The association between post-traumatic stress-related symptoms, resilience, current stress and past exposure to violence: A cross sectional study of the survival of Quechua women in the aftermath of the Peruvian armed conflict

Conflict and Health

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Suarez, Eliana B ^a  

^a WILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Peru; Political violence; Posttraumatic stress; Quechua women; Resilience

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886537240     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17521505     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1752-1505-7-21     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Coping with the trauma of war: former child soldiers in post-conflict Sierra Leone. Denov M, Int Soc Work 2010 53 6 791 806 10.1177/0020872809358400
2. Therapeutic governance: psycho-social intervention and trauma risk management. Pupavac V, Disasters 2001 25 4 358 372 10.1111/1467-7717.00184 11780860 (Pubitemid 34004847)
3. Resilience of refugees displaced in the developing world: a qualitative analysis of strengths and struggles of urban refugees in Nepal. Thomas FC, Roberts B, Luite NP, Upadhaya N, Tol WA, Confl Health 2011 5 20 1 11 21310092
4. Introduction: conflict, violence, and health: setting a new interdisciplinary agenda. Panter-Brick C, Soc Sci Med 2010 70 1 6 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.022 19931960
5. The limits of resilience: distress following chronic political violence among Palestinians. Hobfoll SA, Mancini AD, Hall BJ, Canetti D, Bonanno G, Soc Sci Med 2011 72 1400 1408 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.022 21440348
6. Use of the 'Sense of Coherence (SOC)' scale to measure resilience in Eritrea: Interrogating both the data and the scale. Almedom AM, Tesfamichael B, Mohammed ZS, Mascie-Taylor N, Alemu Z, J Biosoc Sci 2007 39 91 107 10.1017/S0021932005001112 16283951 (Pubitemid 46648325)
7. Resilience is not the absence of PTSD any more than health is the absence of disease. Almedom AM, Glandon D, J Loss Trauma 2007 12 127 143 10.1080/15325020600945962
8. Resilience across cultures. Ungar M, Br J Soc Work 2008 38 218 235
9. Development of a new resilience scale: The new Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Connor KM, Davidson JRT, Depress Anxiety 2003 18 76 82 10.1002/da.10113 12964174 (Pubitemid 37175584)
10. Gendered war and gendered peace: truth commissions and post-conflict gender violence: lessons from South Africa. Borer TA, Violence Against Women 2009 15 10 1169 1193 10.1177/1077801209344676 19706778
11. Wartime sexual violence in Guatemala and Peru. Leiby ML, Int Stud Q 2009 53 445 468 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00541.x
12. When the war was over, little changed: women's posttraumatic suffering after the war in Mozambique. Igreja V, Kleijn W, Richters A, J Nerv Ment Dis 2006 194 7 502 509 10.1097/01.nmd.0000228505.36302.a3 16840846 (Pubitemid 44154897)
13. Women, security, and the patriarchy of internationalized transitional justice. Ni Aolain F, Hum Rights Q 2009 31 4 1055 1085 10.1353/hrq.0.0114
14. Armed conflict, international linkages, and women's parliamentary representation in developing nations. Hughes M, Soc Probl 2009 56 1 174 204 10.1525/sp.2009.56.1.174
15. Women, armed conflict, and peacemaking in Sri Lanka: toward a political economy perspective. Bandarage A, Asian Politics Policy 2010 2 4 653 667 10.1111/j.1943-0787.2010.01218.x
16. Women as agents of ethnic reconciliation? Women NGOs and international interventions in post-war Bosnia-Herzegovina. Helms E, Women's Stud Int Forum 2003 26 1 15 33 10.1016/S0277-5395(02)00352-7 (Pubitemid 36238673)
17. Don't let the suffering make you fade away: an ethnographic study of resilience among survivors of genocide-rape in southern Rwanda. Zraly M, Nyirazinyoye L, Soc Sci Med 2010 70 1656 1664 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.017 20223570
18. Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación, Versión abreviada del Informe Final de La Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación Lima: Navarrete 2003
19. Justice in transition: the micro politics of reconciliation in postwar Peru. Theidon K, J Conflict Resolut 2006 50 3 433 448 10.1177/0022002706286954 (Pubitemid 43707769)
20. Estudio Epidemiológico en la Sierra Peruana: Informe General. Instituto Especializado de Salud Mental (IESM), Anales de Salud Mental 2003 50 1& 2 84
21. The sequelae of political violence: assessing trauma, suffering and dislocation in the Peruvian highlands. Pedersen D, Tremblay J, Errazuris C, Gamarra J, Soc Sci Med 2008 67 205 217 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.040 18423959 (Pubitemid 351787392)
22. Gamarra J, Tejiendo vida: Historias de seis mujeres ayacuchanas Miraflores, Lima: Forma e Imagen 2009
23. Trigos P, Lagos M, Huamaní R, Ayacucho: Mujeres heroínas de la vida cotidiana en el siglo XX Ayacucho, Perú: Centro de Investigación Social de Ayacucho 2006
24. Cultural violence. Galtung J, J Peace Res 1990 27 3 291 305 10.1177/0022343390027003005
25. Structural violence and clinical medicine. Farmer PE, Nizeye B, Stulac S, Keshavjee S, PloS Med 2006 3 10 1686 1691 (Pubitemid 44721800)
26. The Peruvian truth commission's mental health reparations: empowering survivors of political violence to impact public health policy. Laplante LJ, Rivera MH, Health Hum Rights 2006 9 2 136 163 10.2307/4065405 17265758 (Pubitemid 46231251)
27. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Bonnano GA, Am Psychol 2008 59 1 20 28
28. Shadish WR, Cook TD, Campbell DT, Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference Boston: Houghton Mifflin 2002
29. Preparing instruments for transcultural research: use of the translation monitoring form with Nepali-speaking Bhutanese refugees. Van Ommeren M, Sharma S, Thapa S, Makaju R, Prasain D, de Bhattarai R, Jong J, Transcult Psychiatry 1999 36 3 285 301 10.1177/136346159903600304 (Pubitemid 29436152)
30. Mollica RF, McDonald LS, Masagli MP, Silove DM, Measuring trauma measuring torture: Instructions and guidance on the utilization of the Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma's versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25), the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) Cambridge: Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma 2004
31. Assessing mental health outcomes of political violence and civil unrest in Peru. Tremblay J, Pedersen D, Errazuris C, Int J Psychiatry 2009 55 5 449 463 10.1177/0020764009103214
32. War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: bridging the divide between trauma- focused and psychosocial frameworks. Miller KE, Rasmussen A, Soc Sci Med 2010 70 1 7 16 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.029 19854552
33. The social readjustment rating scale. Holmes T, Rahe R, J Psychosom Res 1967 11 213 218 10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4 6059863
34. Post-civil war adaptation and need in Managua, Nicaragua. Ahearn FL, Noble JH, J Biosoc Sci 2004 36 401 415 10.1017/S0021932004006625 15293383 (Pubitemid 38924137)
35. Assessment of exposure to political violence and other potentially traumatizing events: a critical review. Netland M, J Trauma Stress 2001 14 311 326 10.1023/A:1011164901867 11469159 (Pubitemid 32641696)
36. Field A, Discovering statistics using SPSS Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Ltd 2009
37. What parts of PTSD are normal: Intrusion, avoidance or arousal? data from the Northridge, California, earthquake. McMillen JC, North CS, Smith EM, J Trauma Stress 2000 13 1 57 75 10.1023/A:1007768830246 10761174 (Pubitemid 30171850)
38. A prospective analysis of trauma exposure: the mediating role of PTSD symptomatology. Orcutt HK, Erikson DJ, Wolfe J, J Trauma Stress 2002 15 259 266 10.1023/A:1015215630493 12092919 (Pubitemid 34686472)
39. Resilience moderates the relationship between exposure to violence and posttraumatic reexperiencing in Mi'kmaq youth. Zahradnik M, Stewart SH, O'Connor RM, Stevens D, Ungar M, Wekerle C, Int J Ment Health Addict 2010 8 408 420 10.1007/s11469-009-9228-y
