메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 16, 2009, Pages 5905-5919

Quantifying transport into the lowermost stratosphere using simultaneous in-situ measurements of SF6 and CO2

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; CARBON DIOXIDE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; IN SITU MEASUREMENT; MASS BALANCE; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; STRATOSPHERE; TRACE GAS; TROPOPAUSE; WATER VAPOR;

EID: 77954525233     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-5905-2009     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (80)

References (73)
  • 4
    • 0030428332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation of mass transport across the tropopause
    • doi:10.1029/96JD00821
    • Appenzeller, C., Holton, J. R., and Rosenlof, K. H.: Seasonal variation of mass transport across the tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D10), 15071-15078, doi:10.1029/96JD00821, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , Issue.D10 , pp. 15071-15078
    • Appenzeller, C.1    Holton, J.R.2    Rosenlof, K.H.3
  • 5
    • 36348945153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Lagrangian perspective of the tropopause and the ventilation of the lowermost stratosphere
    • DOI 10.1029/2006JD008295
    • Berthet, G., Esler, J. G., and Haynes, P. H.: A Lagrangian perspective of the tropopause and the ventilation of the lowermost stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D18102, doi:10.1029/2006JD008295, 2007. (Pubitemid 350142568)
    • (2007) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.112 , Issue.18
    • Berthet, G.1    Esler, J.G.2    Haynes, P.H.3
  • 6
    • 33645517857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fine-scale structure of the extratropical tropopause region
    • doi:10.1029/2005JD006301
    • Birner, T.: Fine-scale structure of the extratropical tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D04104, doi:10.1029/2005JD006301, 2006.
    • (2006) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.111
    • Birner, T.1
  • 8
    • 0029659374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric mean ages and transport rates from observations of carbon-dioxide and nitrous-oxide
    • Boering, K. A., Wofsy, S. C., Daube, B. C., Schneider, H. R., Loewenstein, M., and Podolske, J. R.: Stratospheric mean ages and transport rates from observations of carbon-dioxide and nitrous-oxide, Science, 274, 1340-1343, 1996.
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 1340-1343
    • Boering, K.A.1    Wofsy, S.C.2    Daube, B.C.3    Schneider, H.R.4    Loewenstein, M.5    Podolske, J.R.6
  • 10
    • 70350072699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the composition, structure, and seasonal variation of the mixing layer above the extratropical tropopause as revealed by MOZAIC measurements
    • doi:10.1029/2007JD009184
    • Brioude, J., Cammas, J.-P., Cooper, O. R., and Nedelec, P.: Characterization of the composition, structure, and seasonal variation of the mixing layer above the extratropical tropopause as revealed by MOZAIC measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00B01, doi:10.1029/2007JD009184, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Brioude, J.1    Cammas, J.-P.2    Cooper, O.R.3    Nedelec, P.4
  • 11
    • 0029502889 scopus 로고
    • Isentropic cross-tropopause mass exchange in the extratropics
    • Chen, P.: Isentropic cross-tropopause mass exchange in the extratropics, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16661-16674, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 16661-16674
    • Chen, P.1
  • 14
    • 0029480164 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms controlling water vapor in the lower stratosphere "A tale of two stratospheres"
    • Dessler, A. E., Hintsa, E. J., Weinstock, E. M., Anderson, J. G., and Chan, K. R.: Mechanisms controlling water vapor in the lower stratosphere: "A tale of two stratospheres", J. Geophys. Res., 100, 23167-23172, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 23167-23172
    • Dessler, A.E.1    Hintsa, E.J.2    Weinstock, E.M.3    Anderson, J.G.4    Chan, K.R.5
  • 20
    • 0001108047 scopus 로고
    • Ein neuer hydrodynamischer
    • Ertel, H.: Ein neuer hydrodynamischer Wirbelsatz. Meteor. Z., 59, 277-281, 1942.
