Graphene and graphene oxide as new nanocarriers for drug delivery applications

Acta Biomaterialia

Volumn 9, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 9243-9257

  Liu, Jingquan ^a   Cui, Liang ^a   Losic, Dusan ^b  

^a QINGDAO UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Drug delivery; Graphene; Graphene oxide; Nano carriers; Targeted drug delivery

Indexed keywords

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; CHEMICAL STABILITY; CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY; MECHANICAL STABILITY; MEDICAL APPLICATIONS; SURFACE TREATMENT; TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY;

'CURRENT; BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS; DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATIONS; DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEMS; LARGE SURFACE AREA; NANOCARRIERS; PLANAR STRUCTURE; PROPERTY; SURFACE-MODIFICATION; TWO-DIMENSIONAL;

GRAPHENE;

ACID ANHYDRIDE; APTAMER; ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID; CHITOSAN; DEXTRAN; DOXORUBICIN; FOLIC ACID; GELATIN; GRAPHENE; GRAPHENE OXIDE; GRAPHITE; MACROGOL; NANOCARRIER; POLY(N ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE); POLYACRYLIC ACID; POLYETHYLENEIMINE; POLYLYSINE; POLYSEBACIC ANHYDRIDE; POLYVINYL ALCOHOL; PRISTINE GRAPHENE; SULFUR ACID DERIVATIVE; SURFACTANT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WATER;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD CLOTTING; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CHEMICAL BOND; CHEMICAL INTERACTION; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; CHEMICAL REACTION; CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE; COORDINATION BONDING; COVALENT BOND; CYTOTOXICITY; DISPERSION; HUMAN; HYDROGEN BOND; HYDROPHILICITY; HYDROPHOBICITY; HYPERTHERMIC THERAPY; LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION; MOLECULAR BEACON; NONVIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; OXIDATION; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTOTHERAPY; PHOTOTHERMAL THERAPY; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RIGIDITY; STACKING INTERACTION; SURFACE PROPERTY; SYNTHESIS; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; VAN DER WAALS FORCE;

DRUG DELIVERY; GRAPHENE; GRAPHENE OXIDE; NANO-CARRIERS; TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY;

BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; DRUG CARRIERS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; GRAPHITE; HUMANS; NANOPARTICLES; OXIDES;

EID: 84887178234     PISSN: 17427061     EISSN: 18787568     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.016     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. R. Langer Drugs on target Science 293 2001 58 59 (Pubitemid 32625490)
2. R.M. Mainardes, and L.P. Silva Drug delivery systems: past, present, and future Curr Drug Targets 5 2004 449 455 (Pubitemid 38807819)
3. A.K. Geim, and K.S. Novoselov The rise of graphene Nat Mater 6 2007 183 191 (Pubitemid 46353764)
4. A.K. Geim Graphene: status and prospects Science 324 2009 1530 1534
5. M. Kakran, and L. Li Carbon nanomaterials for drug delivery Key Eng Mater 508 2012 76 80
6. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, and S.V. Dubonos Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films Science 306 2004 666 669 (Pubitemid 39440910)
7. K.S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. Jang, S.Y. Lee, J.M. Kim, and K.S. Kim Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes Nature 457 2009 706 710
8. C. Berger, Z. Song, X. Li, X. Wu, N. Brown, and C. Naud Electronic confinement and coherence in patterned epitaxial graphene Science 312 2006 1191 1196 (Pubitemid 43801140)
9. S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, R.D. Piner, K.A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, and Y. Jia Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide Carbon 45 2007 1558 1565 (Pubitemid 46829016)
10. Y. Wang, Z. Li, J. Wang, J. Li, and Y. Lin Graphene and graphene oxide: biofunctionalization and applications in biotechnology Trends Biotechnol 29 2011 205 212
11. L. Feng, L. Wu, and X. Qu New horizons for diagnostics and therapeutic applications of graphene and graphene oxide Adv Mater 25 2013 168 186
12. G. Gonçalves, M. Vila, M.T. Portolés, M. Vallet-Regi, J. Gracio, and P.A.A. Marques Nano-graphene oxide: a potential multifunctional platform for cancer therapy Adv Healthcare Mater 2013 10.1002/adhm.201300023
13. K. Yang, L. Feng, X. Shi, and Z. Liu Nano-graphene in biomedicine: theranostic applications Chem Soc Rev 42 2013 530 547
14. H. Shen, L. Zhang, M. Liu, and Z. Zhang Biomedical applications of graphene Theranostics 2 2012 283 294
15. L.Z. Feng, and Z.A. Liu Graphene in biomedicine: opportunities and challenges Nanomedicine 6 2011 317 324
16. Y. Pan, N.G. Sahoo, and L. Li The application of graphene oxide in drug delivery Exp Opin Drug Deliv 12 2012 13265 13276
17. Z. Liu, J.T. Robinson, S.M. Tabakman, K. Yang, and H.J. Dai Carbon materials for drug delivery & cancer therapy Mater Today 14 2011 316 323
18. D. Ghosh, S. Chandra, A. Chakraborty, S.K. Ghosh, and P. Pramanik A novel graphene oxide-para amino benzoic acid nanosheet as effective drug delivery system to treat drug resistant bacteria Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res 2 2010 127 133
19. R.G. Mendes, A. Bachmatiuk, B. Büchner, G. Cuniberti, and M.H. Rümmeli Carbon nanostructures as multi-functional drug delivery platforms J Mater Chem B 1 2013 401 428
20. Y.B. Zhang, S.F. Ali, E. Dervishi, Y. Xu, Z.R. Li, and D. Casciano Cytotoxicity effects of graphene and single-wall carbon nanotubes in neural phaeochromocytoma-derived PC12 cells ACS Nano 4 2010 3181 3186
21. M.E. Davis Nanoparticle therapeutics: an emerging treatment modality for cancer Nat Rev Drug Discov 7 2008 771 782
22. Z. Liu, J.T. Robinson, X.M. Sun, and H.J. Dai PEGylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs J Am Chem Soc 130 2008 10876 10877
23. X.M. Sun, Z. Liu, K. Welsher, J.T. Robinson, A. Goodwin, and S. Zaric Nano-graphene oxide for cellular imaging and drug delivery Nano Res 1 2008 203 212
24. D.A. LaVan, T. McGuire, and R. Langer Small-scale systems for in vivo drug delivery Nat Biotechnol 21 2003 1184 1191 (Pubitemid 37186175)
25. Parveen S, Misra R, Sahoo SK. Nanoparticles: a boon to drug delivery, therapeutics, diagnostics and imaging. Nanomed: Nanotechnol 2012;8:147-66.
