Oceanic Island basalts and mantle plumes: The geochemical perspective

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volumn 38, Issue , 2010, Pages 133-160

  White, William M ^a  

^a Institute for the Study of the Continents   (United States)

Author keywords

Isotope and trace element geochemistry; Mantle evolution; Mantle temperatures; MORB; OIB; Upwelling rates

Indexed keywords

CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY; EARTH'S CORE; GEOCHEMICAL SIGNATURES; MANTLE PLUME; MANTLE RESERVOIRS; MANTLE TEMPERATURES; MID-OCEAN RIDGE BASALT; MID-OCEAN RIDGES; MORB; OCEANIC ISLAND BASALTS; OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE; TRACE ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY; UPPER MANTLE; UPWELLING RATES;

BASALT; GEOCHEMISTRY; ISOTOPES; OCEANOGRAPHY; OSMIUM; THERMAL PLUMES;

TRACE ELEMENTS;

CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; LITHOSPHERE; MAFIC ROCK; MANTLE CHEMISTRY; MANTLE PLUME; MID-OCEAN RIDGE BASALT; OCEAN ISLAND BASALT; PERIDOTITE; SUBDUCTION; TRACE ELEMENT; UPWELLING;

EID: 77953666695     PISSN: 00846597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152450     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. Allègre CJ. 1982. Chemical geodynamics. Tectonophysics 81:109-132
2. Allègre CJ, Staudacher T, Sarda P. 1987. Rare gas systematics: formation of the atmosphere, evolution and structure of the earth's mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 81:127-150
3. Allègre CJ, Turcotte DL. 1986. Implications of a two-component marble-cake mantle. Nature 323:123-127
4. Anderson DL. 1975. Chemical plumes in the mantle. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 86:1593-1600
5. Berg JH, Weis D, McIntosh WC, Cameron BI. 1997. Age and origin of HIMU volcanism in the Balleny Islands: melting of plume-delivered deep mantle or shallow asthenospheric mantle? Presented at 7th Annu. V.M. Goldschmidt Conf.
6. Bianco TA, Ito G, Becker JM, Garcia MO. 2005. Secondary Hawaiian volcanism formed by flexural arch decompression. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6:Q08009
7. Bourdon B, Ribe N, Stracke A, Saal A, Turner SP. 2006. Insights into the dynamics of mantle plumes from uranium-series geochemistry. Nature 444:713-717
8. 142Nd evidence for early (>4.53 Ga) global differentiation of the silicate Earth. Science 309:576-581
9. 142Nd systematics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 250:254-268
10. 4He sources in the Earth's mantle: evidence from Icelandic picrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71:4570-4591
11. Brandon AD, Walker RJ. 2005. The debate over core-mantle interaction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 232:211-225
12. 187Os evidence for core-mantle interaction. Science 280:1570-1573
13. 187Os systematics of Gorgona Island komatiites: implications for early growth of the inner core. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 206:411-426
14. Büchl A, Brügmann G, Batanova VG, Münker C, Hofmann AW. 2002. Melt percolation monitored by Os isotopes and HSE abundances: a case study from the mantle section of the Troodos Ophiolite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 204:385-402
15. Burke K, Torsvik TH. 2004. Derivation of Large Igneous Provinces of the past 200 million years from long-term heterogeneities in the deep mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 227:531-538
16. Campbell IH. 2007. Testing the plume theory. Chem. Geol. 241:153-176
17. Campbell IH, Griffiths RW. 1990. Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 99:79-93
