal of Petrology, v. 45, p. 299-320.
13. Bodinier, J.L., Garrido, C.J., Chanefo, I., Brigiier, O., and Gervilla, F., 2008, Origin of pyroxenite/peridotite veined mantle by refertilization reactions: Evidence from the Ronda Peridotite (southern Spain): Journal of Petrology, v. 49, p. 999-1025.
14. Bohrson, W.A., and Spera, F., 2001, Energy-constrained open system magmatic processes. II: Application of energy constrained assimilation/ fractional crystallization (EC-AFC) model to magmatic systems: Journal of Petrology, v. 42, p. 1019-1041.
15. Boyd, F.R., and Mertzman, S.A., 1987, Composition and structure of the Kaapvaal lithosphere, southern Africa: Geochemical Society Special Publication 1, p. 13-24.
16. Campbell, I.H., and Naldrett, A.J., 1979, The influence of silicate:sulfide ratios on the geochemistry of magmatic sulfides: Economic Geology, v. 74, p. 1503-1505.
17. Campbell, I.H., Naldrett, A.J., and Barnes, S.J., 1983, A model for the origin of the platinum-rich sulfide horizons in the Bushveld and Stillwater Complexes: Journal of Petrology, v. 24, p. 133-165.
18. Campbell, I.H., Czamanske, G.K., Fedorenko, V.A., Hill, R.I., and Stepanov, V., 1992, Synchronism of the Siberian Trap s and the Permian-Triassic boundary: Science, v. 258, p. 1760-1763.
19. Cawthorn, R.G., 1998, Emplacement and crystallization time for the Bushveld Complex: Journal of Petrology, v. 39, p. 1669-1687.
20. Chai, G., and Naldrett, A.J., 1992, Characteristics of Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization and genesis of the Jinchuan deposit, northwest China: Economic Geology, v. 87, p. 1475-1495.
21. Cordery, M.J., Davies, G.F., and Campbell, I.H., 1997, Genesis of flood basalts from eclogite-bearing mantle plumes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 20,179-20,197.
22. Czamanske, G.K., Zen'ko, T.E., Fedorenko, V.A., Calk, L.C., Budahn, J.R., Bullock, J.H., Jr., Fries, T.L., King, B.S., and Siems, D.F., 1995, Petrography and geochemical characterization of ore-bearing intrusions of the Noril'sk type, Siberia; with discussion of their origin: Resource Geology Special Issue 18, p. 1-48.
23. Czamanske, G.K., Gurevitch, Fedorenko, V.A., and Simonov, V., 1998, Demise of the Siberian plume: Paleogeographic and paleotectonic reconstruction from the prevolcanic and volcanic record, north-central Siberia: International Geology Review, v. 40, p. 95-115.
24. Dale, C., Macpherson, C.G., Pearson, D.G., Hammond, S.J., and Arculus, R.J., 2012, Inter-element fractionation of highly siderophile elements in the Tonga arc due to flux melting of a depleted source: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 89, p. 202-225.
25. Dale, C.W., Burton, K.W., Pearson, D.G., Gannoun, A., Alard, O., Argles, T.W., and Parkinson, I.J., 2009, Highly siderophile element behavior accompanying subduction of oceanic crust: Whole rock and mineral-scale insights from a high-pressure terrain: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, p. 1394-1416.
26. De Waal, S.A., Xu, Z., Li, C., and Mour, H., 2004, Emplacement of viscous mushes in the Jinchuan ultramafic intrusion, western China: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 42, p. 371-392.
27. DePaolo, D.J., 1981, Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wall rock assimilation and fractional crystallisation: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 53, p. 189-202.
28. Eiler, J., 2003, Inside the subduction factory: Washington, D.C., AGU Geophysical Monogram Series, v. 138, 311 p., doi:10.1029/GM138.
29. Erlank, A.J., Waters, F.G., Hawkesworth, C.J., Haggerty, S.E., Allsopp, H.L., Rickard, R.S., and Menzies, M.A., 1987, Evidence of mantle metasomatism in peridotite nodules from the Kimberley Pipes, South Africa, in Menzies, M.A., and Hawkesworth, C.J., eds., Mantle metasomatism: London, Academic Press, p. 221-312.
