Evidence for structural phase transitions and large effective band gaps in quasi-metallic ultra-clean suspended carbon nanotubes

Nano Research

Volumn 6, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 736-744

  Chang, Shun Wen ^a   Dhall, Rohan ^b   Amer, Moh ^b   Sato, Kentaro ^c   Saito, Riichiro ^c   Cronin, Stephen ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b University of Southern California   (United States)

^c TOHOKU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

bandgap energy; carbon nanotube; phase transition; Raman spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886095245     PISSN: 19980124     EISSN: 19980000     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-013-0351-5     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Cao, J. E.; Wang, Q.; Dai, H. J. Electron transport in very clean, as-grown suspended carbon nanotubes. Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 745-749.
2. Bushmaker, A. W.; Deshpande, V. V.; Bockrath, M. W.; Cronin, S. B. Direct observation of mode selective electron? phonon coupling in suspended carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 3618-3622.
3. Dhall, R.; Chang, S.-W.; Liu, Z. W.; Cronin, S. B. Pronounced electron-phonon interactions in ultraclean suspended carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B2012, 86, 045427.
4. Bushmaker, A. W.; Deshpande, V. V.; Hsieh, S.; Bockrath, M. W.; Cronin, S. B. Direct observation of Born-Oppenheimer approximation breakdown in carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2009. 9, 607-611.
5. Deshpande, V. V.; Bockrath, M. The one-dimensional Wigner crystal in carbon nanotubes. Nat. Phys. 2008, 4, 314-318.
6. Deshpande, V. V.; Chandra, B.; Caldwell, R.; Novikov, D. S.; Hone, J.; Bockrath, M. Mott insulating state in ultraclean carbon nanotubes. Science2009, 323, 106-110.
7. Amer, M. R.; Bushmaker, A.; Cronin, S. B. The influence of substrate in determining the band gap of metallic carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 4843-4847.
8. Cronin, S. B.; Barnett, R.; Tinkham, M.; Chou, S. G.; Rabin, O.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Swan, A. K.; Ünlü, M. S.; Goldberg, B. B. Electrochemical gating of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes observed by electron transport measurements and resonant Raman spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 2052-2054.
9. Das, A.; Sood, A. K.; Govindaraj, A.; Marco Saitta, A.; Lazzeri, M.; Mauri, F.; Rao, C. N. R. Doping in carbon nanotubes probed by Raman and transport measurements. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 99, 136803.
10. Tsang, J. C.; Freitag, M.; Perebeinos, V.; Liu, J.; Avouris, P. Doping and phonon renormalization in carbon nanotubes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 725-730.
11. Farhat, H.; Son, H.; Samsonidze, G. G.; Reich, S.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Kong, J. Phonon softening in individual metallic carbon nanotubes due to the Kohn anomaly. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 99, 145506.
12. Sasaki, K.; Farhat, H.; Saito, R.; Dresselhaus, M. S. Kohn anomaly in Raman spectroscopy of single wall carbon nanotubes. Physica E2010, 42, 2005-2015.
13. Mott, N. F. Metal-insulator transition. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1968, 40, 677-683.
14. Katsufuji, T.; Tokura, Y. Anomalous variation of phonon Raman intensities near the metal-to-Mott-insulator transition in titanium-oxide systems. Phys. Rev. B1994, 50, 2704-2707.
15. Bushmaker, A. W.; Deshpande, V. V.; Hsieh, S.; Bockrath, M. W.; Cronin, S. B. Large modulations in the intensity of Raman-scattered light from pristine carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 103, 067401.
16. Pop, E.; Mann, D.; Cao, J. E.; Wang, Q.; Goodson, K.; Dai, H. J. Negative differential conductance and hot phonons in suspended nanotube molecular wires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 95, 155505.
17. Jorio, A.; Pimenta, M.; Souza Filho, A.; Saito, R.; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M. Characterizing carbon nanotube samples with resonance Raman scattering. New J. Phys. 2003, 5, 139.
18. Bushmaker, A. W.; Deshpande, V. V.; Hsieh, S.; Bockrath, M. W.; Cronin, S. B. Gate voltage controllable non- equilibrium and non-ohmic behavior in suspended carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 2862-2866.
19. Zhao, Y.; Liao, A.; Pop, E. Multiband mobility in semiconducting carbon nanotubes. IEEE Electr. Device L. IEEE2009, 30, 1078-1080.
