The action of selected isothiocyanates on bacterial biofilm prevention and control

International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation

Volumn 86, Issue , 2014, Pages 25-33

  Borges, Anabela ^a,b   Simoes, Lúcia C ^a,c   Saavedra, Maria J ^b   Simoes, Manuel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TRÁS OS MONTES AND ALTO DOURO   (Portugal)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

2 Phenylethylisothiocyanate; Adhesion; Allylisothiocyanate; Biofilm control; Biofilm prevention; Motility

Indexed keywords

2-PHENYLETHYLISOTHIOCYANATE; ALLYLISOTHIOCYANATE; BIOFILM CONTROL; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; MINIMUM BACTERICIDAL CONCENTRATIONS; MOTILITY; PREVENTION AND CONTROLS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA;

ADHESION; BIOFILMS; ESCHERICHIA COLI;

BACTERIA;

ADHESION; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIUM; BIOFILM; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); METABOLISM; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; MOTILITY; ORGANIC COMPOUND;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ESCHERICHIA COLI; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; NEGIBACTERIA; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

EID: 84887095611     PISSN: 09648305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.01.015     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Abreu A.C., McBain A.J., Simoes M. Plants as sources of new antimicrobials and resistance-modifying agents. Natural Product Reports 2012, 29:1007-1021.
2. Aires A., Mota V.R., Saavedra M.J., Monteiro A.A., Simoes M., Rosa E.A.S., Bennett R.N. Initial invitro evaluations of the antibacterial activities of glucosinolate enzymatic hydrolysis products against plant pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2009, 106:2096-2105.
3. Aires A., Mota V.R., Saavedra M.J., Rosa E.A.S., Bennett R.N. The antimicrobial effects of glucosinolates and their respective enzymatic hydrolysis products on bacteria isolated from the human intestinal tract. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2009, 106:2086-2095.
4. Al-Gendy A.A., El-gindi O.D., Hafez A.S., Ateya A.M. Glucosinolates, volatile constituents and biological activities of Erysimum corinthium Boiss. (Brassicaceae). Food Chemistry 2010, 118:519-524.
5. Al-Sohaibani S., Murugan K. Anti-biofilm activity of Salvadora persica on cariogenic isolates of Streptococcus mutans: invitro and molecular docking studies. Biofouling 2012, 28:29-38.
6. An Y.H., Friedman R.J. Concise review of mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to biomaterial surfaces. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1998, 43:338-348.
7. Anderson G.G., O'Toole G.A. Innate and induced resistance mechanisms of bacterial biofilms. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 2008, 322:85-105.
8. Andersson D.I. Persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2003, 6:452-456.
9. Andersson D.I., Levin B.R. The biological cost of antibiotic resistance. Current Opinion in Microbiology 1999, 2:489-493.
10. Aslam S. Effect of antibacterials on biofilms. American Journal of Infection Control 2008, 36:S175.e111-S175.e179.
11. Barbieri G., Pernice R., Maggio A., De Pascale S., Fogliano V. Glucosinolates profile of Brassica rapa L. subsp. Sylvestris L. Janch. var. esculenta Hort. Food Chemistry 2008, 107:1687-1691.
12. Berhow M.A., Polat U., Glinski J.A., Glensk M., Vaughn S.F., Isbell T., Ayala-Diaz I., Marek L., Gardner C. Optimized analysis and quantification of glucosinolates from Camelina sativa seeds by reverse-phase liquid chromatography. Industrial Crops and Products 2012, 43:119-125.
13. Borges A., Saavedra M.J., Simoes M. The activity of ferulic and gallic acids in biofilm prevention and control of pathogenic bacteria. Biofouling 2012, 28:755-767.
14. Brown K.K., Hampton M.B. Biological targets of isothiocyanates. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2011, 1810:888-894.
15. Busscher H.J., Weerkamp A.H., Van Der Mei H.C. Measurement of the surface free energy of bacterial cell surfaces and its relevance for adhesion. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1984, 48:980-983.
16. Butler M.T., Wang Q., Harshey R.M. Cell density and mobility protect swarming bacteria against antibiotics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107:3776-3781.
17. Cartea M., Velasco P. Glucosinolates in Brassica foods: bioavailability in food and significance for human health. Phytochemistry Reviews 2008, 7:213-229.