30. Fedorenko, V., Lightfoot, P.C., Naldrett, A.J., Czamanske, G.K., Hawkesworth, C.J., Wooden, J.L., and Ebel, D.S., 1996, Petrogenesis of the Siberian Flood Basalt sequence at Noril'sk: International Geology Review, v. 38, p. 99-135.
31. Fiorentini, M.L., and Beresford, S.W., 2008, Role of volatiles and metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle in the genesis of magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization: Insights from in situ H, Li, B analyses of hydromagmatic phases from the Valmaggia ultramafic pipe, Ivrea-Verbano zone (NW Italy): Terra Nova, v. 20, p. 333-340.
32. Fiorentini, M.L., Beresford, S.W., Deloule, E., Hanski, E., Stone, W.E., and Pearson, N.J., 2008, The role of mantle-derived volatiles in the petrogenesis of Palaeoproterozoic ferropicrites in the Pechenga greenstone belt, northwestern Russia: Insights from in-situ microbeam and nanobeam analysis of hydromagmatic amphibole: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 268, p. 2-14.
33. Fiorentini, M.L., Barnes, S.J., Maier, W.D., Burnham, O.M., and Heggie, G., 2011, Global variability in the platinum-group element contents of komatiites: Journal of Petrology, v. 52, p. 83-112.
34. Fiorentini, M.L., Beresford, S.W., Stone, W.E., and Deloule, E., 2012, Evidence of water degassing during emplacement and crystallization of 2.7 Ga komatiites from the Agnew-Wiluna greenstone belt, Western Australia: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 164, p. 143-155.
35. Foley, S.F., 2008, Rejuvenation and erosion of the cratonic lithosphere: Nature Geoscience, v. 1, p. 503-510.
36. Gallagher, K., and Hawkesworth, C., 1992, Dehydration melting and the generation of continental flood basalts: Nature, v. 258, p. 57-59.
37. Garuti, G., Oddone, M., and Torres-Ruiz, J., 1997, Platinum-group element distribution in subcontinental mantle: Evidence from the Ivrea-zone (Italy) and the Betic-Rifean cordillera (Spain and Morocco): Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, p. 444-463.
38. Godel, B., Seat, Z., Maier, W.D., and Barnes, S.-J., 2011, The Nebo-Babel Ni- Cu-PGE sulfide deposit (West Musgrave block, Australia): Pt. 2. Cnstraints on parental magma and processes, with implications for mineral exploration: Economic Geology, v. 106, p. 557-584.
39. Gréau, Y., Huang, J., Griffin, W.L., Renac, C., Alard, O., and O'Reilly, S.Y., 2011, Type I eclogites from Roberts Victor kimberlites: Products of extensive mantle metasomatism: Geochimica et Cosmochica Acta, v. 75, p. 6927-6954.
40. Grégoire, M., Bell, D.R., and Le Roex, A.P., 2002, Trace element geochemistry of glimmerite and MARID mantle xenoliths: Their classification and relationship to phlogopite-bearing peridotites and to kimberlites revisited: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 142, p. 603-625.
41. -2003, Garnet lherzolites from the Kaapvaal craton (South Africa): Trace element evidence for a metasomatic history: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, p. 629-657.
42. Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Ryan, C.G., Gaul, I., and Ionov, D., 1998, Secular variation in the composition of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, in Brann, J., Dooley, J.C., Goleby, B.R., van der Hilst, R.D., and Klootwijk, C.T., eds., Structure and evolution of the Australian continent: Washington, Americal Geophysical Union, p. 1-26.
43. Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., and Ryan, C.G., 1999, The composition and origin of subcontinental lithospheric mantle, in Fei, Y., Bertka, C.M., and Mysen, B.O., eds., Mantle petrology: Field observations and high-pressure experimentation: Houston, TX, Geochemical Society, p. 13-46.
44. Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Abe, N., Aulbach, S., Davies, R.M., Pearson, N.J., Doyle, B.J., and Kivi, K., 2003, The origin and evolution of Archean lithospheric mantle: Precambrian Research, v. 127, p. 19-41.
45. Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Afonso, J.C., and Begg, G.C., 2009, The composition and evolution of lithospheric mantle: A re-evaluation and its tectonic implications.: Journal of Petrology, v. 50, p. 1185-1204.
46. Handler, M.R., and Bennett, V.C., 1999, Behavior of platinum-group elements in the subcontinental mantle of eastern Australia during variable metasomatism and melt depletion: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 3597-3618.
47. Hart, S.R., and Kinloch, E.D., 1989, Osmium isotope systematics in Witwatersrand and Bushveld ore deposits: Economic Geology, v. 84, p. 1651-1655.
48. Hatton, C.J., and Sharpe, M.R., 1988, Significance and origin of boninite-like rocks associated with the Bushveld Complex, in Crawford, A.J., ed., Boninites: London, Unwyn Hyman, p. 174-207.
49. Hawkesworth, C.J., Marsh, J.S., Duncan, A.R., Erlank, A.J., and Norry, M.J., 1984a, The role of continental lithosphere in the generation of the Karoo volcanic rocks: Evidence from combined Nd- and Sr- isotope studies: Geological Society of South Africa Special Publication 13, p. 341-354.
50. Hawkesworth, C.J., Rogers, N.W., Van Calsteren, P.W.C., and Menzies, M.A., 1984b, Mantle enrichment processes: Nature, v. 311, p. 331-336.
51. Hawkesworth, C., Mantovani, M., and Peate, D., 1988, Lithosphere remobilization during Parana CFB magmatism.: Journal of Petrology, Special Lithosphere Issue, p. 205-223.
52. Hawkesworth, C.J., Gallagher, K., Hergt, J.M., and McDermott, F., 1994, Destructive plate margin magmatism: Geochemistry and melt generation: Lithos, v. 33, p. 169-188.
53. Hergt, J.M., Peate, D.W., and Hawkesworth, C.J., 1991, The petrogenesis of Mesozoic Gondwana low-Ti flood basalts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 105, p. 134-148.
54. Herzberg, C., 1999, Phase equilibrium constraints on the formation of cratonic mantle, in Fei, Y., Bertka, C.M., and Mysen, B.O., eds., Mantle petrology: Field observations and high-pressure experimentation: Houston, TX, Geochemical Society, p. 13-46.
55. Hofmann, A.W., 1988, Chemical differentiation of the Earth: The relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 90, p. 297-314.
56. Hofmann, A.W., and White, W.M., 1982, Mantle plumes from ancient oceanic crust: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 57, p. 421-436.
57. Hong, D., Wang, S., Xie, X., Zhang, J., and Wang, T., 2002, Metallogenic province derived from mantle sources: Nd, Sr, S and Pb isotope evidence from the Central Asian orogenic belt: Gondwana Research, v. 6, p. 711-728.
58. Hronsky, J.M.A., Groves, D.I., Loucks, R.R., and Begg, G.C., 2012, A unified model for gold mineralisation in accretionary orogens and implications for regional-scale exploration targeting methods: Mineralium Deposita, v. 47, p. 339-358.
59. Ionov, D., 2010, Petrology of mantle wedge lithosphere: New data on supra-subduction zone peridotite xenoliths from the andesitic Avachavolcano, Kamchatka: Journal of Petrology, v. 51, p. 327-362.
60. Ionov, D., and Harmer, R.E., 2002, Trace element distribution in calcitedolomite carbonatites from Spitskop: Inferences for differentiation of carbonatite magmas and the origin of carbonates in mantle xenoliths: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 198, p. 495-510.
61. Ionov, D.A., Kramm, U., and Stosch, H.-G., 1992, Evolution of the upper mantle beneath the southern Baikal rift zone: A Sr-Nd isotope study of xenoliths from the Bartoy volcanoes: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 111, p. 235-247.
62. Ionov, D.A., Griffin, W.L., and O'Reilly, S.Y., 1997, Volatile-bearing minerals and lithophile trace elements in the upper mantle: Chemical Geology, v. 141, p. 153-184.
