Extending water vapor trend observations over Boulder into the tropopause region: Trend uncertainties and resulting radiative forcing

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 118, Issue 19, 2013, Pages 11,269-11,284

  Kunz, A ^a,b   Muller R ^a   Homonnai, V ^c   Janosi I M ^c   Hurst, D ^d,e   Rap, A ^f   Forster, P M ^f   Rohrer, F ^a   Spelten, N ^a   Riese, M ^a  

^a FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^b Land Climate Dynamics Group   (Switzerland)

^c EÖTVÖS LORÁND UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^e NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

radiative forcing; tropopause region; water vapor trend

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; CLOUDS; TROPICAL ENGINEERING; TROPICS; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

BREWER-DOBSON CIRCULATION; CHANGING DYNAMICS; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; RADIATIVE EFFECTS; RADIATIVE FORCINGS; RELATIVE COORDINATES; TROPOPAUSE REGION; UPPER TROPOSPHERE;

WATER VAPOR;

AIR MASS; ALTITUDE; EXTRATROPICAL ENVIRONMENT; LATITUDE; MEASUREMENT METHOD; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; RADIATIVE FORCING; STRATOSPHERE; TROPOPAUSE; UPPER ATMOSPHERE; WATER VAPOR;

EID: 84887198176     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21698996     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50831     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Añel, J. A., J. C. Antuña, L. de la Torre, J. M. Castanheira, and, L. Gimeno, (2008), Climatological features of global multiple tropopause events, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00B08, doi: 10.1029/2007JD009697.
2. Birner, T., A. Dörnbrack, and, U. Schumann, (2002), How sharp is the tropopause at midlatitudes?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29 (14), 1700, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015142.
3. Birner, T., (2006), Fine-scale structure of the extratropical tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D04104, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006301.
4. 2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5905-5919.
5. Bönisch, H., A. Engel, Th. Birner, P. Hoor, D. W. Tarasick, and, E. A. Ray, (2011), On the structural changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation after 2000, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3937-3948, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-3937-2011.
6. Butchart, N., et al. (2006), Simulations of anthropogenic change in the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation, Clim. Dyn., 27, 727-741, doi: 10.1007/s00382-006-0162-4.
7. Castanheira, J. M., J. A. Añel, C. A. F. Marques, J. A. Antuña, M. L. R. Liberato, L. de la Torre, and, L. Gimeno, (2009), Increase of upper troposphere/lower stratosphere wave baroclinicity during the second half of the 20th century, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9143-9153.
8. Dee, D. P., et al. (2011), The ERA-Interim re-analysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi: 10.1002/qj.828.
9. Edwards, J. M., and, A. Slingo, (1996), Studies with a flexible new radiation code: I. Choosing a configuration for a large scale model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 689-720, doi: 10.1002/qj.49712253107.
10. Forster, P. M. de F., and, K. P. Shine, (1997), Radiative forcing and temperature trends from stratospheric ozone changes, J. Geophys. Res., 102 (D9), 10,841-10,855.
11. Forster, P. M. de F., and, K. P. Shine, (1999), Stratospheric water vapour changes as a possible contributor to observed stratospheric cooling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26 (21), 3309-3312, doi: 10.1029/1999GL010487.
12. Forster, P. M. de F., and, K. P. Shine, (2002), Assessing the climate impact of trends in stratospheric water vapor, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29 (6), 1086, doi: 10.1029/2001GL013909.
13. Fueglistaler, S., A. E. Dessler, T. J. Dunkerton, I. Folkins, Q. Fu, and, P. W. Mote, (2009), Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004, doi: 10.1029/2008RG000267.
14. Gettelman, A., et al. (2010), Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Tropics and global trends, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00M08, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013638.
15. Grise, K. M., D. W. J. Thompson, and, T. Birner, (2010), A global survey of static stability in the stratosphere and upper troposphere, J. Clim., 23, 2275-2292, doi: 10.1175/2009JCL13369.1.
