Child abuse and neglect among orphaned children and youth living in extended families in sub-Saharan Africa: What have we learned from qualitative inquiry?

Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 338-352

  Morantz, Gillian ^a   Cole, Donald ^b   Vreeman, Rachel ^c   Ayaya, Samuel ^d   Ayuku, David ^d   Braitstein, Paula ^b,c,d,e,f  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d MOI UNIVERSITY   (Kenya)

^e ACADEMIC MODEL PROVIDING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AMPATH   (Kenya)

^f REGENSTRIEF INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

abuse; Africa; neglect; orphan; qualitative review

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887039177     PISSN: 17450128     EISSN: 17450136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17450128.2013.764476     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Acuda, W., Othieno, C. J., Obondo, A., & Crome, I. B. (2011). The epidemiology of addiction in sub-Saharan Africa: A synthesis of reports, reviews, and original articles. The American Journal on Addictions, 20, 87-99.
2. Ainsworth, M., & Filmer, D. (2006). Inequalities in children's schooling: AIDS, orphanhood, poverty, and gender. World Development, 34, 1099-1128.
3. Akmatov, M. K. (2011). Child abuse in 28 developing and transitional countries-results from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40, 219-227.
4. Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D. Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 174-186.
5. Ansell, N., & Young, L. (2004). Enabling households to support successful migration of AIDS orphans in Southern Africa. AIDS Care, 16, 3-10.
6. Ayaya, S., Rotich, J. K., Vreeman, R., & Nyandiko, W. M. (2011). Child abuse and neglect as seen in a tertiary hospital in western Kenya: Paediatricians' perspective. East African Medical Journal, 88, 366-374.
7. Bennell, P. (2005). The impact of the AIDS epidemic on the schooling of orphans and other directly affected children in sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of Development Studies, 41, 467-488.
8. Berger, L. M. (2004). Income, family structure, and child maltreatment risk. Children and Youth Services Review, 26, 725-748.
9. Berry, L., & Guthrie, T. (2003). Rapid assessment: The situation of children in South Africa. Cape Town: Children's Institute, University of Cape Town.
10. Case, A., Paxson, C., & Ableidinger, J. (2004). Orphans in Africa: Parental death, poverty, and school enrollment. Demography, 41, 483-508.
11. Chase, E., Wood, K., & Aggleton, P. (2006). Is this 'coping'? Survival strategies of orphans, vulnerable children and young people in Zimbabwe. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 21, 85-105.
12. Chisholm, A. M. (2008). Care & protection for orphaned children in sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of the kingdom of Swaziland. Canada: Saint Mary's University.
13. Cluver, L., Bowes, L., & Gardner, F. (2010). Risk and protective factors for bullying victimization among AIDS-affected and vulnerable children in South Africa. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 793-803.
14. Cluver, L., & Gardner, F. (2007). Risk and protective factors for psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town: A qualitative study of children and caregivers' perspectives. AIDS Care, 19, 318-325.
15. Cluver, L., Gardner, F., & Operario, D. (2007). Psychological distress amongst AIDS-orphaned children in urban South Africa. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 48, 755-763.
16. Cluver, L., & Orkin, M. (2009). Cumulative risk and AIDS-orphanhood: Interactions of stigma, bullying and poverty on child mental health in South Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 1186-1193.
17. Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., Polanczyk, G., Pariante, C. M. Caspi, A. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: Depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163, 1135-1143.
18. Delva, W. (2010). How supportive is the social network of AIDS orphans and other orphanedchildren in Conakry and N'Zérékoré, Guinea? SACEMA Quarterly. Retrieved from http://www.sacemaquarterly.com/aids/how-supportive-is-the-social-network-of-aids-orphans-and-other-orphaned-children-in-conakry-and-n'zerekore-guinea.html
19. Desmond, C. (2009). Consequences of HIV for children: Avoidable or inevitable? AIDS Care, 21, 98.
20. Dixon-Woods, M., Shaw, R. L., Agarwal, S., & Smith, J. A. (2004). The problem of appraising qualitative research. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 13, 223-225.
21. Dubowitz, H., Kim, J., Black, M. M., Weisbart, C., Semiatin, J., & Magder, L. S. (2011). Identifying children at high risk for a child maltreatment report. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 96-104.
22. Foster, G., Makufa, C., Drew, R., Mashumba, S., & Kambeu, S. (1997). Perceptions of children and community members concerning the circumstances of orphans in rural Zimbabwe. AIDS Care, 9, 391-405.