63. Ionov, D.A., Bodinier, J.L., Mukasa, S.B., and Zanetti, A., 2002, Mechanisms and sources of mantle metasomatism: Major and trace element compositions of peridotite xenoliths from Spitsbergen in the context of numerical modelling: Jounal of Petrology, v. 43, p. 2219-2259.
64. Ionov, D., Doucet, L.S., and Ashchepkov, I.V., 2010, Composition of the lithospheric mantle in the Siberian craton: New constraints from fresh peridotites in the Udachnaya-East Kimberlite: Journal of Petrology, v. 51, p. 2177-2210.
65. Irvine, G.J., Pearson, D.G., Carlson, R.W., Kjarsgaard, B.A., and Dreibus, G., 2003, Evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath northern Canada: A Re-Os isotope and PGE study of kimberlite-derived peridotite xenoliths from Somerset Island and a comparison to the Slave and Kaapvaal cratons: Lithos, v. 71, p. 461-488.
66. Jacob, D.E., 2004, Nature and origin of eclogite xenoliths from kimberlites: Nature, v. 77, p. 295-316.
67. Jenner, F., O'Neill, H.S.C., Arculus, R.J., and Mavrogenes, J.A., 2010, The magnetite crisis in the evolution of arc-related magmas and the initial concentration of Au, Ag and Cu: Journal of Petrology, v. 51, p. 2445-2464.
68. Jourdan, F., Bertrand, H., Schärer, U., Blichert-Toft, J., Féraud, G., and Kampunzu, A.B., 2007, Major and trace element and Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotope compositions of the Karoo large igneous province, Botswana-Zimbabwe: Lithosphere vs. mantle plume contribution: Jounal of Petrology, v. 48, p. 1043-1077.
69. Keays, R.R., 1982, Palladium and iridium in komatiites and associated rocks: Application to petrogenetic problems, in Arndt, N.T., and Nisbet, E.G., eds., Komatiites: London, George Allen and Unwin, p. 435-458.
70. -1995, The role of komatiite and picritic magmatism and S-saturation in the formation of ore deposits: Lithos, v. 34, p. 1-18.
71. -2012, The role of the interaction between asthenospheric and lithospheric mantles in the generation of giant Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits [abs.]: International Ni-Cu-(PGE) Symposium, 12th, Guiyang, China, Abstracts, p. 3-6.
72. Kerr, A., and Leitch, A.M., 2005, Self-destructive sulfide segregation systems and the formation of high-grade magmatic ore deposits: Economic Geology, v. 100, p. 311-332.
73. Kerrich, R., Goldfarb, R., Groves, D., Garwin, S., and Jia, Y., 2000, The characteristics, origins, and geodynamic settings of supergiant gold metallogenic provinces: Science in China, Series D, Earth Sciences, v. 43, p. 1-68.
74. Kieffer, B., Arndt, N.T., and others, 2004, The transition from plateau to shield volcanism in Ethiopia: A petrological and geochemical study: Journal of Petrology, v. 45, p. 793-834.
75. Konc, Z., Marchesi, C., Hidas, K., Garrido, C.J., Szabó, C., and Sharygin, V.V., 2012, Structure and composition of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the Sangilen plateau (Tuva, southern Siberia, Russia): Evidence from lamprophyre-hosted spinel peridotite xenoliths: Lithos, v. 146, p. 253-263.
76. Lassiter, J.C., and DePaolo, D.J., 1997, Plume/lithosphere interaction in the generation of continental and oceanic flood basalts: Chemical and isotopic constraints, in Mahoney, J.J., and Coffin, M.F., eds., Large igneous provinces: Continental, oceanic and planetary flood volcanism: Washington, American Geophysical Union, p. 335-356.
77. Lee, C.-T.A., 2002, Platinum-group element geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths from the Sierra Nevada and the Basin and Range, California: Geochimica et Cosmochica Acta, v. 66, p. 3987-4005.
78. Lehmann, J., Arndt, N.T., Windley, B., Zhou, M.F., Wang, C.Y., and Harris, C., 2007, Field relationships and geochemical constraints on the emplacement of the Jinchuan intrusion and its Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposit, Gansu, China: Economic Geology, v. 102, p. 75-94.