16. x, HCl and HF derived from HALOE measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2797-2807.
17. Haynes, P., and, E. Shuckburgh, (2000), Effective diffusivity as a diagnostic of atmospheric transport 2. Troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D18), 22,795-22,810.
18. Hoinka, K. P., (1997), The tropopause: Discovery, definition and demarcation, Meteorol. Z., 6, 281-303.
19. Holton, J. R., P. H. Haynes, M. E. McIntyre, A. R. Douglass, R. B. Rood, and, L. Pfister, (1995), Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403-440.
20. Homeyer, C. R., K. P. Bowman, L. L. Pan, E. L. Atlas, R. -S. Gao, and, T. L. Campos, (2011), Dynamical and chemical characteristics of tropospheric intrusions observed during START08, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D06111, doi: 10.1029/2010JD015098.
21. Hurst, D. F., S. J. Oltmans, H. Vömel, K. H. Rosenlof, S. M. Davis, E. A. Ray, E. G. Hall, and, A. F. Jordan, (2011), Stratospheric water vapor trends over Boulder, Colorado: Analysis of the 30 year Boulder record, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D02306, doi: 10.1029/2010JD015065.
22. 2O by the NIMBUS 7 SAMS: A comparison with in situ data and two-dimensional numerical model calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 3D1644, doi: 10.1029/JD089iD04p05263.
23. Kley, D., E. J. Stone, W. R. Henderson, J. W. Drummond, W. J. Harrop, A. L. Schmeltekopf, T. L. Thompson, and, R. H. Winkler, (1979), Insitu measurements of the mixing ratio of water vapor in the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2513-2524.
24. Kley, D., A. L. Schmeltekopf, K. Kelly, R. H. Winkler, T. L. Thompson, and, M. McFarland, (1982), Transport of water through the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9 (6), 617-620.
25. Kunz, A., P. Konopka, R. Müller, L. L. Pan, C. Schiller, and, F. Rohrer, (2009), High static stability in the mixing layer above the extratropical tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D16305, doi: 10.1029/2009JD011840.
26. Kunz, A., P. Konopka, R. Müller, and, L. L. Pan, (2011a), Dynamical tropopause based on isentropic potential vorticity gradients, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D01110, doi: 10.1029/2010JD014343.
27. Kunz, A., L. L. Pan, P. Konopka, D. E. Kinnison, and, S. Tilmes, (2011b), Chemical and dynamical discontinuity at the extratropical tropopause based on START08 and WACCM analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D34302, doi: 10.1029/2011JD016686.
28. Oltmans, S. J., and, D. J. Hofmann, (1995), Increase in lower-stratospheric water vapour at a mid-latitude northern hemispheric site from 1981 to 1994, Nature, 374, 146-149.
29. Oltmans, S. J., H. Vömel, D. J. Hofmann, K. H. Rosenlof, and, D. Kley, (2000), The increase in stratospheric water vapor from balloonborne, frostpoint hygrometer measurements at Washington, D.C., and Boulder, Colorado, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27 (21), 3453-3456, doi: 10.1029/2000GL012133.
30. Pan, L. L., W. J. Randel, J. C. Gille, W. D. Hall, B. Nardi, S. Massie, V. Yudin, R. Khosravi, P. Konopka, and, D. Tarasick, (2009), Tropospheric intrusions associated with the secondary tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D10302, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011374.
31. Pan, L. L., and, L. A. Munchak, (2011), Relationship of cloud top to the tropopause and jet structure from CALIPSO data, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12201, doi: 10.1029/2010JD015462.
32. Peevey, T. R., J. C. Gille, C. E. Randall, and, A. Kunz, (2012), Investigation of double tropopause spatial and temporal global variability utilizing HIRDLS temperature observations, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D01105, doi: 10.1029/2011JD016443.
33. Ploeger, F., G. Günther, P. Konopka, S. Fueglistaler, R. Müller, C. Hoppe, A. Kunz, R. Spang, J. -U. Grooß, and, M. Riese, (2013), Horizontal water vapor transport in the lower stratosphere from subtropics to high latitudes during boreal summer, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 118, 8111-8127, doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50636.
34. Randel, W. J., F. Wu, S. Oltmans, K. Rosenlof, and, G. E. Nedoluha, (2004), Interannual changes of stratospheric water vapor and correlations with tropical tropopause temperatures, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2133-2148.