18. Cannat M, Briais A, Deplus C, Escartn J, Georgen J, et al. 1999. Mid-Atlantic Ridge-Azores hotspot interactions: along-axis migration of a hotspot-derived event of enhanced magmatism 10 to 4 Ma ago. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 173:257-269
19. Carlson RW. 1991. Physical and chemical evidence on the cause and source characteristics of flood basalt volcanism. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 38:525-544
20. Carlson RW, Irving AJ. 1994. Depletion and enrichment history of subcontinental lithospheric mantle: an Os, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic study of ultramafic xenoliths from the northwestern Wyoming Craton. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 126:457-472
21. Caro G, Bourdon B, Halliday AN, Quitte G. 2008. Super-chondritic Sm/Nd ratios in Mars, the Earth, and the Moon. Nature 452:336-339
22. 226Ra disequilibria in volcanics: a new insight into melting conditions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 126:61-74
23. Chadwick J, Perfit M, Ridley I, Jonasson I, Kamenov G, et al. 2005. Magmatic effects of the Cobb hot spot on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. J. Geophys. Res. 110:B03101
24. Chauvel C, Hémond C. 2000. Melting of a complete section of recycled oceanic crust: trace element and Pb isotopic evidence from Iceland. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 1(2):1001
25. Chauvel C, Hofmann AW, Vidal P. 1992. HIMU-EM: The French Polynesian connection. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 110:99-119
26. Chen C-Y, Frey FA. 1983. Origin of Hawaiian tholeiite and alkalic basalt. Nature 302:785-789
27. Class C, Goldstein S. 2005. Evolution of helium isotopes in the Earth's mantle. Nature 436:1107-1112
28. Clift P, Vannucchi P. 2004. Controls on tectonic accretion versus erosion in subduction zones: implications for the origin and recycling of the continental crust. Rev. Geophys. 42:RG2001
29. Corgne A, Liebske C, Wood BJ, Rubie DC, Frost DJ. 2005. Silicate perovskite-melt partitioning of trace elements and geochemical signature of a deep perovskitic reservoir. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69:485-496
30. Courtier AM, Jackson MG, Lawrence JF, Wang Z, Lee C-TA, et al. 2007. Correlation of seismic and petrologic thermometers suggests deep thermal anomalies beneath hotspots. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 264:308-316
31. Courtillot V, Davaille A, Besse J, Stock J. 2003. Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth's mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 205:295-308
32. Davies GF. 1988. Ocean bathymetry and mantle convection: 1. Large-scale flow and hotspots. J. Geophys. Res. 93:10467-10480
33. Davies JH, Bunge H-P. 2006. Are splash plumes the origin of minor hotspots? Geology 34:349-352
34. 144Nd. Geophys. Res. Lett. 3:743-746
35. DePaolo DJ, Wasserburg GJ. 1979. Petrogenetic mixing models and Nd-Sr isotopic patterns. Geochim. Cos-mochim. Acta 43:615-627
36. Devey CW, Albarède F, Cheminée J-L, Michard A, Mühe R, Stoffers P. 1990. Active submarine volcanism on the Society Hotspot Swell (West Pacific): a geochemical study. J. Geophys. Res. 95:5049-5066
37. Dick HJB, Fisher RL, Bryan WB. 1984. Mineralogic variability of the uppermost mantle along mid-ocean ridges. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 69:88-106
38. Dickinson W. 1998. Geomorphology and geodynamics of the Cook-Austral island-seamount chain in the South Pacific Ocean: implications for hotspots and plumes. Int. Geol. Rev. 40:1039-1075
39. Duncan RA, Hargraves RB. 1984. Plate tectonic evolution of the Caribbean region in the mantle reference frame. In The Caribbean-South American Plate Boundary and Regional Tectonics, ed. WE Bonini, RB Hargraves, pp. 81-84. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am.