20. Bushmaker, A.; Chang, C.; Deshpande, V.; Amer, M.; Bockrath, M.; Cronin, S. Memristive behavior observed in a defected single-walled carbon nanotube. IEEE T. Nanotechnol. 2011, 10, 582-586.
21. Das, A.; Pisana, S.; Chakraborty, B.; Piscanec, S.; Saha, S. K.; Waghmare, U. V.; Novoselov, K. S.; Krishnamurthy, H. R.; Geim, A. K.; Ferrari, A. C.; et al. Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 210-215.
22. Caudal, N.; Saitta, A. M.; Lazzeri, M.; Mauri, F. Kohn anomalies and nonadiabaticity in doped carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B2007, 75, 115423.
23. Piscanec, S.; Lazzeri, M.; Robertson, J.; Ferrari, A. C.; Mauri, F. Optical phonons in carbon nanotubes: Kohn anomalies, Peierls distortions, and dynamic effects. Phys. Rev. B2007, 75, 035427.
24. Araujo, P. T.; Mafra, D. L.; Sato, K.; Saito, R.; Kong, J.; Dresselhaus, M. S. Phonon self-energy corrections to nonzero wave-vector phonon modes in single-layer craphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 109, 046801.
25. Wu, Y.; Huang, M. Y.; Wang, F.; Huang, X. M. H.; Rosenblatt, S.; Huang, L. M.; Yan, H. G.; O'Brien, S. P.; Hone, J.; Heinz, T. F. Determination of the Young's modulus of structurally defined carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4158-4161.
26. Cronin, S. B.; Swan, A. K.; Ünlü, M. S.; Goldberg, B. B.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Tinkham, M. Measuring the uniaxial strain of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes: Resonance Raman spectra of atomic-force-microscope modified single- wall nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004, 93, 167401.
27. Cronin, S. B.; Swan, A. K.; Ünlü, M. S.; Goldberg, B. B.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Tinkham, M. Measuring the uniaxial strain of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes: Resonance Raman spectra of atomic-force-microscope modified single- wall nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004, 93, 167401.
28. Sapmaz, S.; Blanter, Y. M.; Gurevich, L.; van der Zant, H. S. J. Carbon nanotubes as nanoelectromechanical systems. Phys. Rev. B2003, 67, 235414.
29. Ouyang, M.; Huang, J.-L.; Cheung, C. L.; Lieber, C. M. Energy gaps in "metallic" single-walled carbon nanotubes. Science2001, 292, 702-705.
30. Kane, C. L.; Mele, E. J. Size, shape, and low energy electronic structure of carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 78, 1932-1935.
31. Cronin, S. B.; Swan, A. K.; Ünlü, M. S.; Goldberg, B. B.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Tinkham, M. Resonant Raman spectroscopy of individual metallic and semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes under uniaxial strain. Phys. Rev. B2005, 72, 035425.
32. Yang, L.; Anantram, M. P.; Han, J.; Lu, J. P. Band-gap change of carbon nanotubes: Effect of small uniaxial and torsional strain. Phys. Rev. B1999, 60, 13874-13878.
33. Balents, L.; Fisher, M. P. A. Correlation effects in carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B1997, 55, R11973-R11976.
34. Krotov, Y. A.; Lee, D.-H.; Louie, S. G. Low energy properties of (n, n) carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 78, 4245-4248.
35. Barnett, R.; Demler, E.; Kaxiras, E. Electron-phonon interaction in ultrasmall-radius carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B2005, 71, 035429.
36. Connetable, D.; Rignanese, G. M.; Charlier, J. C.; Blase, X. Room temperature Peierls distortion in small diameter nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 94, 015503.
37. Dumont, G.; Boulanger, P.; Côté, M.; Ernzerhof, M. Peierls instability in carbon nanotubes: A first-principles study. Phys. Rev. B2010, 82, 035419.
38. Saito, R.; Fujita, M.; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M. S. Electronic-structure of graphene tubules based on C-60. Phys. Rev. B1992, 46, 1804-1811.
39. Kim, H.-T.; Chae, B.-G.; Youn, D.-H.; Maeng, S.-L.; Kim, G.; Kang, K.-Y.; Lim, Y.-S. Mechanism and observation of Mott transition in VO2-based two- and three-terminal devices. New J. Phys. 2004, 6, 52.
40. Peierls, R. More Surprises in Theoretical Physics; Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1991.
41. Yin, L.-C.; Cheng, H.-M.; Saito, R.; Dresselhaus, M. S. Fermi level dependent optical transition energy in metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon2011, 49, 4774-4780.
42. Vercosa, D. G.; Barros, E. B.; Souza Filho, A. G.; Mendes Filho, J.; Samsonidze, G. G.; Saito, R.; Dresselhaus, M. S. Torsional instability of chiral carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B2010, 81, 165430.