26. K. Yang, S.A. Zhang, G.X. Zhang, X.M. Sun, S.T. Lee, and Z.A. Liu Graphene in mice: ultrahigh in vivo tumor uptake and efficient photothermal therapy Nano Lett 10 2010 3318 3323
27. H. Ali Boucetta, D. Bitounis, R. Raveendran-Nair, A. Servant, J. Van den Bossche, and K. Kostarelos Purified graphene oxide dispersions lack in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo pathogenicity Adv Healthcare Mater 2 2013 433 441
28. M. Pumera Nanotoxicology: the molecular science point of view Chem Asian J 6 2011 340 348
29. M. Cai, D. Thorpe, D.H. Adamson, and H.C. Schniepp Methods of graphite exfoliation J Mater Chem 22 2012 24992 25002
30. W. Choi, I. Lahiri, R. Seelaboyina, and Y.S. Kang Synthesis of graphene and its applications: a review Crit Rev Solid State 35 2010 52 71
31. W.S. Hummers, and R.E. Offeman Preparation of graphitic oxide J Am Chem Soc 80 1958 1339
32. S. Pei, and H.-M. Cheng The reduction of graphene oxide Carbon 50 2012 3210 3228
33. Y.W. Zhu, S. Murali, W.W. Cai, X.S. Li, J.W. Suk, and J.R. Potts Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications Adv Mater 22 2010 3906 3924
34. R.S. Edwards, and K.S. Coleman Graphene synthesis: relationship to applications Nanoscale 5 2013 38 51
35. L.P. Biro, P. Nemes-Incze, and P. Lambin Graphene: nanoscale processing and recent applications Nanoscale 4 2010 1824 1839
36. K.P. Loh, Q. Bao, P.K. Ang, and J. Yang The chemistry of graphene J Mater Chem 20 2010 2277 2289
37. D.A. Dikin, S. Stankovich, E.J. Zimney, R.D. Piner, G.H.B. Dommett, and G. Evmenenko Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper Nature 448 2007 457 460 (Pubitemid 47123522)
38. D.R. Dreyer, S. Park, C.W. Bielawski, and R.S. Ruoff The chemistry of graphene oxide Chem Soc Rev 39 2010 228 240
39. A.B. Bourlinos, D. Gournis, D. Petridis, T. Szabó, A. Szeri, and I. Dékány Graphite oxide: chemical reduction to graphite and surface modification with primary aliphatic amines and amino acids Langmuir 19 2003 6050 6055
40. G. Wang, B. Wang, J. Park, J. Yang, X. Shen, and J. Yao Synthesis of enhanced hydrophilic and hydrophobic graphene oxide nanosheets by a solvothermal method Carbon 47 2009 68 72
41. J.T. Robinson, S.M. Tabakman, Y.Y. Liang, H.L. Wang, H.S. Casalongue, and D. Vinh Ultrasmall reduced graphene oxide with high near-infrared absorbance for photothermal therapy J Am Chem Soc 133 2011 6825 6831
42. N.G. Sahoo, H.Q. Bao, Y.Z. Pan, M. Pal, M. Kakran, and H.K.F. Cheng Functionalized carbon nanomaterials as nanocarriers for loading and delivery of a poorly water-soluble anticancer drug: a comparative study Chem Commun 47 2011 5235 5237
43. L.M. Zhang, Z.X. Lu, Q.H. Zhao, J. Huang, H. Shen, and Z.J. Zhang Enhanced chemotherapy efficacy by sequential delivery of siRNA and anticancer drugs using PEI-grafted graphene oxide Small 7 2011 460 464
44. B.A. Chen, M. Liu, L.M. Zhang, J. Huang, J.L. Yao, and Z.J. Zhang Polyethylenimine-functionalized graphene oxide as an efficient gene delivery vector J Mater Chem 21 2011 7736 7741
45. Y.Z. Pan, H.Q. Bao, N.G. Sahoo, T.F. Wu, and L. Li Water-soluble poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graphene sheets synthesized via click chemistry for drug delivery Adv Funct Mater 21 2011 2754 2763
46. J. Gao, F. Bao, L.L. Feng, K.Y. Shen, Q.D. Zhu, and D.F. Wang Functionalized graphene oxide modified polysebacic anhydride as drug carrier for levofloxacin controlled release RSC Advances 1 2011 1737 1744