    • (1942) Wirbelsatz. Meteor. Z. , vol.59 , pp. 277-281
    • Ertel, H.1
  • 22
    • 0037666602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative forcing and temperature trends from stratospheric ozone changes
    • Forster, P. M. D. and Shine, K. P.: Radiative forcing and temperature trends from stratospheric ozone changes, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D9), 10841-10855, 1997. (Pubitemid 127557703)
    • (1997) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.102 , Issue.9 , pp. 10841-10855
    • Forster, P.M.D.F.1    Shine, K.P.2
  • 23
    • 2642547344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical tropospheretostratosphere transport inferred from trajectory calculations
    • doi:10.1029/2003JD004069
    • Fueglistaler, S., Wernli, H., and Peter, T.: Tropical tropospheretostratosphere transport inferred from trajectory calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03108, doi:10.1029/2003JD004069, 2004.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Fueglistaler, S.1    Wernli, H.2    Peter, T.3
  • 24
    • 21244465068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric water vapor predicted from the Lagrangian temperature history of air entering the stratosphere in the tropics
    • DOI 10.1029/2004JD005516, D08107
    • Fueglistaler, S., Bonazzola, M., Haynes, P. H., and Peter, T.: Stratospheric water vapor predicted from the Lagrangian temperature history of air entering the stratosphere in the tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08107, doi:10.1029/2004JD005516, 2005. (Pubitemid 40899638)
    • (2005) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.110 , Issue.8 , pp. 1-10
    • Fueglistaler, S.1    Bonazzola, M.2    Haynes, P.H.3    Peter, T.4
  • 26
    • 55849090665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airborne in-situ measurements of vertical, seasonal and latitudinal distributions of carbon dioxide over Europe
    • Gurk, Ch., Fischer, H., Hoor, P., Lawrence, M. G., Lelieveld, J., and Wernli, H.: Airborne in-situ measurements of vertical, seasonal and latitudinal distributions of carbon dioxide over Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6395-6403, 2008, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/6395/2008/.
    • (2008) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.8 , pp. 6395-6403
    • Gurk, Ch.1    Fischer, H.2    Hoor, P.3    Lawrence, M.G.4    Lelieveld, J.5    Wernli, H.6
  • 27
    • 0028190382 scopus 로고
    • Age as a diagnostic of stratospheric transport
    • DOI 10.1029/93JD03192
    • Hall, T. M. and Plumb, R. A.: Age as a diagnostic of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1059-1070, 1994. (Pubitemid 24402568)
    • (1994) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.99 , Issue.D1 , pp. 1059-1070
    • Hall, T.M.1    Plumb, R.A.2
  • 29
    • 0025662458 scopus 로고
    • On the conservation and impermeability theorems for potential vorticity
    • Haynes, P. H. and McIntyre, M. E.: On the conservation and impermeability theorems for potential vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2021-2031, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 2021-2031
    • Haynes, P.H.1    McIntyre, M.E.2
  • 30
    • 0026295396 scopus 로고
    • On the "downward control" of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces
    • Haynes, P. H., Marks, C. J., McIntyre, M. E., Shepherd, T. G., and Shine, K. P.: On the "downward control" of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 651-678, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.48 , pp. 651-678
    • Haynes, P.H.1    Marks, C.J.2    McIntyre, M.E.3    Shepherd, T.G.4    Shine, K.P.5
  • 31
    • 4244119043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective diffusivity as a diagnostic of atmospheric transport 2. Troposphere and lower stratosphere
    • Haynes, P. H. and Shuckburgh, E. F.: Effective diffusivity as a diagnostic of atmospheric transport: 2. Troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22795-22810, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 22795-22810
    • Haynes, P.H.1    Shuckburgh, E.F.2
  • 34
    • 36849095651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2O correlations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment: Revisiting a diagnostic of transport and chemistry in the stratosphere
    • DOI 10.1029/2006JD008281
    • 2O correlations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment: Revisiting a diagnostic of transport and chemistry in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D19301, doi:10.1029/2006JD008281, 2007. (Pubitemid 350226637)
    • (2007) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.112 , Issue.19
    • Hegglin, M.I.1    Shepherd, T.G.2
  • 39
    • 4744357257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonality and extent of extratropical TST derived from in-situ CO measurements during SPURT