35. Randel, W. J., F. Wu, H. Vömel, G. E. Nedoluha, and, P. Forster, (2006), Decreases in stratospheric water vapor after 2001: Links to changes in the tropical tropopause and the Brewer-Dobson circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12312, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006744.
36. Randel, W. J., D. J. Seidel, and, L. L. Pan, (2007), Observational characteristics of double tropopauses, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D07309, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007904.
37. Ravishankara, A. R., (2012), Water vapor in the lower stratosphere, Science, 337, 809-810.
38. Riese, M., F. Ploeger, A. Rap, B. Vogel, P. Konopka, M. Dameris, and, P. Forster, (2012), Impact of uncertainties in atmospheric mixing on simulated UTLS composition and related radiative effects, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D16305, doi: 10.1029/2012JD017751.
39. Röckmann, T., J. -U. Grooß, and, R. Müler, (2004), The impact of anthropogenic chlorine emissions, stratospheric ozone change and chemical feedbacks on stratospheric water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 693-699.
40. Rohs, S., C. Schiller, M. Riese, A. Engel, U. Schmidt, T. Wetter, I. Levin, T. Nakazawa, and, S. Aoki, (2006), Long-term changes of methane and hydrogen in the stratosphere in the period 1978-2003 and their impact on the abundance of stratospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14315, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006877.
41. Rosenlof, K. H., (1995), Seasonal cycle of the residual mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100 (D3), 5173-5191, doi: 10.1029/94JD03122.
42. Rosenlof, K. H., A. F. Tuck, K. K. Kelly, J. M. Russell III, and, M. P. McCormick, (1997), Hemispheric asymmetries in water vapor and inferences about transport in the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102 (D11), 13,213-13,234, doi: 10.1029/97JD00873.
43. Rosenlof, K. H., et al. (2001), Stratospheric water vapor increases over the past half-century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28 (7), 1195-1198, doi: 10.1029/2000GL012502.
44. Rosenlof, K. H., and, G. C. Reid, (2008), Trends in the temperature and water vapor content of the tropical lower stratosphere: Sea surface connection, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D06107, doi: 10.1029/2007JD009109.
45. Sausen, R., and, B. D. Santer, (2003), Use of changes in tropopause height to detect human influences on climate, Meteorol. Z., 12, 131-136.
46. Scherer, M., H. Vömel, S. Fueglistaler, S. J. Oltmans, and, J. Staehelin, (2008), Trends and variability of midlatitude stratospheric water vapour deduced from the re-evaluated Boulder balloon series and HALOE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1391-1402.
47. Schiller, C., J. -U. Grooß, P. Konopka, F. Plöger, F. H. Silva dos Santos, and, N. Spelten, (2009), Hydration and dehydration at the tropical tropopause, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9647-9660.
48. Schwartz, M. J., W. G. Read, M. L. Santee, N. J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, and, G. L. Manney, (2013), Convectively injected water vapor in the north American summer lowermost stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2316-2321, doi: 10.1002/grl.50421.
49. Seidel, D. J., and, W. J. Randel, (2006), Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D31101, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007363.
50. Seidel, D. J., and, W. J. Randel, (2007), Recent widening of the tropical belt: Evidence from tropopause observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20113, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008861.
51. Solomon, S., K. H. Rosenlof, R. W. Portmann, J. S. Daniel, S. M. Davis, F. J. Sanford, and, G. -K. Plattner, (2010), Contributions of stratospheric water vapor to decadal changes in the rate of global warming, Science, 327, 1219-1223.
52. Vömel, H., S. J. Oltmans, D. J. Hofmann, T. Deshler, and, J. M. Rosen, (1995), The evolution of the dehydration in the antarctic stratospheric vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 100 (D7), 13,919-13,926, doi: 10.1029/95JD01000.
53. Wang, J. S., D. J. Seidel, and, M. Free, (2012), How well do we know recent climate trends at the tropical tropopause?, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D09118, doi: 10.1029/2012JD017444.
54. World Meteorological Organization, (1957), Meteorology-A three-dimensional science, WMO Bull, 6, 134-138.