47. V.K. Rana, M.C. Choi, J.Y. Kong, G.Y. Kim, M.J. Kim, and S.H. Kim Synthesis and drug-delivery behavior of chitosan-functionalized graphene oxide hybrid nanosheets Macromol Mater Eng 296 2011 131 140
48. H.Q. Bao, Y.Z. Pan, Y. Ping, N.G. Sahoo, T.F. Wu, and L. Li Chitosan-functionalized graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for drug and gene delivery Small 7 2011 1569 1578
49. D. Depan, J. Shah, and R.D.K. Misra Controlled release of drug from folate-decorated and graphene mediated drug delivery system: synthesis, loading efficiency, and drug release response Mat Sci Eng C Bio S 31 2011 1305 1312
50. H.Q. Hu, J.H. Yu, Y.Y. Li, J. Zhao, and H.Q. Dong Engineering of a novel pluronic F127/graphene nanohybrid for pH responsive drug delivery J Biomed Mater Res A 100A 2012 141 148
51. M. Kakran, N.G. Sahoo, H. Bao, Y. Pan, and L. Li Functionalized graphene oxide as nanocarrier for loading and delivery of ellagic acid Curr Med Chem 18 2011 4503 4512
52. G. Wei, M. Yan, R. Dong, D. Wang, X. Zhou, and J. Chen Covalent modification of reduced graphene oxide by means of diazonium chemistry and use as a drug-delivery system Chem-Eur J 18 2012 14708 14716
53. C. Shan, H. Yang, D. Han, Q. Zhang, A. Ivaska, and L. Niu Water-soluble graphene covalently functionalized by biocompatible poly-l-lysine Langmuir 25 2009 12030 12033
54. G. Gollavelli, and Y.C. Ling Multi-functional graphene as an in vitro and in vivo imaging probe Biomaterials 33 2012 2532 2545
55. E. Bekyarova, M.E. Itkis, P. Ramesh, C. Berger, M. Sprinkle, and W.A. de Heer Chemical modification of epitaxial graphene: spontaneous grafting of aryl groups J Am Chem Soc 131 2009 1336 1337
56. S. Stankovich, R.D. Piner, S.T. Nguyen, and R.S. Ruoff Synthesis and exfoliation of isocyanate-treated graphene oxide nanoplatelets Carbon 44 2006 3342 3347 (Pubitemid 44634397)
57. D.D. Zhang, S.Z. Zu, and B.H. Han Inorganic-organic hybrid porous materials based on graphite oxide sheets Carbon 47 2009 2993 3000
58. L.M. Zhang, J.G. Xia, Q.H. Zhao, L.W. Liu, and Z.J. Zhang Functional graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for controlled loading and targeted delivery of mixed anticancer drugs Small 6 2010 537 544
59. X.Y. Yang, Y.S. Wang, X. Huang, Y.F. Ma, Y. Huang, and R.C. Yang Multi-functionalized graphene oxide based anticancer drug-carrier with dual-targeting function and pH-sensitivity J Mater Chem 21 2010 3448 3454
60. S. Stankovich, R.D. Piner, X. Chen, N. Wu, S.T. Nguyen, and R.S. Ruoff Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) J Mater Chem 16 2006 155 158 (Pubitemid 43324471)
61. J. Liu, L. Tao, W. Yang, D. Li, C. Boyer, and R. Wuhrer Synthesis, characterization, and multilayer assembly of pH sensitive graphene-polymer nanocomposites Langmuir 26 2010 10068 10075
62. J. Liu, W. Yang, L. Tao, D. Li, C. Boyer, and T.P. Davis Thermosensitive graphene nanocomposites formed using pyrene-terminal polymers made by RAFT polymerization J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 48 2010 425 433
63. L. Feng, S. Zhang, and Z. Liu Graphene based gene transfection Nanoscale 3 2011 1252 1257
64. Y. Yang, Y.M. Zhang, Y. Chen, D. Zhao, J.T. Chen, and Y. Liu Construction of a graphene oxide based noncovalent multiple nanosupramolecular assembly as a scaffold for drug delivery Chem-Eur J 18 2012 4208 4215
