The regulation of race in science

George Washington Law Review

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 1115-1173

  Paul Emile, Kimani ^a  

^a FORDHAM UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84884748981     PISSN: 00168076     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. White House Remarks on Decoding of Genome, N.Y. TIMES, June 27, 2000, at F8.
2. Gail Dutton, Correlating Genomics, Race, and Medicine, GENETIC ENGINEERING NEWS, Jan. 1, 2006, at 1.
3. Erik Lillquist & Charles A. Sullivan, The Law and Genetics of Racial Profiling in Medicine, 39 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 391, 425-26 (2004).
4. Jonathan Kahn, How a Drug Becomes "Ethnic": Law, Commerce, and the Production of Racial Categories in Medicine, 4 YALE J. HEALTH POL'Y L. & ETHICS 1 (2004).
5. OSAGIE K. OBASOGIE, CTR. FOR GENETICS & SOC'Y, PLAYING THE GENE CARD?: A REPORT ON RACE AND HUMAN BIOTECHNOLOGY (2009)
6. Stacie E. Geller et al., Adherence to Federal Guidelines for Reporting of Sex and Race/Ethnicity in Clinical Trials, 15 J. OF WOMEN'S HEALTH 1123 (2006)
7. Jonathan Kahn, Race-ing Patents/Patenting Race: An Emerging Political Geography of Intellectual Property in Biotechnology, 92 IOWA L. REV. 353 (2007)
8. Michael Laufert, Race and Population-Based Medicine: Drug Development and Distributive Justice, 21 GEO. J. LEGAL ETHICS 859 (2008)
9. Winnie W.S. Mak et al., Gender and Ethnic Diversity in NIMH-Funded Clinical Trials: Review of a Decade of Published Research, 34 ADMIN. & POL'Y IN MENTAL HEALTH & MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RES. 497 (2007)
10. Osagie K. Obasogie, Beyond Best Practices: Strict Scrutiny as a Regulatory Model for Race-Specific Medicines, 36 J.L. MED. & ETHICS 491 (2008)
11. Dorothy E. Roberts, Legal Constraints on the Use of Race in Biomedical Research: Toward a Social Justice Framework, 34 J.L. MED. & ETHICS 526 (2006)
12. Symposium, Race, Pharmaceuticals, and Medical Technology, 36 J.L. MED. & ETHICS 443 (2008).
13. Barbara A. Noah, The Participation of Underrepresented Minorities in Clinical Research, 29 AM. J.L. & MED. 221, 221 (2003).
14. Erik Lillquist & Charles Sullivan, Legal Regulation of the Use of Race in Medical Research, 34 J.L. Med. & Ethics 535, 536 (2006).
15. Raj Bhopal, Race and Ethnicity: Responsible Use from Epidemiological and Public Health Perspectives, 34 J.L. MED. & ETHICS 500, 501 (2006).
16. WILLIAM H. TUCKER, THE SCIENCE AND POLITICS OF RACIAL RESEARCH 9 (1994)
17. Christian B. Sundquist, The Meaning of Race in the DNA Era: Science, History, and the Law, 27 TEMP. J. SCI. TECH. & ENVTL. L. 231, 234-35 (2008)
18. WILLIAM STANTON, THE LEOPARD'S SPOTS: SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES TOWARD RACE IN AMERICA, 1815-59, at 3 (1960).
19. Troy Duster, Lessons from History: Why Race and Ethnicity Have Played a Major Role in Biomedical Research, 34 J. L. MED. & ETHICS 487, 490-91 (2006).
20. Charles Weijer, Evolving Ethical Issues in Selection of Subjects for Clinical Research, 5 CAMBRIDGE Q. OF HEALTHCARE ETHICS 334, 338 (1996).
21. Leslie A. Meltzer & James F. Childress, What Is Fair Participant Selection?, in THE OXFORD TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL RESEARCH ETHICS 377, 378-79 (Ezekiel J. Emanuel et al. eds., 2008).
22. JESSICA W. BERG ET AL., INFORMED CONSENT: LEGAL THEORY AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 255 (2d ed. 2001).