    • Hoor, P., Gurk, C., Brunner, D., Hegglin, M. I., Wernli, H., and Fischer, H.: Seasonality and extent of extratropical TST derived from in-situ CO measurements during SPURT, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1427-1442, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/1427/2004/. (Pubitemid 39316231)
    • (2004) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , vol.4 , Issue.5 , pp. 1427-1442
    • Hoor, P.1    Gurk, C.2    Brunner, D.3    Hegglin, M.I.4    Wernli, H.5    Fischer, H.6
  • 40
    • 21844440871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical and extratropical tropospheric air in the lowermost stratosphere over Europe: A CO-based budget
    • DOI 10.1029/2004GL022018, L07802
    • Hoor, P., Fischer, H., and Lelieveld, J.: Tropical and extratropical tropospheric air in the lowermost stratosphere over Europe: A CO-based budget, Geophys. Res., Lett., 32, L07802, doi:10.1029/2004GL022018, 2005. (Pubitemid 40959015)
    • (2005) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.32 , Issue.7 , pp. 1-4
    • Hoor, P.1    Fischer, H.2    Lelieveld, J.3
  • 41
    • 17144439246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 15-year climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange with A lagrangian particle dispersion model 1. Methodology and validation
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002637
    • James, P., Stohl, A., Forster, C., Eckhardt, S., Seibert, P., and Frank, A.: A 15-year climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model: 1. Methodology and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8519, doi:10.1029/2002JD002637, 2003a.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.D12 , pp. 8519
    • James, P.1    Stohl, A.2    Forster, C.3    Eckhardt, S.4    Seibert, P.5    Frank, A.6
  • 42
    • 0942299895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 15-year climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange with a lagrangian particle dispersion model 2. Mean climate and seasonal variability
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002639
    • James, P., Stohl, A., Forster, C., Eckhardt, S., Seibert, P., and Frank, A.: A 15-year climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model: 2. Mean climate and seasonal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8522, doi:10.1029/2002JD002639, 2003b.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 8522
    • James, P.1    Stohl, A.2    Forster, C.3    Eckhardt, S.4    Seibert, P.5    Frank, A.6
  • 43
    • 0000039062 scopus 로고
    • General circulation of air parcels and transport characteristics derived from a hemispheric GCM, Part 2, Very long-term motions of air parcels in the troposphere and stratosphere
    • Kida, H.: General circulation of air parcels and transport characteristics derived from a hemispheric GCM, Part 2, Very long-term motions of air parcels in the troposphere and stratosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 61, 510-522, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. , vol.61 , pp. 510-522
    • Kida, H.1
  • 47
    • 0025691053 scopus 로고
    • Radiative forcing of climate by changes in the vertical distribution of ozone
    • Lacis, A. A., Wuebbles, D. J., and Logan, J. A.: Radiative forcing of climate by changes in the vertical distribution of ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9971-9981, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95 , pp. 9971-9981
    • Lacis, A.A.1    Wuebbles, D.J.2    Logan, J.A.3
  • 48
    • 0001385083 scopus 로고
    • An alternative form for potential vorticity
    • Lait, L. R.: An alternative form for potential vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1754-1759, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 1754-1759
    • Lait, L.R.1
  • 49
    • 57949111521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of very short-lived organic substances to stratospheric chlorine and bromine in the tropics a case study
    • Laube, J. C., Engel, A., Bönisch, H., Möbius, T., Worton, D. R., Sturges, W. T., Grunow, K., and Schmidt, U.: Contribution of very short-lived organic substances to stratospheric chlorine and bromine in the tropics a case study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7325-7334, 2008, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/7325/2008/.
    • (2008) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.8 , pp. 7325-7334
    • Laube, J.C.1    Engel, A.2    Bönisch, H.3    Möbius, T.4    Worton, D.R.5    Sturges, W.T.6    Grunow, K.7    Schmidt, U.8
  • 50
    • 65549127021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Halogenated very short-lived substances, Scientific assessment of ozone depletion 2006
    • World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Report No. 50, Chapter
    • Law, K. S., Sturges, W. T., Blake, D. R., et al.: Halogenated very short-lived substances, Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2006, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Report No. 50, Chapter 2, 2007.
    • Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project , vol.2 , pp. 2007
    • Law, K.S.1    Sturges, W.T.2    Blake, D.R.3
  • 51
    • 34249982420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathways and timescales for troposphere-to-stratosphere transport via the tropical tropopause layer and their relevance for very short lived substances
    • DOI 10.1029/2005JD006940
    • Levine, J. G., Braesicke, P., Harris, N. R. P., Savage, N. H., and Pyle, J. A.: Pathways and timescales for troposphere-tostratosphere transport via the tropical tropopause layer and their relevance for very short lived substances, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04308 doi:10.1029/2005JD006940, 2007. (Pubitemid 47489849)
    • (2007) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.112 , Issue.4
    • Levine, J.G.1    Braesicke, P.2    Harris, N.R.P.3    Savage, N.H.4    Pyle, J.A.5
  • 52
    • 0028193226 scopus 로고
    • 6 observed in the atmosphere
    • DOI 10.1029/94GL00179
    • 6 observed in the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(7), 569-572, 1994. (Pubitemid 24405065)
    • (1994) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.21 , Issue.7 , pp. 569-572
    • Maiss, M.1    Levin, I.2
  • 54
    • 58849142025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIRDLS observations and simulation of a lower stratospheric intrusion of tropical air to high latitudes
    • doi:10.1029/2008GL035514
    • Olsen, M. A., Douglass, A. R., Newman, P. A., Gille, J. C., Nardi, B., Yudin, V. A., Kinnison, D. E., and Khosravi, R.: HIRDLS observations and simulation of a lower stratospheric intrusion of tropical air to high latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21813, doi:10.1029/2008GL035514, 2008.
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • Olsen, M.A.1    Douglass, A.R.2    Newman, P.A.3    Gille, J.C.4    Nardi, B.5    Yudin, V.A.6    Kinnison, D.E.7    Khosravi, R.8
  • 55
    • 0034490613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The seasonal cycle of water vapor and saturation vapor mixing ratio in the extratropical lowermost stratosphere
    • Pan, L. L., Hintsa, E. J., Stone, E. M., Weinstock, E. M., and Randel, W. J.: The seasonal cycle of water vapour and saturation vapor mixing ratio in the extratropical lowermost stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D21), 26519-26530, doi:10.1029/2000JD900401, 2000. (Pubitemid 32109132)
    • (2000) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.105 , Issue.21 , pp. 26519-26530
    • Pan, L.L.1    Hintsa, E.J.2    Stone, E.M.3    Weinstock, E.M.4    Randel, W.J.5
  • 56
    • 14644415482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Definitions and sharpness of the extratropical tropopause: A trace gas perspective
    • DOI 10.1029/2004JD004982, D23103
    • Pan, L. L., Randel W. J., Gary, B. L., Mahoney, M. J., and Hintsa, E. J.: Definitions and sharpness of the extratropical tropopause: A trace gas perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23103, doi:10.1029/2004JD004982, 2004. (Pubitemid 40318552)
    • (2004) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.109 , Issue.23 , pp. 1-11
    • Pan, L.L.1    Randel, W.J.2    Gary, B.L.3    Mahoney, M.J.4    Hintsa, E.J.5
  • 57
    • 38349111184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Extratropical Tropopause Inversion Layer: Global Observations with GPS Data, and a Radiative Forcing Mechanism
    • Randel,W. J.,Wu, F., and Forster, P.: The Extratropical Tropopause Inversion Layer: Global Observations with GPS Data, and a Radiative Forcing Mechanism. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 4489-4496, 2007.
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 4489-4496
    • Randelw, J.1    Wu, F.2    Forster, P.3
  • 58
    • 0027911629 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric lifetimes of long-lived halogenated species
    • Ravishankara, A. R., Solomon, S., Turniseed, A. A., and Warren, R. F.: Atmospheric lifetimes of long-lived halogenated species, Science, 259, 194-199, 1993.