40. Estimating post- traumatic stress disorder in the community: lifetime perspective and the impact of typical traumatic events. Breslau N, Peterson EL, Poisson LM, Schultz LR, Lucia VC, Psychol Med 2004 34 889 898 10.1017/S0033291703001612 15500309 (Pubitemid 39089527)
41. Numbing symptoms as predictors of unremitting posttraumatic stress. Malta L, Wyka KE, Giosan C, Jayasinghe N, Difede J, J Anxiety Disord 2009 23 223 229 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.07.004 18755571
42. The structure of posttraumatic stress disorder. Breslau N, Reboussin BA, Anthony JC, Storr C, Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005 62 1343 1351 10.1001/archpsyc.62. 12.1343 16330722 (Pubitemid 41746611)
43. Diagnostic issues in posttraumatic stress disorder: considerations for the DSM-IV. Davidson JR, Foa EG, J Abnorm Psychol 1991 100 346 355 1918613
44. Arousal, numbing, and intrusion: Symptom structure of PTSD following assault. Foa E, Riggs D, Gershuny B, Am J Psychiatry 1995 152 116 120 7802101
45. Truth with consequences: justice and reparations in post-truth commission Peru. Laplante L, Theidon K, Hum Rights Q 2007 29 228 250 10.1353/hrq.2007.0009 (Pubitemid 46510258)
46. Aguinis H, Moderated regression New York: Guilford 2004
47. Commentary: deconstructing critiques on the internationalization of PTSD. De Jong TVM, Cult Med Psychiatry 2005 29 361 370 10.1007/s11013-005-9172-7 16404691 (Pubitemid 43096164)
48. Violence and adolescent mental health in the occupied Palestinian territory: a contextual approach. Rabaia Y, Giacaman R, Nguyen-Gillham V, Cult Med Psychiatry 2010 34 421 442 10.1007/s11013-010-9187-6 20563631
49. Complex sequelae of psychological trauma among Kosovar civilian trauma victims. Morina N, Ford JD, Int J Soc Psychiatry 2009 54 5 425 436
50. PTSD, depression and anxiety among former abductees in Northern Uganda. Pfeiffer A, Elbert T, Confl Health 2011 5 14 1 7 21310092
51. The association between cumulative adversity and mental health: considering dose and primary focus of adversity. Keinan G, Shrira A, Shmotkin D, Qual Life Res 2012 21 1149 1158 10.1007/s11136-011-0035-0 21983715
52. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Informática, Estadísticas Nacionales 2011 Retrieved May 18, 2011 from http://www.inei.gob.pe/
53. Grand rounds: 'I'll knock elsewhere'-the impact of past trauma in later life. Ong YL, Carter P, Psychiatr Bull R Coll Psychiatr 2001 25 435 436 10.1192/pb.25.11.435 (Pubitemid 33094531)
54. Trauma and current posttraumatic stress symptoms in elderly German women who experienced wartime rapes in 1945. Kuwert P, Klauer T, Eichhorn S, Grundke E, Dudeck M, Schomerus G, Freyberge RH, Nerv Ment Dis 2010 198 6 450 451 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181e08685
55. Psychological consequences of rape on women in 1991-1995 war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Loncar M, Medved V, Jovanovic N, Hotujac L, Croat Med J 2006 47 1 67 75 16489699 (Pubitemid 43326904)
56. Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru. White GD, Forced Migr Rev 2009 33 44 46
57. Resource loss and naturalistic reduction of PTSD among inner-city women. Walter KH, Hobfoll SE, J Interpers Violence 2009 24 3 482 498 18458352
58. Journeys and landscapes of forced migration: memorializing fear among refugees and internally displaced Colombians. Riaño-Alcala P, Soc Anthropol 2008 16 11 18
59. Normalizing the abnormal: Palestinian youth and the contradictions of resilience in protracted conflict. Nguyen-Gillham V, Giacaman R, Naser G, Boyce W, Health Soc Care Community 2008 16 3 291 298 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00767.x 18355248
60. Greed and grievance in civil war. Collier P, Hoeffler A, Oxford Econ Papers 2004 56 4 563 595 10.1093/oep/gpf064 (Pubitemid 39393806)
61. Beyond the 'salvation' paradigm: responsibility to protect (Others) vs the power of protecting oneself. Mégret F, Security Dialogue 2009 40 6 575 595 10.1177/0967010609350632