23. Funkquist, A., Eriksson, B., & Muula, A. S. (2007). The vulnerability of orphans in Thyolo district, southern Malawi. Tanzania Health Research Bulletin, 9, 102-109.
24. Haour-Knipe, M. (2009). Families, children, migration and AIDS. AIDS Care, 21, 43-48.
25. Harms, S., Jack, S., Ssebunnya, J., & Kizza, R. (2010). The orphaning experience: Descriptions from Ugandan youth who have lost parents to HIV/AIDS. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4, 6-16.
26. Harms, S., Kizza, R., Sebunnya, J., & Jack, S. (2009). Conceptions of mental health among Ugandan youth orphaned by AIDS. African Journal of Research, 8, 7-16.
27. Herrenkohl, E. C., Herrehkohl, R. C., Rupert, L. J., Egolf, B. P., & Lutz, J. G. (1995). Risk factors for behavioral dysfunction: The relative impact of maltreatment, SES, physical health problems, cognitive ability, and quality of parent-child interaction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 191-203.
28. Heymann, J., & Kidman, R. (2009). HIV/AIDS, declining family resources and the community safety net. AIDS Care, 21, 34-42.
29. Hosegood, V. (2009). The demographic impact of HIV and AIDS across the family and household life-cycle: Implications for efforts to strengthen families in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Care, 21, 13-21.
30. Howard, B. H., Phillips, C. V., Matinhure, N., Goodman, K. J., McCurdy, S. A., & Johnson, C. A. (2007). Barriers and incentives to orphan care in a time of AIDS and economic crisis: A cross-sectional survey of caregivers in rural Zimbabwe. Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention in Children & Youth, 8, 117-137.
31. Jaudes, P. K., & Mackey-Bilaver, L. (2008). Do chronic conditions increase young children's risk of being maltreated? Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 671-681.
32. Lachman, P. (2004). Understanding the current position of research in Africa as the foundation for child protection programs. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 813-815.
33. Lachman, P., Poblete, X., Ebigbo, P. O., Nyandiya-Bundy, S., Bundy, R. P., Killian, B., & Doek, J. (2002). Challenges facing child protection. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 587-617.
34. Mangoma, J., Chimbari, M., & Dhlomo, E. (2008). An enumeration of orphans and analysis of the problems and wishes of orphans: The case of Kariba, Zimbabwe. SAHARA Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 5, 120-128.
35. Maniglio, R. (2011). The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124, 30-41.
36. McGraw, L., & Wameyo, A. (2005). Violence against children affected by HIV/AIDS: A case study of Uganda. World Vision International - Africa Office. Retrieved from http://www.wvi.org/wvi/wviweb.nsf/8ACB216444EC63D3882579680069B44D/$file/children_violence-uganda_study.pdf
37. Miller, C. M., Gruskin, S., Subramanian, S. V., & Heymann, J. (2007). Emerging health disparities in Botswana: Examining the situation of orphans during the AIDS epidemic. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 2476-2486.
38. Mills, R., Alati, R., O'Callaghan, M., Najman, J. M., Williams, G. M., Bor, W., & Strathearn, L. (2011). Child abuse and neglect and cognitive function at 14 years of age: Findings from a birth cohort. Pediatrics, 127, 4-10.
39. Mmari, K. (2011). Exploring the relationship between caregiving and health: Perceptions among orphaned and non-orphaned adolescents in Tanzania. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 301-309.
40. Mojola, S. A. (2011). Multiple transitions and HIV risk among orphaned Kenyan schoolgirls. Studies in Family Planning, 42, 29-40.
41. Nanni, V., Uher, R., & Danese, A. (2011). Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 141-151.
42. Noblit, G. W., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Meta ethnography: Synthesising qualitative studies. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
43. Nyambedha, E. O., Wandibba, S., & Aagaard-Hansen, J. (2003). Changing patterns of orphan care due to the HIV epidemic in western Kenya. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 301-311.
44. Nyamukapa, C. A., Gregson, S., Wambe, M., Mushore, P., Lopman, B., Mupambireyi, Z. Jukes, M. C. (2010). Causes and consequences of psychological distress among orphans in eastern Zimbabwe. AIDS Impact, 9th International Conference Special Issue, Gaborone, Botswana, 22, 988-996.
45. Oleke, C., Blystad, A., Fylkesnes, K., & Tumwine, J. K. (2007). Constraints to educational opportunities of orphans: A community-based study from northern Uganda. AIDS Care, 19, 361-368.
46. Oleke, C., Blystad, A., Moland, K., Rekdal, O., & Heggenhougen, K. (2006). The varying vulnerability of African orphans - the case of the Langi, Northern Uganda. Childhood, 13, 267-284.
47. Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse. The Journal of Psychology, 135, 17-36.
48. Pierce, L., & Bozalek, V. (2004). Child abuse in South Africa: An examination of how child abuse and neglect are defined. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 817-832.