65. X.T. Zheng, and C.M. Li Restoring basal planes of graphene oxides for highly efficient loading and delivery of beta-lapachone Mol Pharm 9 2012 615 621
66. X. Huang, X. Qi, F. Boey, and H. Zhang Graphene-based composites Chem Soc Rev 41 2012 666 686
67. J. Shen, M. Shi, N. Li, B. Yan, H. Ma, and Y. Hu Facile synthesis and application of Ag-chemically converted graphene nanocomposite Nano Res 3 2010 339 349
68. 4 nanoparticles and graphene oxide for cellular magnetic resonance imaging ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3 2011 4085 4091
69. 4 nanoparticles hybrid for controlled targeted drug carriers J Mater Chem 19 2009 2710 2714
70. X.X. Ma, H.Q. Tao, K. Yang, L.Z. Feng, L. Cheng, and X.Z. Shi A functionalized graphene oxide-iron oxide nanocomposite for magnetically targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and magnetic resonance imaging Nano Res 5 2012 199 212
71. V.C. Sanchez, A. Jachak, R.H. Hurt, and A.B. Kane Biological interactions of graphene-family nanomaterials: an interdisciplinary review Chem Res Toxicol 25 2011 15 34
72. Y.L. Chang, S.T. Yang, J.H. Liu, E. Dong, Y.W. Wang, and A.N. Cao In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide on A549 cells Toxicol Lett 200 2011 201 210
73. S.R. Ryoo, Y.K. Kim, M.H. Kim, and D.H. Min Behaviors of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts on graphene/carbon nanotubes: proliferation, focal adhesion, and gene transfection studies ACS Nano 4 2010 6587 6598
74. A. Bianco, K. Kostarelos, and M. Prato Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery Curr Opin Chem Biol 9 2005 674 679 (Pubitemid 41612196)
75. 4/graphene composites with high lithium storage capacity and for controlled drug delivery J Phys Chem C 115 2011 21567 21573
76. H.W. Liu, S.H. Hu, Y.W. Chen, and S.Y. Chen Characterization and drug release behavior of highly responsive chip-like electrically modulated reduced graphene oxide-poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes J Mater Chem 22 2012 17311 17320
77. S.K. Misra, P. Kondaiah, S. Bhattacharya, and C.N.R. Rao Graphene as a nanocarrier for tamoxifen induces apoptosis in transformed cancer cell lines of different origins Small 8 2012 131 143
78. E. Hondroulis, Z.Q. Zhang, C.Y. Chen, and C.Z. Li Impedance based nanotoxicity assessment of graphene nanomaterials at the cellular and tissue level Anal Lett 45 2011 272 282
79. K.H. Liao, Y.S. Lin, C.W. Macosko, and C.L. Haynes Cytotoxicity of graphene oxide and graphene in human erythrocytes and skin fibroblasts ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3 2011 2607 2615
80. K. Wang, J. Ruan, H. Song, J. Zhang, Y. Wo, and S. Guo Biocompatibility of graphene oxide Nanoscale Res Lett 6 2011 1 8
81. X.Y. Zhang, J.L. Yin, C. Peng, W.Q. Hu, Z.Y. Zhu, and W.X. Li Distribution and biocompatibility studies of graphene oxide in mice after intravenous administration Carbon 49 2011 986 995
82. W. Hu, C. Peng, W. Luo, M. Lv, X. Li, and D. Li Graphene-based antibacterial paper ACS Nano 4 2010 4317 4323
83. K.P. Liu, J.J. Zhang, F.F. Cheng, T.T. Zheng, C.M. Wang, and J.J. Zhu Green and facile synthesis of highly biocompatible graphene nanosheets and its application for cellular imaging and drug delivery J Mater Chem 21 2011 12034 12040
84. M.C. Duch, G.R.S. Budinger, Y.T. Liang, S. Soberanes, D. Urich, and S.E. Chiarella Minimizing oxidation and stable nanoscale dispersion improves the biocompatibility of graphene in the lung Nano Lett 11 2011 5201 5207