18. Cejpek K., Valusek J., Velisek J. Reactions of allyl isothiocyanate with alanine, glycine, and several peptides in model systems. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2000, 48:3560-3565.
19. Chen H., Wang C., Ye J., Zhou H., Chen X. Antimicrobial activities of phenethyl isothiocyanate isolated from horseradish. Natural Product Research 2012, 26:1016-1021.
20. Chen X., Stewart P.S. Biofilm removal caused by chemical treatments. Water Research 2000, 34:4229-4233.
21. Clarke D.B. Glucosinolates, structures and analysis in food. Analytical Methods 2010, 2:310-325.
22. Conaway C.C., Wang C.X., Pittman B., Yang Y.M., Schwartz J.E., Tian D., McIntee E.J., Hecht S.S., Chung F.L. Phenethyl isothiocyanate and sulforaphane and their N-acetylcysteine conjugates inhibit malignant progression of lung adenomas induced by tobacco carcinogens in A/J mice. Cancer Research 2005, 65:8548-8557.
23. Cos P., Toté K., Horemans T., Maes L. Biofilms: an extra hurdle for effective antimicrobial therapy. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2010, 16:2279-2295.
24. D'Antuono L.F., Elementi S., Neri R. Exploring new potential health-promoting vegetables: glucosinolates and sensory attributes of rocket salads and related Diplotaxis and Eruca species. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2009, 89:713-722.
25. Dalton T., Cegielski P., Akksilp S., Asencios L., Caoili J.C., Cho S.-N., Erokhin V.V., Ershova J., Gler M.T., Kazennyy B.Y., Kim H.J., Kliiman K., Kurbatova E., Kvasnovsky C., Leimane V., van der Walt M., Via L.E., Volchenkov G.V., Yagui M.A., Kang H. Prevalence of and risk factors for resistance to second-line drugs in people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in eight countries: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet 2012, 380:1406-1417.
26. De Saravia S.G.G., Guiamet P.S., Videla H.A. Prevention and Protection of the Effects of Biocorrosion and Biofouling Minimizing the Environmental Impact 2003, Revista Metalurgia, Madrid, pp. 49-54.
27. Delaquis P.J., Mazza G. Antimicrobial properties of isothiocyanates in food preservation. Food Technology 1995, 49:73-84.
28. Déziel E., Comeau Y., Villemur R. Initiation of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 57RP correlates with emergence of hyperpiliated and highly adherent phenotypic variants deficient in swimming, swarming, and twitching motilities. Journal of Bacteriology 2001, 183:1195-1204.
29. Donlan R.M., Costerton J.W. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2002, 15:167-193.
30. EFSA Panel on food additives and nutrient sources added to food (ANS). Scientific opinion on the safety of allyl isothiocyanate for the proposed uses as a food additive. European Food Safety Authority Journal 2010, 8:1943-1983.
31. Fahey J.W., Wade K.L., Stephenson K.K., Chou F.E. Separation and purification of glucosinolates from crude plant homogenates by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 2003, 996:85-93.
32. Fahey J.W., Zalcmann A.T., Talalay P. The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochemistry 2001, 56:5-51.
33. Ferreira C., Pereira A.M., Pereira M.C., Melo L.F., Simoes M. Physiological changes induced by the quaternary ammonium compound benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride on Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2011, 66:1036-1043.
34. Gilbert P., Evans D.J., Evans E., Duguid I.G., Brown M.R.W. Surface characteristics and adhesion of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1991, 71:72-77.
35. Gilbert P., McBain A.J., Rickard A.H. Formation of microbial biofilm in hygienic situations: a problem of control. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 2003, 51:245-248.
36. Gómez-Gómez J.M., Manfredi C., Alonso J.C., Blázquez J. Anovel role for RecA under non-stress: promotion of swarming motility in Escherichia coli K-12. BMC Biology 2007, 5:1-14.
37. Gómez De Saravia S.G., Gaylarde C.C. The antimicrobial activity of an aqueous extract of Brassica negra. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 1998, 41:145-148.
38. Gray M.J., Freitag N.E., Boor K.J. How the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes mediates the switch from environmental Dr. Jekyll to pathogenic Mr. Hyde. Infection and Immunity 2006, 74:2506-2512.
39. Grubb C.D., Abel S. Glucosinolate metabolism and its control. Trends in Plant Science 2006, 11:89-100.