49. Ramiro, L. S., Madrid, B. J., & Brown, D. W. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and health-risk behaviors among adults in a developing country setting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 842-855.
50. Reza, A., Breiding, M. J., Gulaid, J., Mercy, J. A., Blanton, C., Mthethwa, Z. Anderson, M. (2009). Sexual violence and its health consequences for female children in Swaziland: A cluster survey study. Lancet, 373, 1966-1972.
51. Scarborough, A. A., Lloyd, E. C., & Barth, R. P. (2009). Maltreated infants and toddlers: Predictors of developmental delay. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 30, 489-498.
52. Schenk, K., Ndhlovu, L., Tembo, S., Nsune, A., Nkhata, C., Walusiku, B., & Watts, C. (2008). Supporting orphans and vulnerable children affected by AIDS: Using community-generated definitions to explore patterns of children's vulnerability in Zambia. AIDS Care, 20, 894-903.
53. Seloilwe, E. S., & Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G. (2009). Sexual abuse and violence among adolescent girls in Botswana: A mental health perspective. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30, 456-459.
54. Shumba, A. (2001). Epidemiology and etiology of reported cases of child physical abuse in Zimbabwean primary schools. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 265-277.
55. Sidebotham, P., & Heron, J. (2003). Child maltreatment in the "children of the nineties": The role of the child. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 337-352.
56. Sidebotham, P., & Heron, J. (2006). Child maltreatment in the "children of the nineties": A cohort study of risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 497-522.
57. Sidebotham, P., Heron, J., & Golding, J. (2002). Child maltreatment in the "children of the nineties": Deprivation, class, and social networks in a UK sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 1243-1259.
58. Snipstad, M. B., Lie, G. T., & Winje, D. (2005). What do Tanzanian children worry about? African Journal of AIDS Research, 4, 183-193.
59. Stoltenborgh, M., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreatment, 16, 79-101.
60. Strode, A., & Barrett-Grant, K. (2001). The role of stigma and discrimination in increasing the vulnerability of children and youth infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS - Research report. Arcadia: Save the Children. Retrieved from http://www.pacttz.org/pdfs/11.%20Role%20of%20Stigma%20and%20Discrimination%20in%20Increasing%20Risks%20of%20Children%20Affected%20by%20HIV-AIDS.pdf
61. Suliman, S., Seedat, S., Williams, D. R., & Stein, D. J. (2010). Predictors of transitions across stages of alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders in South Africa. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71, 695-703.
62. United Nations. (n.d.) Youth, social policy and development division. Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from http://social.un.org/index/Youth/FAQs.aspx
63. United Nations Children's Fund. (2010). Children and AIDS: Fifth stocktaking report, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_57005.html
64. United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, & President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. (2006). Children affected by AIDS: Africa's orphaned and vulnerable generations. New York, NY: UNICEF.
65. van Blerk, L., & Ansell, N. (2007). Alternative caregiving in the context of HIV/AIDS in southern Africa: Complex strategies for care. Journal of International Development, 19, 865-884.
66. Walker, L. (2002). "We will bury ourselves": A study of child-headed households on commercial farms in Zimbabwe. Harare: Farm Orphan Support Trust of Zimbabwe.
67. Whetten, R., Messer, L., Ostermann, J., Whetten, K., Pence, B. W., Buckner, M. O'Donnell, K. (2011). Child work and labour among orphaned and abandoned children in five low and middle income countries. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 11, 1-12.
68. Widom, C. S., White, H. R., Czaja, S. J., & Marmorstein, N. R. (2007). Long-term effects of child abuse and neglect on alcohol use and excessive drinking in middle adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68, 317-326.
69. Wood, K., Chase, E., & Aggleton, P. (2006). 'Telling the truth is the best thing': Teenage orphans' experiences of parental AIDS-related illness and bereavement in Zimbabwe. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 1923-1933.
70. World Health Organization, & International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. (2006). Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence. Retrieved from http://www.ispcan.org/resource/resmgr/docs/preventing_child_maltreatmen.pdf
71. Young, L., & Ansell, N. (2003). Fluid households, complex families: The impacts of children's migration as a response to HIV/AIDS in southern Africa. The Professional Geographer, 55, 464-476.