79. Lesher, C.E., and Burnham, O.M., 1999, Mass balance and mixing in dynamicore- forming magmatic systems, in Keays, R.R., Lesher, C.E., Lightfoot, P.C., and Farrow, C.E.G., eds., Dynamic processes in magmatic ore deposits and their application to mineral exploration: Ottawa, Geological Association of Canada, Short Course, p. 413-449.
80. Lesher, C.M., and Keays, R.R., 2002, Komatiite-associated Ni-Cu-PGE deposits: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy Petroleum Special Volume 54, p. 579-617.
81. Li, C., and Naldrett, A.J., 1999, Geology and petrology of the Voisey's Bay intrusion: Reaction of olivine with sulfide and silicate liquids: Lithos, v. 47, p. 1-31.
82. Li, C., Ripley, E.M., and Naldrett, A.J., 2009, A new genetic model for the giant Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits associated with the Siberian flood basalts: Economic Geology, v. 104, p. 291-301.
83. Lightfoot, P.C., and Hawkesworth, C.J., 1997, Flood basalts and magmatic Ni, Cu, and PGE sulphide mineralization: Comparative geochemistry of the Noril'sk (Sinerian Trap s) and West Greenland sequences, in Mahoney, J.J., and Coffin, M.F., eds., Large igneous provinces: Continental, oceanic and planetary flood volcanism: Washington, American Geophysical Union, p. 357-380.
84. Lightfoot, P.C., and Naldrett, A.J., 1994, Proceedings of the Sudbury-Noril'sk Symposium: Sudbury, Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, p. 421.
85. Lightfoot, P.C., Naldrett, A.J., Gorbachev, N.S., and Fedorenko, V.A., 1990, Geochemistry of the Siberian Trap of the Noril'sk area, USSR, with implications for the relative contributions of crust and mantle to flood basalt magmatism: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,v. 104, p. 631-644.
86. Lightfoot, P.C., Hawkesworth, C.J., Hergt, J., Naldrett, A.J., Gorbachev, N.S., Fedorenko, V.A., and Doherty, W., 1993, Remobilization of the continental lithosphere by mantle plumes: Major-, trace-element and Sr-, Nd-, and Pb-isotope evidence from picritic and tholeiitic lavas of the Noril'sk district Siberian Trap, Russia: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 114, p. 171-188.
87. Lightfoot, P.C., Naldrett, A.J., Gorbachev, N.S., Fedorenko, V.A., Hawkesworth, C.J., Hergt, J., and Doherty, W., 1994, Chemostratigraphy of Siberian Trap lavas, Noril'sk district, Russia: Implications for the source of flood basalt magmas and their associated Ni-Cu mineralization, in Naldrett, A.J., and Lightfoot, P.C., eds., Proceedings of the Sudbury-Noril'sk Symposium: Sudbury, Ontario Geological Survey, p. 283-312.
88. Lorand, J.P., Alard, O., Luguet, A., and Keays, R.R., 2003, Sulfur and selenium systematics of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle: Inferences from the Massif Central xenolith suite (France): Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, p. 4137-4151.
89. Maaloe, S., and Aoki, K.-I., 1977, The major element composition of the upper mantle estimated from the composition of lherzolites: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 63, p. 161-173.
90. MacGregor, I.D., and Manton, W.I., 1981, The Roberts Victor eclogites: Ancient oceanic crust: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 14,063-14,079.
91. Maier, W.D., and Barnes, S.-J., 2004, Pt/Pd and Pd/Ir ratios in mantle-derived magmas: A possible role for mantle metasomatism: South African Journal of Geology, v. 107, p. 333-340.
92. Maier, W.D., Arndt, N.T., and Curl, E.A., 2000, Progressive crustal contamination of the Bushveld Complex: Evidence from Nd isotopic analyses of the cumulate rocks: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 140, p. 328-343.
93. Maier, W.D., Peltonen, P., McDonald, L., Barnes, S.-J., Hatton, C., and Viljoen, F., 2012, The concentration of platinum-group elements and gold in southern African and Karelian kimberlite-hosted mantle xenoliths: Implications for the noble metal content of the Earth's mantle: Chemical Geology, v. 302, p. 119-125.