40. Eiler JM, Farley KA, Valley JW, Hauri E, Craig H, et al. 1997. Oxygen isotope variations in oceanic basalt phenocrysts. Geochim. Comsochim. Acta 61:2281-2293
41. Eisele J, Sharma M, Galer SJG, Blichert-Toft J, Devey CW, Hofmann AW. 2002. The role of sediment recycling in EM-1 inferred from Os, Pb, Hf, Nd, Sr isotope and trace element systematics of the Pitcairn Hotspot. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 196:197-212
42. Escrig S, Capmas F, Dupre B, Allegre CJ. 2004. Osmium isotopic constraints on the nature of the DUPAL anomaly from Indian mid-ocean-ridge basalts. Nature 431:59-63
43. Falloon TJ, Danyushevsky LV, Ariskin A, Green DH, Ford CE. 2007. The application of olivine geother-mometry to infer crystallization temperatures of parental liquids: implications for the temperature of MORB magmas. Chem. Geol. 241:207-233
44. Farley KA, Natland JH, Craig H. 1992. Binary mixing of enriched and undegassed (primitive?) mantle components (He, Sr, Nd, Pb) in Samoan lavas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 111:183-199
45. Farnetani CG, Samuel H. 2005. Beyond the thermal plume paradigm. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32:L07311
46. Fitton JG, Saunders AD, Kempton PD, Hardarson BS. 2003. Does depleted mantle form an intrinsic part of the Iceland plume? Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 4(3):1032
47. Foulger GR, Natland JH, Presnall DC, Anderson DL, eds. 2005. Plate, Plumes, and Paridigms, Vol. 388. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am.
48. 39Ar age and geochemical data from seamounts in the Canary and Madeira volcanic provinces: support for the mantle plume hypothesis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 237:85-101
49. Geldmacher J, Hoernle K, Klugel A, Van Den Bogaard P, Bindeman I. 2008. Geochemistry of a new enriched mantle type locality in the northern hemisphere: implications for the origin of the EM-I source. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 265:167-182
50. Gibson SA, Thompson RN, Weska R, Dickin AP, Leonardos OH. 1997. Late Cretaceous rift-related upwelling and melting of the Trindade starting mantle plume head beneath western Brazil. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 126:303-314
51. Gonnermann HM, Mukhopadhyay S. 2009. Preserving noble gases in a convecting mantle. Nature 459:560-563
52. Graham DW. 2002. Noble gas isotope geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge and oceanic island basalts: characterization of mantle source reservoirs. In Noble Gases in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, ed. D Porcelli, CJ Ballentine, R Wieler, pp. 247-317. Washington, DC: Mineral. Soc. Am.
53. Graham DW, Johnson KTM, Priebe LD, Lupton JE. 1999. Hotspot-ridge interaction along the Southeast Indian Ridge near Amsterdam and St. Paul islands: helium isotope evidence. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 167:297-310
54. Green DH, Falloon TJ, Eggins S, Yaxley G. 2001. Primary magmas and mantle temperatures. Eur. J. Mineral. 13:437-451
55. Griffiths RW, Campbell IH. 1990. Stirring and structure in mantle starting plumes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 99:66-78
56. Gurenko AA, Sobolev AV, Hoernle KA, Hauff F, Schmincke H-U. 2009. Enriched, HIMU-type peridotite and depleted recycled pyroxenite in the Canary plume: a mixed-up mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 277:514-524
57. Hanan BB, Blichert-Toft J, Kingsley R, Schilling J-G. 2000. Depleted Iceland mantle plume geochemical signature: artifact of multicomponent mixing? Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 1(4):1003
58. Hanan BB, Blichert-Toft J, Pyle DG, Christie DM. 2004. Contrasting origins of the upper mantle revealed by hafnium and lead isotopes from the Southeast Indian Ridge. Nature 432:91-94
59. Hanan BB, Graham DW. 1996. Lead and helium isotope evidence from oceanic basalts for a common deep source of mantle plumes. Science 272:991-995
60. Hanson GN. 1977. Geochemical evolution of the suboceanic mantle. J. Geol. Soc. London 134:1-19
61. Hart SR, Coetzee M, Workman RK, Blusztajn J, Johnson KTM, et al. 2004. Genesis of the Western Samoa seamount province: age, geochemical fingerprint and tectonics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 227:37-56