23. Henry K. Beecher, Ethics and Clinical Research, 274 NEW ENG. J. MED. 1354, 1355-59 (1966).
24. Machelle Allen, The Dilemma for Women of Color in Clinical Trials, 49 J. AM. MED. WOMEN'S ASS'N 105, 106 (1994).
25. FRED D. GRAY, THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY: THE REAL STORY AND BEYOND (1998)
26. JAMES H. JONES, BAD BLOOD: THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS EXPERIMENT (1981)
27. William J. Curran, The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 289 NEW ENG. J. MED. 730 (1973)
28. Larry I. Palmer, Paying for Suffering: The Problem of Human Experimentation, 56 MD. L. REV. 604 (1997)
29. Robert M. White, Unraveling the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis, 160 ARCHIVES INTERNAL MED. 585 (2000).
30. Allan M. Brandt, Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 8 HASTINGS CENTER REP. 21, 22 (1978).
31. Gina Kolata & Kurt Eichenwald, For the Uninsured, Drug Trials Are Health Care, N.Y. TIMES, June 22, 1999, at A1.
32. John D. Lantos, The "Inclusion Benefit" in Clinical Trials, 134 J. PEDIATRICS 130, 130 (1999).
33. Shankar Vedantam, Against Depression, a Sugar Pill Is Hard to Beat, WASH. POST, May 7, 2002, at A1.
34. Giselle Corbie-Smith et al., Attitudes and Beliefs of African Americans Toward Participation in Medical Research, 14 J. GEN. INTERNAL MED. 537, 540-42 (1999)
35. Allen L. Gifford et al., Participation in Research and Access to Experimental Treatments by HIV-Infected Patients, 346 NEW ENG. J. MED. 1373, 1379 (2002)
36. Talmadge E. King, Jr., Racial Disparities in Clinical Trials, 346 NEW ENG. J. MED. 1400, 1401 (2002)
37. Ruth Macklin & Gerald Friedland, AIDS Research: The Ethics of Clinical Trials, 14 LAW, MED., & HEALTH CARE 273, 278-80 (1986)
38. Carol Levine et al., Building a New Consensus: Ethical Principles and Policies for Clinical Research on HIV/AIDS, 13 IRB: ETHICS & HUM. RES. 14 (1991).
39. Craig K. Svensson, Representation of American Blacks in Clinical Trials of New Drugs, 261 J. AM. MED. ASS'N 263, 263-65 (1989).
40. James J. Dignam et al., Prognosis Among African-American Women and White Women with Lymph Node Negative Breast Carcinoma, 80 CANCER 80, 88-89 (1997).
41. Ann A. Hohmann & Delores L. Par ron, How the New NIH Guidelines on Inclusion of Women and Minorities Apply: Efficacy Trials, Effectiveness Trials, and Validity, 64 J. CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 851, 852 (1996).
42. Ruth B. Merkatz & Suzanne White Junod, Historical Background of Changes in FDA Policy on the Study and Evaluation of Drugs in Women, 69 ACAD. MED. 703, 703-04 (1994).
43. Ritchie Witzig, The Medicalization of Race: Scientific Legitimization of a Flawed Social Construct, 125 ANNALS INTERNAL MED. 675, 676 (1996).
44. David B. Goldstein & Lounes Chikhi, Human Migrations and Population Structure: What We Know and Why It Matters, 3 ANN. REV. GENOMICS & HUM. GENETICS 129, 137-38 (2002)
45. JONATHAN MARKS, HUMAN BIODIVERSITY: GENES, RACE, AND HISTORY 162 (1995)
46. Henry T. Greely, Human Genome Diversity: What about the Other Human Genome Project?, 2 NATURE REV. GENETICS 222, 225 (2001)
47. Margaret Lock, Genetic Diversity and the Politics of Difference, 75 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 83, 87 (1999)
48. Jonathan M. Marks, Scientific and Folk Ideas About Heredity, in THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT AND MINORITY COMMUNITIES: ETHICAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL DILEMMASeds., 2001).
49. Laura E. Gó mez, Understanding Law and Race as Mutually Constitutive: An Invitation to Explore an Emerging Field, 6 ANN. REV. L. SOC. SCI. 487, 490-91 (2010)
50. Jennifer McAndrew, Deep Roots?: New DNA Tests May Reveal Your Ancestry, but Researchers Urge Caution When Interpreting Results, U. TEX. AUSTIN, http://www.utexas.edu/features/2007/ancestry/.