94. Mavrogenes, J.A., and O'Neill, C., 1999, The relative effects of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity on the solubility of sulfide in mafic magmas: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 1173-1180.
95. McDonough, W.F., 1990, Constraints on the composition of the continental lithospheric mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 101, p. 1-18.
96. McInnes, B.I.A., McBride, J.S., Evans, N.J., Lambert, D.D., and Andrew, A.S., 1999, Osmium isotope constraints on ore metal recycling in subduction zones: Science, v. 286, DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5439.512.
97. McKenzie, D.P., 1989, Some remarks on the movement of small melt fractions in the mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 95, p. 53-72.
98. Menzies, M.A., 1990a, Archaean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic lithospheres, in Menzies, M.A., ed., Continental mantle: Oxford, Clarendon, p. 67-86.
99. -1990b, Continental mantle: Oxford, Oxford University Press, 184 p.
100. -1992a, The lower lithosphere as a major source for continental flood basalts: A re-appraisal: London, Geological Society Special Publication 68, p. 31-39.
101. -1992b, The lower lithosphere as a major source for continental flood basalts: A re-appraisal, in Storey, B.C., Alabaster, T., and Pankhurst, R.J., eds., Magmatism and the causes of continental break-up: London, Geological Society, p. 33-41.
102. Menzies, M.A., and Hawkesworth, C.J., 1987, Mantle metasomatism: London, Academic Press, 472 p.
103. Mitchell, R.H., and Keays, R.R., 1981, Abundance and distribution of gold, palladium and iridium in some spinel and garnet lherzolites: Implications for the nature and origin of precious metal, sulphur-rich intragranular components in the Upper Mantle: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, p. 2425-2442.
104. Molzahn, M., Resiberg, L., and Wörner, G., 1996, Os, Sr, Nd, Pb, O isotope and trace element data from the Ferrar flood basalts, Antarctica: Evidence for an enriched subcontinental mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 144, p. 529-546.
105. Mungall, J.E., 2002, Roasting the mantle: Slab melting and the genesis of major Au and Au-rich Cu deposits: Geology, v. 30, p. 915-918.
106. -2007, Crustal contamination of picritic magmas during transport through dikes: the Expo Intrusive Suite, Cape Smith fold belt, New Quebec: Journal of Petrology, p. 1021-1039.
107. Naldrett, A.J., 1992, A model for the Ni-Cu-PGE ores of the Noril'sk region and its application to other areas of flood basalt: Economic Geology, v. 87, p. 1945-1962.
108. -1999, World class Ni-Cu-PGE deposits: Key factors in their genesis: Mineralium Deposita, v. 34, p. 227-240.
109. -2004, Magmatic sulfide deposits: Geology, geochemistry and exploration: Heidelberg, Berlin, Springer Verlag, 728 p.
110. Pearce, J.A., Stern, R.J., Bloomer, S.H., and Fryer, P., 2005, Geochemical mapping of the Mariana arc-basin system: Implications for the nature and distribution of subduction components: Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems, v. 6, no. 7, Q07006, doi: 10.1029/2004GC000895.
111. Pearson, D.G., and Nowell, G.M., 2002, The continental lithospheric mantle: Characteristics and significance as a mantle reservoir: Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A., v. 360, p. 2383-2410.
112. Pearson, D.G., Canil, D., and Shirey, S.B., 2003, Mantle samples included in volcanic rocks: Xenoliths and diamonds: Treatise on Geochemistry, v. 2, p. 171-275.
113. Pearson, D.G., Irvine, G.J., Ionov, D.A., Boyd, F.R., and Dreibus, G.E., 2004, Re-Os isotope systematics and platinum group element fractionation during mantle melt extraction : A study of massif and xenolith peridotite suites: Chemical Geology, v. 208, p. 29-59.
114. Quick, J.E., Sinigoi, S., Peressini, G., Demarchi, G., Wooden, J.L., and Sbisa A., 2009, Magmatic plumbing of a large Permian caldera exposed to a depth of 25 km: Geology, v. 37, p. 603-606.