62. Hart SR, Schilling JG, Powell JL. 1973. Basalts from Iceland and along the Reykjanes Ridge: Sr isotope geochemistry. Nature Phys. Sci. 246:104-107
63. Hauri EH. 1996. Major-element variability in the Hawaiian mantle plume. Nature 382:415-419
64. Hauri EH, Hart SR. 1997. Rhenium abundances and systematics in oceanic basalts. Chem. Geol. 139:185-205
65. Hawkesworth C, Scherstén A. 2007. Mantle plumes and geochemistry. Chem. Geol. 241:319-331
66. Heber VS, Brooker RA, Kelley SP, Wood BJ. 2007. Crystal-melt partitioning of noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon) for olivine and clinopyroxene. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71:1041-1061
67. Herzberg C, Asimow PD, Arndt N, Niu Y, Lesher CM, et al. 2007. Temperatures in ambient mantle and plumes: constraints from basalts, picrites, and komatiites. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 8:Q02006
68. Herzberg C, O'Hara MJ. 1998. Phase equilibrium constraints on the origin of basalts, picrites, and komatiites. Earth-Sci. Rev. 44:39-79
69. Hirschmann MM, Kogiso T, Baker MB, Stolper EM. 2003. Alkalic magmas generated by partial melting of garnet pyroxenite. Geology 31:481-484
70. Hirschmann MM, Stolper E. 1996. A possible role for garnet pyroxenite in the origin of the "garnet signature" in MORB. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 124:185-208
71. Hofmann AW, Jochum KP, Seufert M, White WM. 1986. Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 79:33-45
72. Hofmann AW, White WM. 1982. Mantle plumes from ancient oceanic crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 57:421-436
73. Huang J, Davies GF. 2007. Stirring in three-dimensional mantle convection models and implications for geochemistry: 2. Heavy tracers. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 8:Q07004
74. Ito G, Mahoney JJ. 2004. Flow and melting of a heterogeneous mantle: 1. Method and importance to the geochemistry of ocean island and mid-ocean ridge basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 230:29-46
75. Ito G, Mahoney JJ. 2005. Flow and melting of a heterogeneous mantle: 2. Implications for a chemically nonlayered mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 230:47-63
76. Jackson MG, Hart SR, Koppers AAP, Staudigel H, Konter J, et al. 2007. The return of subducted continental crust in Samoan lavas. Nature 448:684-687
77. 4He. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9:Q04027
78. Jordan TH, Puster P, Glatzmeyer GA, Tackley PJ. 1993. Comparisons between seismic earth structures and mantle flow models based on radial correlation functions. Science 261:1427-1431
79. 3 perovskite and liquid determined by direct measurements. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 90:65-68
80. Kay RW, Kay SM. 1993. Delamination and delamination magmatism. Tectonophysics 219:177-189
81. Klein EM, Langmuir CH. 1987. Ocean ridge basalt chemistry, axial depth, crustal thickness and temperature variations in the mantle. J. Geophys. Res. 92:8089-8115
82. Kogiso T, Hirschmann MM, Reiners PW. 2004. Length scales of mantle heterogeneities and their relationship to ocean island basalt geochemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68:345-360
83. Konter JG, Staudigel H, Blichert-Toft J, Hanan BB, Polvé M, et al. 2009. Geochemical stages at Jasper Seamount and the origin of intraplate volcanoes. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 10:Q02001
84. Krishnamurthy P. 2000. Evolution of Deccan basalts. In Deccan Heritage: 63rd Annual Meeting of the Indian National Science Academy, ed. HK Gupta, A Parasher-Sen, D Balasubramanian, pp. 77-95. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press
85. Kurz MD, Garcia MO, Frey FA, O'Brien PA. 1987. Temporal helium isotopic variations within Hawaiian volcanoes: basalts from Mauna Loa and Haleakala. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51:2905-2914
86. Lundstrom CC, Hoernle K, Gill J. 2003. U-series disequilibria in volcanic rocks from the Canary Islands: plume versus lithospheric melting. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67:4153-4177
87. MacDonald GA. 1968. Composition and origin of Hawaiian lavas. In Studies in Volcanology, ed. RR Coats, RL Hay, CA Anderson, pp. 82-133. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am.