40. Gründling A., Burrack L.S., Bouwer H.G.A., Higgins D.E. Listeria monocytogenes regulates flagellar motility gene expression through MogR, a transcriptional repressor required for virulence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:12318-12323.
41. Guiamet P.S., Gómez De Saravia S.G. Laboratory studies of biocorrosion control using traditional and environmentally friendly biocides: an overview. Latin American Applied Research 2005, 35:295-300.
42. Guillemot D. Antibiotic use in humans and bacterial resistance. Current Opinion in Microbiology 1999, 2:494-498.
43. Halkier B.A., Du L. The biosynthesis of glucosinolates. Trends in Plant Science 1997, 2:425-431.
44. Halkier B.A., Gershenzon J. Biology and biochemistry of glucosinolates. Annual Review of Plant Biology 2006, 57:303-333.
45. Hall-Stoodley L., Costerton J.W., Stoodley P. Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2004, 2:95-108.
46. Harshey R.M. Bacterial motility on a surface: many ways to a common goal. Annual Review of Microbiology 2003, 57:249-273.
47. Henrichsen J. Bacterial surface translocation: a survey and a classification. Bacteriological Reviews 1972, 36:478-503.
48. Holst B., Williamson G. Acritical review of the bioavailability of glucosinolates and related compounds. Natural Product Reports 2004, 21:425-447.
49. Hong E., Kim G.H. Anticancer and antimicrobial activities of β-phenylethyl isothiocyanate in Brassica rapa L. Food Science and Technology Research 2008, 14:377-382.
50. Inoue T., Shingaki R., Hirose S., Waki K., Mori H., Fukui K. Genome-wide screening of genes required for swarming motility in Escherichia coli K-12. Journal of Bacteriology 2007, 189:950-957.
51. Jacob C., Anwar A. The chemistry behind redox regulation with a focus on sulphur redox systems. Physiologia Plantarum 2008, 133:469-480.
52. Jagani S., Chelikani R., Kim D.S. Effects of phenol and natural phenolic compounds on biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofouling 2009, 25:321-324.
53. Janczuk B., Chibowski E., Bruque J.M., Kerkeb M.L., Caballero F.G. On the consistency of surface free energy components as calculated from contact angles of different liquids: an application to the cholesterol surface. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 1993, 159:421-428.
54. Jang M., Hong E., Kim G.H. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 2-phenylethyl, and benzyl isothiocyanate in Brassica vegetables. Journal of Food Science 2010, 75:M412-M416.
55. Jarrell K.F., McBride M.J. The surprisingly diverse ways that prokaryotes move. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2008, 6:466-476.
56. Jiang L.M., Hoogenkamp M.A., Van Der Sluis L.W.M., Wesselink P.R., Crielaard W., Deng D.M. Resazurin metabolism assay for root canal disinfectant evaluation on dual-species biofilms. Journal of Endodontics 2011, 37:31-35.
57. Julkowska D., Obuchowski M., Holland I.B., Séror S.J. Branched swarming patterns on a synthetic medium formed by wild-type Bacillus subtilis strain 3610: detection of different cellular morphologies and constellations of cells as the complex architecture develops. Microbiology 2004, 150:1839-1849.
58. Kaito C., Sekimizu K. Colony spreading in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Bacteriology 2007, 189:2553-2557.
59. Kearns D.B., Robinson J., Shimkets L.J. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits directed twitching motility up phosphatidylethanolamine gradients. Journal of Bacteriology 2001, 183:763-767.
60. Kim M.G., Lee H.S. Growth-inhibiting activities of phenethyl isothiocyanate and its derivatives against intestinal bacteria. Journal of Food Science 2009, 74:M467-M471.
61. Kolm R.H., Danielson U.H., Zhang Y., Talalay P., Mannervik B. Isothiocyanates as substrates for human glutathione transferases: structure-activity studies. Biochemical Journal 1995, 311:453-459.
62. Lai S., Tremblay J., Déziel E. Swarming motility: a multicellular behaviour conferring antimicrobial resistance. Environmental Microbiology 2009, 11:126-136.
63. Lee H.-Y., Zou Y., Ahn J. Physiochemical and molecular properties of antimicrobial-exposed Staphylococcus aureus during the planktonic-to-biofilm transition. Annals of Microbiology 2012, 1-5.
64. Lin C.M., Kim J., Du W.X., Wei C.I. Bactericidal activity of isothiocyanate against pathogens on fresh producer. Journal of Food Protection 2000, 63:25-30.
65. Lin C.M., Preston Iii J.F., Wei C.I. Antibacterial mechanism of allyl isothiocyanate. Journal of Food Protection 2000, 63:727-734.