115. Rehkämper, M., Halliday, A.N., Fitton, J.G., Lee, D.-C., Wieneke, M., and Arndt, N.T., 1999, Ir, Ru, Pt, and Pd in basalts and komatiites: New constraints for the geochemical behavior of the platinum-group elements in the mantle: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 3915-3934.
116. Reisberg, L., and Zindler, A., 1987, Extreme isotopic variations in the upper mantle: Evidence from Ronda: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 81, p. 29-45.
117. Richardson, S.H., and Shirey, S.B., 2008, Continental mantle signature of Bushveld magmas and coeval diamonds: Nature, v. 453, doi:10.1038/ nature07073.
118. Rock, N.M.S., 1991, Lamprophyres: Glasgow, Blackie, 285 p.
119. Rudnick, R.L., and Fountain, D.M., 1995, Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crust perspective: Reviews in Geophysics, v. 33, p. 267-309.
120. Saunders, A.D., England, R.W., Reichow, M.K., and White, R.V., 2005, A mantle plume origin for the Siberian Traps: Uplift and extension in the West Siberian basin, Russia: Lithos, v. 79, p. 407-424.
121. Sharma, M., Basu, A.R., and Nesterenko, G.V., 1992, Temporal Sr-, Nd- and Pb-isotopic variations in the Siberian flood basalts: Implications for the plume-source characteristics: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 113, p. 365-381.
122. Sharpe, M.R., 1982, Noble metals in the marginal rocks of the Bushveld Complex: Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 1286-1295.
123. Shirey, S.B., 1997, Re-Os isotopic composition of Mid-continent Rift System picrites and tholeiites: Implications for plume lithosphere interaction and enriched mantle sources: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, p. 489-503.
124. Simon, N.S.C., Carlson, R.W., Pearson, D.G., and Davies, G.R., 2007, The origin and evolution of the Kaapvaal cratonic lithospheric mantle: Journal of Petrology, v. 48, p. 589-625.
125. Sinigoi, S., Antonini, P., Demarchi, G., Longinelli, A., Mazzuchelli, M., Negrini, L., and Rivalenti, G., 1991, Interactions of mantle and crustal magmas in the southern part of the Ivrea zone (Italy): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 108, p. 385-395.
126. Sinigoi, S., Quick, J.E., Clemens-Knott, D., Mayer, A., Demarchi, G., Mazzuchelli, M., Negrini, L., and Rivalenti, G., 1994, Chemical evolution of a large mafic intrusion in the lower crust, Ivrea-Verbano zone, northern Italy: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 21575-21590.
127. Sobolev, A.V., Hofmann, A.W., Kuzmin, D.V., Yaxley, G.M., Anderson, A.T., Arndt, N.T., Chung, S.-L., Garcia, M.O., Gurenko, A.A., Danyushevsky, L.V., Elliott, T., Frey, F.A., Kamenetsky, V.S., Kerr, A.C., Krivolutskaya, N.A., Matvienkov, V.V., Nikogosian, I.K., Rocholl, A., Suschevskaya, N.M., and Teklay, M., 2007, Estimating the amount of recycled crust in sources of mantle-derived melts: Science.
128. Sobolev, S.V., Sobolev, A.V., Kuzmin, D.V., Krivolutskaya, N.A., Petrunin, A.G., Arndt, N.T., Radko, V.A., and Vasiliev, Y.R., 2011, Linking mantle plumes, large igneous provinces and environmental catastrophes: Nature, v. 477, p. 312-316.
129. Sun, S.-S., Wallace, D.A., Hoatson, D.M., Gilkson, A.Y., and Keays, R.R., 1991, Use of geochemistry as a guide to platinum group element potential of mafic-ultramafic rocks: Examples from the west Pilbara block and Halls Creek mobile zone, Western Australia: Precambrian Research, v. 50, p. 1-33.
130. Sweeney, R.J., and Watkeys, M.K., 1990, A possible link between Mesozoic lithospheric architecture and Gondwana basalts: Journal of African Earth Science, v. 10, p. 707-716.