88. Mahoney JJ, Macdougall JD, Lugmair GW, Gopalan K. 1983. Kerguelen hotspot source for Rajmahal Traps and Ninetyeast Ridge? Nature 302:385-389
89. McDonough WF, Sun S-S. 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol. 120:223-253
90. McKenzie DP, O'Nions RK. 1983. Mantle reservoirs and ocean island basalts. Nature 301:229-231
91. McNutt MK, Fischer K, Kruse S, Natland JH. 1989. The origin of the Marquesas fracture zone ridge and its implications for the nature of hot spots. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 91:381-393
92. Melluso L, Morra V. 2000. Petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic mafic alkaline rocks of the Nosy Be archipelago (northern Madagascar): relationships with the Comorean magmatism. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 96:129-142
93. Michael PJ, Bonatti E. 1985. Peridotite composition from the North Atlantic: regional and tectonic variations and implications for partial melting. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 73:91-104
94. Molnar P, Stock J. 1987. Relative motions of hotspots in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans since late Cretaceous time. Nature 327:587-591
95. Montelli R, Nolet G, Dahlen FA, Masters G, Engdahl R, Hung S-H. 2004. Finite-frequency tomography reveals a variety of plumes in the mantle. Science 303:338-343
96. Morgan WJ. 1971. Convection plumes in the lower mantle. Nature 230:42-43
97. Morgan WJ. 1972. Plate motions and deep mantle convection. In Studies in Earth and Space Sciences, ed. R Shagam, RB Hargraves, WJ Morgan, FB Van Houten, CA Burk, et al., pp. 7-22. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am.
98. Muehlenbachs K, Clayton R. 1972. Oxygen isotope geochemistry of submarine greenstones. Can. J. Earth Sci. 9:471-478
99. Newsom HE, White WM,Jochum KP,Hofmann AW.1986.Siderophile and chalcophileelement abundances in oceanic basalts, Pb isotope evolution and growth of the Earth's core. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 80:299-313
100. Niu Y, O'Hara MJ. 2003. Origin of ocean island basalts: a new perspective from petrology, geochemistry, and mineral physics considerations. J. Geophys. Res. 108(B4):2209
101. O'Connor JM, le Roex AP. 1992. South Atlantic hot spot-plume systems: 1. Distribution of volcanism in time and space. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 113:343-364
102. O'Connor JM, Stoffers P, Van Den Bogaard P, McWilliams M. 1999. First seamount age evidence for significantly slower African plate motion since 19 to 30 Ma. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 171:575-589
103. O'Nions RK, Evensen NM, Hamilton PJ. 1979. Geochemical modeling of mantle differentiation and crustal growth. J. Geophys. Res. 84:6091-6101
104. Olsen P. 1990. Hot spots, swells and mantle plumes. In Magma Transport and Storage, ed. MP Ryan, pp. 33-51. New York: Wiley
105. 4He in ocean island basalts. Nature 437:1140-1143
106. Paul D, White WM, Blichert-Toft J. 2005. Geochemistry of Mauritius and the origin of rejuvenescent vol-canism on oceanic island volcanoes. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6:Q06007
107. Pearson DG, Irvine GJ, Ionov DA, Boyd FR, Dreibus GE. 2004. Re-Os isotope systematics and platinum group element fractionation during mantle melt extraction: a study of massif and xenolith peridotite suites. Chem. Geol. 208:29-59
108. Pearson DG, Shirey SB, Carlson RW, Boyd FR, Pokhilenko NP, Shimizu N. 1995. Re-Os, Sm-Nd, and Rb-Sr isotope evidence for thick Archaean lithospheric mantle beneath the Siberian craton modified by multistage metasomatism. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59:959-977