66. Luciano F.B., Hosseinian F.S., Beta T., Holley R.A. Effect of free-SH containing compounds on allyl isothiocyanate antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Food Science 2008, 73:M214-M220.
67. Machado I., Graça J., Sousa A.M., Lopes S.P., Pereira M.O. Effect of antimicrobial residues on early adhesion and biofilm formation by wild-type and benzalkonium chloride-adapted Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofouling 2011, 27:1151-1159.
68. Mah T.F.C., O'Toole G.A. Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends in Microbiology 2001, 9:34-39.
69. Masuda H., Harada Y., Kishimoto N., Tano T. Antimicrobial activities of isothiocyanates. Aroma Active Compounds in Foods. ACS Symposium Series 2001, vol. 794:229-250.
70. Monroe S., Polk R. Antimicrobial use and bacterial resistance. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2000, 3:496-501.
71. Munday R., Mhawech-Fauceglia P., Munday C.M., Paonessa J.D., Tang L., Munday J.S., Lister C., Wilson P., Fahey J.W., Davis W., Zhang Y. Inhibition of urinary bladder carcinogenesis by broccoli sprouts. Cancer Research 2008, 68:1593-1600.
72. Newman D.J., Cragg G.M. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. Journal of Natural Products 2007, 70:461-477.
73. O'Toole G.A., Kolter R. Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Molecular Microbiology 1998, 30:295-304.
74. Overhage J., Bains M., Brazas M.D., Hancock R.E.W. Swarming of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a complex adaptation leading to increased production of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. Journal of Bacteriology 2008, 190:2671-2679.
75. Pettit R.K., Weber C.A., Pettit G.R. Application of a high throughput Alamar blue biofilm susceptibility assay to Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 2009, 8.
76. Prior R.L., Cao G. Antioxidant phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables: diet and health implications. HortScience 2000, 35:588-592.
77. Rashid M.H., Kornberg A. Inorganic polyphosphate is needed for swimming, swarming, and twitching motilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000, 97:4885-4890.
78. Rhee M.S., Lee S.Y., Dougherty R.H., Kang D.H. Antimicrobial effects of mustard flour and acetic acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2003, 69:2959-2963.
79. Roberts A.J., Williams S.K., Wiedmann M., Nightingale K.K. Some Listeria monocytogenes outbreak strains demonstrate significantly reduced invasion, inlA transcript levels, and swarming motility invitro. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2009, 75:5647-5658.
80. Saavedra M.J., Borges A., Dias C., Aires A., Bennett R.N., Rosa E.S., Simoes M. Antimicrobial activity of phenolics and glucosinolate hydrolysis products and their synergy with streptomycin against pathogenic bacteria. Medicinal Chemistry 2010, 6:174-183.
81. Sandasi M., Leonard C.M., Viljoen A.M. The invitro antibiofilm activity of selected culinary herbs and medicinal plants against Listeria monocytogenes. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2010, 50:30-35.
82. Sarker S.D., Nahar L., Kumarasamy Y. Microtitre plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its application in the invitro antibacterial screening of phytochemicals. Methods 2007, 42:321-324.
83. Shin I.S., Masuda H., Naohide K. Bactericidal activity of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) against Helicobacter pylori. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2004, 94:255-261.
84. Shrout J.D., Chopp D.L., Just C.L., Hentzer M., Givskov M., Parsek M.R. The impact of quorum sensing and swarming motility on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation is nutritionally conditional. Molecular Microbiology 2006, 62:1264-1277.
85. Simoes L.C., Lemos M., Pereira A.M., Abreu A.C., Saavedra M.J., Simoes M. Persister cells in a biofilm treated with a biocide. Biofouling 2011, 27:403-411.
86. Simoes L.C., Simoes M., Vieira M.J. Biofilm interactions between distinct bacterial genera isolated from drinking water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007, 73:6192-6200.
87. Simoes L.C., Simoes M., Vieira M.J. Adhesion and biofilm formation on polystyrene by drinking water-isolated bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 2010, 98:317-329.
88. Simoes L.C., Simoes M., Vieira M.J. Influence of the diversity of bacterial isolates from drinking water on resistance of biofilms to disinfection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2010, 76:6673-6679.