131. Tang, Z.L., 1993, Genetic model of the Jinchuan nickel-copper deposit: Ottawa, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 40, p. 398-401.
132. Thompson, R.N., Morrison, M.A., Hendry, G.L., and Parry, S.J., 1984, An assessment of the relative roles of crust and mantle in magma genesis: An elemental approach: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v. A310, p. 549-590.
133. Voshage, H., Hofmann, A.W., Mazzucchelli, M., Rivalenti, G., Sinigoi, S., Raczek, I., and Demarchi, G., 1990, Isotopic evidence from the Ivrea zone for a hybrid lower crust formed by magmatic underplating: Nature, v. 347, p. 731-736.
134. Webb, S.J., Nguuri, T., Cawthorn, R.G., and James, D.E., 2004, Gravity modeling of Bushveld Complex connectivity supported by southern Africa seismic experiment results: South African Journal of Geology, v. 107, p. 207-220.
135. Wendlandt, R.F., 1982, Sulfide saturation of basalt and andesite melts at high pressures and temperatures: American Mineralogist, v. 67, p. 877-885.
136. White, W.M., 1985, Sources of oceanic basalts: Radiogenic isotopic evidence: Geology, v. 13, p. 115-118.
137. -2010, Oceanic island basalts and mantle plumes: The geochemical perspective: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 38, p. 133-160.
138. Williams, D.A., Kerr, R.C., and Lesher, C.M., 2011, Mathematical modeling of thermo-mechanical erosion beneath Proterozoic komatiitic basaltic sinuous rilles in the Cape Smith belt, New Québec: Mineralium Deposita, v. 46, p. 943-958.
139. Wilson, A., 2012, A chill sequence to the Bushveld Complex: Insight into the first stage of emplacement and implications for the parental magmas: Journal of Petrology, doi: 10.1093/petrology/egs011.
140. Wittig, N., Webb, M., Pearson, D.G., Dale, C.W., Ottley, C.J., Hutchinson, M., Jensen, S.M., and Luguet, A., 2010, Formation of the North Atlantic craton: Timing and mechanisms constrained from Re-Os isotope and PGE data of peridotite xenoliths from S.W.Greenland: Chemical Geology, v. 276, p. 166-187.
141. Wooden, J.L., Czamanske, G.K., Fedorenko, V.A., Arndt, N.T., Chauvel, C., Bouse, R.M., King, B.W., Knight, R.J., and Siems, D.F., 1993, Isotopic and trace-element constraints on mantle and crustal contributions to Siberian continental flood basalts, Noril'sk area, Siberia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 3677-3704.
142. Woodland, S.J., Pearson, D.G., and Thirlwall, M.F., 2002, A platinum group element and Re-Os isotope investigation of siderophile element recycling in subduction zones: Journal of Petrology, v. 43, p. 171-198.
143. Yaxley, G.M., Crawford, A.J., and Green, D.H., 1991, Evidence for carbonatite metasomatism in spinel peridotite xenoliths from western Victoria, Australia: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 107, p. 305-317.
144. Yaxley, G.M., Green, D.H., and Kamenetsky, V., 1998, Carbonatite metasomatism in the southeastern Australian lithosphere: Journal of Petrology, p. 1917-1930.
145. Zhang, M., O'Reilly, S.Y., Wang, K., Hronsky, J., and Griffin, W.L., 2008, Flood basalts and metallogeny: The lithospheric mantle connection: Earth Science Reviews, v. 86, p. 145-174.
146. Zhang, M.J., Niu, Y.L., and Hu, P.Q., 2009, Volatiles in the mantle lithosphere: modes of occurrence and chemical compositions, in Anderson, J.E., and Coates, R.W., eds., The Lithosphere: Geochemistry, geology and geophysics: New York, Nova Science Publishers, p. 171-272.
147. J.E., and Coates, R.W., eds., The Lithosphere: Geochemistry, geology and geophysics: New York, Nova Science Publishers, p. 171-272.
148. Zindler, A., and Hart, S., 1986, Chemical geodynamics: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, v. 14, p. 493-571.