109. Pertermann M, Hirschmann MM. 2003. Partial melting experiments on a MORB-like pyroxenite between 2 and 3 GPa: constraints on the presence of pyroxenite in basalt source regions from solidus location and melting rate. J. Geophys. Res. 108(B2):2125
110. Pertermann M, Hirschmann MM, Hametner K, Günther D, Schmidt MW. 2004. Experimental determination of trace element partitioning between garnet and silica-rich liquid during anhydrous partial melting of MORB-like eclogite. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 5:Q05A01
111. Phipps Morgan J. 2001. Thermodynamics of pressure release melting of a veined plum pudding mantle. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2(4):1001
112. Phipps Morgan J, Morgan WJ. 1999. Two-stage melting and the geochemical evolution of the mantle: a recipe for mantle plum-pudding. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 170:215-239
113. Pilet S, HernandezJ, Sylvester P, Poujol M. 2005. The metasomatic alternative for ocean island basalt chemical heterogeneity. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 236:148-166
114. Plank T, Langmuir CH. 1998. The geochemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle. Chem. Geol. 145:325-394
115. Porter KA, White WM. 2009. Deep mantle subduction flux. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 10:Q12016
116. Putirka KD. 2005. Mantle potential temperatures at Hawaii, Iceland, and the mid-ocean ridge system, as inferred from olivine phenocrysts: evidence for thermally driven mantle plumes.Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6:Q05L08
117. Putirka KD, Perfit M, Ryerson FJ, Jackson MG. 2007. Ambient and excess mantle temperatures, olivine thermometry, and active vs. passive upwelling. Chem. Geol. 241:177-206
118. Reiners PW. 2002. Temporal-compositional trends in intraplate basalt eruptions: implications for mantle heterogeneity and melting processes. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 3(02):1011
119. Richards MA, Duncan RA, Courtillot VE. 1989. Flood basalts and hot-spot tracks: plume heads and tails. Science 246:103-107
120. Richards MA, Griffiths RW. 1989. Thermal entrainment by deflected mantle plumes. Nature 342:900-902
121. Roeder PL, Emslie RF. 1970. Olivine-liquid equilibrium. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 29:275-289
122. Rudnick RL, Gao S. 2003. Composition of the continental crust. In Treatise on Geochemistry, Vol.3: The Crust, ed. RL Rudnick, pp. 1-64. Oxford: Pergamon
123. Scherstén A, Elliott T, Hawkesworth CJ, Norman MD. 2004. Tungsten isotope evidence that mantle plumes contain no contribution from the Earth's core. Nature 427:234-237
124. Schilling J-G. 1973. Iceland mantle plume: geochemical study of the Reykjanes Ridge. Nature 242:565-571
125. Schilling J-G. 1991. Fluxes and excess temperatures of mantle plumes inferred from their interaction with migrating mid-ocean ridges. Nature 352:397-403
126. Shirey SB, Walker RJ. 1998. The Re-Os isotope system in cosmochemistry and high-temperature geochemistry. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 26:423-500
127. Sleep NH. 1990. Hotspots and mantle plumes: some phenomenology. J. Geophys. Res. 95:6715-6736
128. Sobolev AV, Hofmann AW, Kuzmin DV, Yaxley GM, Arndt NT, et al. 2007. The amount of recycled crust in sources of mantle-derived melts. Science 316:412-417
129. Sobolev AV, Hofmann AW, Sobolev SV, Nikogosian IK. 2005. An olivine-free mantle source of Hawaiian shield basalts. Nature 434:590-597
130. Spiegelman M, Elliot T. 1993. Consequences of melt transport for uranium series disequilibrium in young lavas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 118:1-20
131. Steinberger B, Sutherland R, O'Connell RJ. 2004. Prediction of Emperor-Hawaii seamount locations from a revised model of global plate motion and mantle flow. Nature 430:167-173