85. Z. Liu, S. Tabakman, K. Welsher, and H. Dai Carbon nanotubes in biology and medicine: in vitro and in vivo detection, imaging and drug delivery Nano Res 2 2009 85 120
86. K. Yang, J.M. Wan, S.A. Zhang, Y.J. Zhang, S.T. Lee, and Z.A. Liu In vivo pharmacokinetics, long-term biodistribution, and toxicology of PEGylated graphene in mice ACS Nano 5 2011 516 522
87. S.K. Singh, M.K. Singh, P.P. Kulkarni, V.K. Sonkar, J.J.A. Gracio, and D. Dash Amine-modified graphene: thrombo-protective safer alternative to graphene oxide for biomedical applications ACS Nano 6 2012 2731 2740
88. S.A. Zhang, K. Yang, L.Z. Feng, and Z. Liu In vitro and in vivo behaviors of dextran functionalized graphene Carbon 49 2011 4040 4049
89. W. Hu, C. Peng, M. Lv, X. Li, Y. Zhang, and N. Chen Protein corona-mediated mitigation of cytotoxicity of graphene oxide ACS Nano 5 2011 3693 3700
90. H. Bao, Y. Pan, and L. Li Recent advances in graphene-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications Nano Life 2 2012 1 15
91. N. Nasongkla, X. Shuai, H. Ai, B.D. Weinberg, J. Pink, and D.A. Boothman CRGD-functionalized polymer micelles for targeted doxorubicin delivery Angew Chem 116 2004 6483 6487
92. T.R. Daniels, T. Delgado, G. Helguera, and M.L. Penichet The transferrin receptor part II: targeted delivery of therapeutic agents into cancer cells Clin Immunol 121 2006 159 176 (Pubitemid 44572972)
93. N. Dinauer, S. Balthasar, C. Weber, J. Kreuter, K. Langer, and H. von Briesen Selective targeting of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles to leukemic cells and primary T-lymphocytes Biomaterials 26 2005 5898 5906 (Pubitemid 40803459)
94. P. Huang, C. Xu, J. Lin, C. Wang, X.S. Wang, and C.L. Zhang Folic acid-conjugated graphene oxide loaded with photosensitizers for targeting photodynamic therapy Theranostics 1 2011 240 250
95. C.S. Wang, J.Y. Li, C. Amatore, Y. Chen, H. Jiang, and X.M. Wang Gold nanoclusters and graphene nanocomposites for drug delivery and imaging of cancer cells Angew Chem Int Ed 50 2011 11644 11648
96. X.Y. Yang, X.Y. Zhang, Z.F. Liu, Y.F. Ma, Y. Huang, and Y. Chen High-efficiency loading and controlled release of doxorubicin hydrochloride on graphene oxide J Phys Chem C 112 2008 17554 17558
97. Z.M. Markovic, L.M. Harhaji-Trajkovic, B.M. Todorovic-Markovic, D.P. Kepić, K.M. Arsikin, and S.P. Jovanović In vitro comparison of the photothermal anticancer activity of graphene nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes Biomaterials 32 2011 1121 1129
98. K. Yang, J.M. Wan, S. Zhang, B. Tian, Y.J. Zhang, and Z. Liu The influence of surface chemistry and size of nanoscale graphene oxide on photothermal therapy of cancer using ultra-low laser power Biomaterials 33 2012 2206 2214
99. X. Liu, H. Tao, K. Yang, S. Zhang, S.T. Lee, and Z. Liu Optimization of surface chemistry on single-walled carbon nanotubes for in vivo photothermal ablation of tumors Biomaterials 32 2011 144 151
100. K.P. Loh, Q. Bao, G. Eda, and M. Chhowalla Graphene oxide as a chemically tunable platform for optical applications Nat Chem 2 2010 1015 1024
101. W. Zhang, Z.Y. Guo, D.Q. Huang, Z.M. Liu, X. Guo, and H.Q. Zhong Synergistic effect of chemo-photothermal therapy using PEGylated graphene oxide Biomaterials 32 2011 8555 8561