89. Simoes L.C., Simoes M., Vieira M.J. The effects of metabolite molecules produced by drinking water-isolated bacteria on their single and multispecies biofilms. Biofouling 2011, 27:685-699.
90. Simoes M. Antimicrobial strategies effective against infectious bacterial biofilms. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2011, 18:2129-2145.
91. Simoes M., Bennett R.N., Rosa E.A. Understanding antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals against multidrug resistant bacteria and biofilms. Natural Product Reports 2009, 26:746-757.
92. Simoes M., Pereira M.O., Vieira M.J. Effect of different concentrations of ortho-phthalaldehyde on biofilms formed by Pseudomonas fluorescens under different flow conditions. Biofouling 2003, 19:287-295.
93. Simoes M., Pereira M.O., Vieira M.J. Action of a cationic surfactant on the activity and removal of bacterial biofilms formed under different flow regimes. Water Research 2005, 39:478-486.
94. Simoes M., Rocha S., Coimbra M.A., Vieira M.J. Enhancement of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic susceptibility using sesquiterpenoids. Medicinal Chemistry 2008, 4:616-623.
95. Simoes M., Simoes L.C., Cleto S., Pereira M.O., Vieira M.J. The effects of a biocide and a surfactant on the detachment of Pseudomonas fluorescens from glass surfaces. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2008, 121:335-341.
96. Simoes M., Simoes L.C., Machado I., Pereira M.O., Vieira M.J. Control of flow-generated biofilms with surfactants: evidence of resistance and recovery. Food and Bioproducts Processing 2006, 84:338-345.
97. Sofrata A., Santangelo E.M., Azeem M., Borg-Karlson A.K., Gustafsson A., Pütsep K. Benzyl isothiocyanate, a major component from the roots of Salvadora persica is highly active against gram-negative bacteria. PLoS ONE 2011, 6.
98. Stepanović S., Vuković D., Dakić I., Savić B., Švabić-Vlahović M. Amodified microtiter-plate test for quantification of staphylococcal biofilm formation. Journal of Microbiological Methods 2000, 40:175-179.
99. Stewart P.S., Costerton J.W. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms. Lancet 2001, 358:135-138.
100. Stickland H.G., Davenport P.W., Lilley K.S., Griffin J.L., Welch M. Mutation of nfxB causes global changes in the physiology and metabolism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Proteome Research 2010, 9:2957-2967.
101. Tegos G., Stermitz F.R., Lomovskaya O., Lewis K. Multidrug pump inhibitors uncover remarkable activity of plant antimicrobials. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2002, 46:3133-3141.
102. Toté K., Horemans T., Vanden Berghe D., Maes L., Cos P. Inhibitory effect of biocides on the viable masses and matrices of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2010, 76:3135-3142.
103. Troncoso R., Espinoza C., Sánchez-Estrada A., Tiznado M.E., García H.S. Analysis of the isothiocyanates present in cabbage leaves extract and their potential application to control Alternaria rot in bell peppers. Food Research International 2005, 38:701-708.
104. Tsompanidou E., Sibbald M.J.J.B., Chlebowicz M.A., Dreisbach A., Back J.W., Van Dijl J.M., Buist G., Denham E.L. Requirement of the agr locus for colony spreading of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Bacteriology 2011, 193:1267-1272.
105. Van Oss C.J., Chaudhury M.K., Good R.J. Monopolar surfaces. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 1987, 28:35-64.
106. Van Oss C.J., Good R.J., Chaudhury M.K. Additive and nonadditive surface tension components and the interpretation of contact angles. Langmuir 1988, 4:884-891.
107. Van Oss C.J., Ju L., Chaudhury M.K., Good R.J. Estimation of the polar parameters of the surface tension of liquids by contact angle measurements on gels. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 1989, 128:313-319.
108. Verma R.P. Synthesis and reactions of 3-oxobutyl isothiocyanate (OB ITC). European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2003, 415-420.
109. Walsh C. Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance. Nature 2000, 406:775-781.
110. Zhang Y. The molecular basis that unifies the metabolism, cellular uptake and chemopreventive activities of dietary isothiocyanates. Carcinogenesis 2012, 33:2-9.
111. Zou Y., Woo J., Ahn J. Cellular and molecular responses of Salmonella Typhimurium to antimicrobial-induced stresses during the planktonic-to-biofilm transition. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2012, 55:274-282.