132. Sterns HT. 1946. Geology of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Hawaii Div. Hydrol. 106 pp.
133. Stoffers P, Hekinian R, Ackermand D, Binard N, Botz R, et al. 1990. Active Pitcairn hotspot found. Mar. Geol. 95:51-55
134. Storey M, Mahoney JJ, Saunders AD, Duncan RA, Kelley SP, Coffin MF. 1995. Timing of hot spot-related volcanism and the breakup of Madagascar and India. Science 267:852-855
135. Stracke A, Salters VJM, Sims KWW. 1999. Assessing the presenceofgarnet-pyroxenitein the mantle sources of basalts through combined hafnium-neodymium-thorium isotope systematics. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 1(12):1006
136. Tanaka R, Nakamura E. 2005. Boron isotopic constraints on the source of Hawaiian shield lavas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69:3385-3399
137. Taylor HP, Sheppard SMF. 1986. Igneous rocks: I. Processes of isotopic fractionation and isotope systematics. In Stable Isotopes in High Temperature Geological Processes, ed. JW Valley, HP Taylor, JR O'Neil, pp. 227-271 Washington, DC: Mineral. Soc. Am.
138. von Huene R, Scholl DW. 1991. Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, sub-duction erosion, and the growth of continental crust. Rev. Geophys. 29:279-316
139. 186Os isotope system to geochemistry and cosmochemistry. Geochim. Comsochim. Acta 61:4799-4808
140. Walker RJ, Morgan JW, Horan MF. 1995. Osmium-187 enrichment in some plumes: evidence for core-mantle interaction? Science 269:819-822
141. Watson S, McKenzie D. 1991. Melt generation by plumes: a study of Hawaiian volcanism. J. Petrol. 32:501-537
142. Weaver BL. 1991. The origin of oceanic island basalt end-member compositions: trace element and isotopic constraints. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 104:381-397
143. White WM. 1985. The sources of ocean basalts: radiogenic isotopic evidence. Geology 13:115-118
144. White WM, Duncan RA. 1996. Geochemistry and geochronology of the Society Islands: new evidence for deep mantle recycling. In Earth Processes: Reading the Isotope Code, ed. SR Hart, A Basu, pp. 183-206. Washington, DC: Am. Geophys. Union
145. White WM, Hofmann AW. 1982. Sr and Nd isotope geochemistry of oceanic basalts and mantle evolution. Nature 296:821-825
146. White WM, McBirney AR, Duncan RA. 1993. Petrology and geochemistry of the Galapagos: portrait of a pathological mantle plume. J. Geophys. Res. 93:19533-19563
147. Whitehead JA, Luther DS. 1975. Dynamics of laboratory diapir and plume models. J. Geophys. Res. 80:705-717
148. Willbold M, Stracke A. 2006. Trace element composition of mantle end-members: implications for recycling of oceanic and upper and lower continental crust. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 7:Q04004
149. Wilson JT. 1963. A possible origin of the Hawaiian Islands. Can. J. Phys. 41:863-870
150. Workman RK, Hart SR, Jackson M, Regelous M, Farley KA, et al. 2004. Recycled metasomatized lithosphere as the origin of the Enriched Mantle II (EM2) end-member: evidence from the Samoan Volcanic Chain. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 5:Q04008
151. Wyllie PJ. 1988. Solidus curves, mantle plumes, and magma generation beneath Hawaii. J. Geophys. Res. 93:4171-4181
152. Yin Q, Jacobsen SB, Yamashita K, Blichert-Toft J, Télouk P, Albarède F. 2002. A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites. Nature 418:949-952
153. Zindler A, Hart SR. 1986. Chemical geodynamics. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 14:493-571
154. Zindler A, Hart SR, Frey FA, Jakobsson SP. 1979. Nd and Sr isotope ratios and rare earth element abundances in Reykjanes Peninsula basalts: evidence for mantle heterogeneity beneath Iceland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 45:249-262