102. B. Tian, C. Wang, S. Zhang, L.Z. Feng, and Z. Liu Photothermally enhanced photodynamic therapy delivered by nano-graphene oxide ACS Nano 5 2011 7000 7009
103. H.Q. Dong, Z.L. Zhao, H.Y. Wen, Y.Y. Li, F.F. Guo, and A.J. Shen Poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated nano-graphene oxide for photodynamic therapy Sci China Chem 53 2010 2265 2271
104. 2 hybrid Carbon 50 2012 994 1004
105. K.A. Whitehead, R. Langer, and D.G. Anderson Knocking down barriers: advances in siRNA delivery Nat Rev Drug Discov 8 2009 129 138
106. A. El-Aneed An overview of current delivery systems in cancer gene therapy J Controlled Release 94 2004 1 14 (Pubitemid 37542373)
107. Y. Li, T. Ren, L. Li, X. Cai, H. Dong, and S. Liu Engineered polyethylenimine/graphene oxide nanocomposite for nuclear localized gene delivery Polym Chem 3 2012 2561 2569
108. H. Dong, L. Ding, F. Yan, H. Ji, and H. Ju The use of polyethylenimine-grafted graphene nanoribbon for cellular delivery of locked nucleic acid modified molecular beacon for recognition of microRNA Biomaterials 32 2011 3875 3882
109. S.K. Tripathi, R. Goyal, K.C. Gupta, and P. Kumar Functionalized graphene oxide mediated nucleic acid delivery Carbon 51 2013 224 235
110. Y. Wang, Z. Li, D. Hu, C.-T. Lin, J. Li, and Y. Lin Aptamer/graphene oxide nanocomplex for in situ molecular probing in living cells J Am Chem Soc 132 2010 9274 9276
111. C.H. Lu, H.H. Yang, C.L. Zhu, X. Chen, and G.N. Chen A graphene platform for sensing biomolecules Angew Chem 121 2009 4879 4881
112. C.H. Lu, C.L. Zhu, J. Li, J.J. Liu, X. Chen, and H.H. Yang Using graphene to protect DNA from cleavage during cellular delivery Chem Commun 46 2010 3116 3118
113. X. Yang, G. Niu, X. Cao, Y. Wen, R. Xiang, and H. Duan The preparation of functionalized graphene oxide for targeted intracellular delivery of siRNA J Mater Chem 22 2012 6649 6654
114. H. Kim, R. Namgung, K. Singha, I.K. Oh, and W.J. Kim Graphene oxide-polyethylenimine nanoconstruct as a gene delivery vector and bioimaging tool Bioconjugate Chem 22 2011 2558 2567
115. J. Liu, S. Guo, L. Han, T. Wang, W. Hong, and Y. Liu Synthesis of phospholipid monolayer membrane functionalized graphene for drug delivery J Mater Chem 22 2012 20634 20640
116. Y. Jing, Y. Zhu, X. Yang, J. Shen, and C. Li Ultrasound-triggered smart drug release from multifunctional core-shell capsules one-step fabricated by coaxial electrospray method Langmuir 27 2010 1175 1180
117. 4 composites by a solvothermal reaction New J Chem 34 2010 2950 2955
118. H.Y. Wen, C.Y. Dong, H.Q. Dong, A.J. Shen, W.J. Xia, and X.J. Cai Engineered redox-responsive PEG detachment mechanism in PEGylated nano-graphene oxide for intracellular drug delivery Small 8 2012 760 769
119. H. Bai, C. Li, X.L. Wang, and G.Q. Shi A pH-sensitive graphene oxide composite hydrogel Chem Commun 46 2010 2376 2378
120. J. Wu, Y.S. Wang, X.Y. Yang, Y.Y. Liu, J.R. Yang, and R. Yang Graphene oxide used as a carrier for adriamycin can reverse drug resistance in breast cancer cells Nanotechnology 23 2012 355101
121. Y.J. Lu, H.W. Yang, S.C. Hung, C.Y. Huang, S.M. Li, and C.C.M. Ma Improving thermal stability and efficacy of BCNU in treating glioma cells using PAA-functionalized graphene oxide Int J Nanomed 7 2012 1737 1747
122. D. Ma, J.T. Lin, Y.Y. Chen, W. Xue, and L.M. Zhang In situ gelation and sustained release of an antitumor drug by graphene oxide nanosheets Carbon 50 2012 3001 3007