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 194-199
    • Ravishankara, A.R.1    Solomon, S.2    Turniseed, A.A.3    Warren, R.F.4
  • 59
    • 0033589514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transport into the Northern Hemisphere lowermost stratosphere revealed by in situ tracer measurements
    • doi:10.1029/1999JD900323
    • Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Elkins, J. W., Dutton, G. S., Fahey, D. W., Vömel, H., Oltmans, S. J., and Rosenlof, K. H.: Transport into the Northern Hemisphere lowermost stratosphere revealed by in situ tracer measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D21), 26565-26580, doi:10.1029/1999JD900323, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , Issue.D21 , pp. 26565-26580
    • Ray, E.A.1    Moore, F.L.2    Elkins, J.W.3    Dutton, G.S.4    Fahey, D.W.5    Vömel, H.6    Oltmans, S.J.7    Rosenlof, K.H.8
  • 60
    • 0346698852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descent and mixing in the 1999-2000 northern polar vortex inferred from in situ tracer measurements
    • doi:10.1029/2001JD000961
    • Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Elkins, J. W., Hurst, D. F., Romashkin, P. A., Dutton, G. S., and Fahey, D. W.: Descent and mixing in the 1999-2000 northern polar vortex inferred from in situ tracer measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8285, doi:10.1029/2001JD000961, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , pp. 8285
    • Ray, E.A.1    Moore, F.L.2    Elkins, J.W.3    Hurst, D.F.4    Romashkin, P.A.5    Dutton, G.S.6    Fahey, D.W.7
  • 62
    • 0031399596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemispheric asymmetries in water vapor and inferences about transport in the lower stratosphere
    • 97JD00873
    • Rosenlof, K. H., Tuck, A. F., Kelly, K. K. Russel, J. M., and Mc-Cormick, M. P.: Hemispheric asymmetries in water vapor and inferences about transport in the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D11), 13213-13234, doi:10.1029/97JD00873, 1997. (Pubitemid 127683131)
    • (1997) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.102 , Issue.D11 , pp. 13213-13234
    • Rosenlof, K.H.1
  • 63
    • 59749084528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 near the tropopause observed by commercial aircraft
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD010568
    • 2 near the tropopause observed by commercial aircraft, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23301, doi:10.1029/2008JD010568, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Sawa, Y.1    MacHida, T.2    Matsueda, H.3
  • 65
    • 0026296586 scopus 로고
    • In situ measurements of carbon dioxide in the winter arctic vortex and at midlatitudes: An indicator of the age of stratospheric air
    • Schmidt, U. and Khedim, A.: In situ measurements of carbon dioxide in the winter arctic vortex and at midlatitudes: An indicator of the age of stratospheric air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 763-766, 1991.
    • (1991) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.18 , pp. 763-766
    • Schmidt, U.1    Khedim, A.2
  • 67
    • 0942278151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A northern hemispheric climatology of cross-tropopause exchange for the ERA15 time period 1979-1993
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002636
    • Sprenger, M. and Wernli, H.: A northern hemispheric climatology of cross-tropopause exchange for the ERA15 time period (1979-1993), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8521, doi:10.1029/2002JD002636, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.D12 , pp. 8521
    • Sprenger, M.1    Wernli, H.2
  • 70
    • 0034951346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 1-year Lagrangian "climatology" of airstreams in the Northern Hemisphere troposphere and lowermost stratosphere
    • Stohl, A.: A 1-year Lagrangian "climatology" of airstreams in the Northern Hemisphere troposphere and lowermost stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7263-7280, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 7263-7280
    • Stohl, A.1
  • 71
    • 0942267369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratosphere troposphere exchange: A review and what we have learned from STACCATO
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002490
    • Stohl, A., Bonsanoni, P., Cristofanelli, P., et al.: Stratosphere troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8516, doi:10.1029/2002JD002490, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.D12 , pp. 8516
    • Stohl, A.1    Bonsanoni, P.2    Cristofanelli, P.3
  • 72
    • 0038237347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age of stratospheric air: Theory, observations, and models
    • doi:10.1029/2000RG000101
    • Waugh, D. W. and Hall, T. M.: Age of stratospheric air: Theory, observations, and models, Rev. Geophys., 40, 1010, doi:10.1029/2000RG000101, 2002.
    • (2002) Rev. Geophys. , vol.40 , pp. 1010
    • Waugh, D.W.1    Hall, T.M.2
  • 73
    • 0036126552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Lagrangian 1-year climatology of (deep) cross-tropause exchange in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere
    • doi:10.1029/2001JD000812
    • Wernli, H. and Bourqui, M.: A Lagrangian 1-year climatology of (deep) cross-tropause exchange in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D2), 4021, doi:10.1029/2001JD000812, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , Issue.D2 , pp. 4021
    • Wernli, H.1    Bourqui, M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.