51. Jerry Kang & Kristin Lane, Seeing Through Colorblindness: Implicit Bias and the Law, 58 UCLA L. Rev. 465, 468-69 (2010)
52. Jerry Kang, Trojan Horses of Race, 118 HARV. L. REV. 1489, 1499 (2005).
53. Kenneth E. Payson, Check One Box: Reconsidering Directive No. 15 and the Classification of Mixed-Race People, 84 CALIF. L. REV. 1233, 1234, 1256 (1996)
54. Pilar Ossorio & Troy Duster, Race and Genetics: Controversies in Biomedical, Behavioral, and Forensic Sciences, 60 AM. PSYCHOLOGIST 115, 115 (2005).
55. Guillaume Sillon et al., An Ethical and Legal Overview of Pharmacogenomics: Perspectives and Issues, 27 MED. & L. 843, 844-45 (2008).
56. Michelle Meadows, Genomics and Personalized Medicine, FDA CONSUMER, Nov.-Dec. 2005, at 12, 13
57. Gregory Michael Dorr & David S. Jones, Facts and Fictions: BiDil and the Resurgence of Racial Medicine, 36 J.L. MED. & ETHICS 443, 445 (2008).
58. Susan M. Reverby, "Special Treatment": BiDil, Tuskeegee, and the Logic of Race, 36 J.L. MED. & ETHICS 478, 478-79 (2008).
59. DOROTHY ROBERTS, FATAL INVENTION: HOW SCIENCE, POLITICS, AND BIG BUSINESS RE-CREATE RACE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 181 (2011).
60. Ron Winslow, FDA Is Prepared to Approve Heart Drug Intended for Treating African-Americans, WALL ST. J., Mar. 9, 2001, at B6.
61. Anne L. Taylor & Jackson T. Wright, Should Ethnicity Serve as a Basis for Clinical Trial Design?, 112 CIRCULATION 3654, 3658 (2005).
62. Mark D. Shriver et al., Skin Pigmentation, Biogeographical Ancestry and Admixture Mapping, 112 HUM. GENETICS 387, 387 (2003).
63. Jonathan Kahn, Genes, Race, and Population: Avoiding a Collision of Categories, 96 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 1965, 1965 (2006).
64. Celeste Condit et. al., Attitudinal Barriers to Delivery of Race-Targeted Pharmacogenomics Among Informed Lay Persons, 5 GENETICS IN MED. 385, 388 (2003).
65. Flavia C. Parra et al., Color and Genomic Ancestry in Brazilians, 100 PROC. NAT'L ACAD. SCI. 177, 177 (2003)
66. Eric Schmitt, For 7 Million People in Census, One Race Category Isn't Enough, N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 13, 2001, at A1.
67. R.C. Lewontin, The Apportionment of Human Diversity, in 6 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 381, 397.
68. R.C. Lewontin & Daniel L. Hartl, Population Genetics in Forensic DNA Typing, 254 SCIENCE 1745, 1747 (1991).
69. Horacio Cardoso et al., A Low Prevalence of Cystic Fibrosis in Uruguayans of Mainly European Descent, 3 GENETICS & MOLECULAR RES. 258, 259 (2004).
70. S.R. Duncan et al., Reappraisal of the Historical Selective Pressures for the CCR5-A? 32 Mutation, 42 J. MED. GENETICS 205 (2005).
71. Nicholas Wade, Diseases Common in Ashkenazim May Be Random, N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 4, 2003, at F2
72. Jonathan Kahn, Race in a Bottle, SCI. AM., Aug. 2007, at 40, 45.
73. Helen Norton, The Supreme Court's Post-Racial Turn Towards a Zero-Sum Understanding of Equality, 52 WM. & MARY L. REV. 197, 208 (2010).
74. Jack M. Balkin & Reva B. Siegel, The American Civil Rights Tradition: Anticlassification or Antisubordination?, 58 U. MIAMI L. REV. 9, 10 (2003)
75. Reva B. Siegel, Equality Talk: Antisubordination and Anticlassification in Constitutional Struggles over Brown, 117 HARV. L. REV. 1470, 1472-73 (2004).
76. Ian F. Haney Ló pez, "A Nation of Minorities": Race, Ethnicity, and Reactionary Colorblindness, 59 STAN. L. REV. 985, 988 (2006-2007).
77. Terry Smith, Autonomy Versus Equality: Voting Rights Rediscovered, 57 ALA. L. REV. 261, 274-75 (2005).
78. Sheila Foster, Intent and Incoherence, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1065, 1162 (1998).
79. DAVID COLE, NO EQUAL JUSTICE: RACE AND CLASS IN THE AMERICAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 50 (1999)
80. RANDALL L. KENNEDY, RACE, CRIME, AND THE LAW 162 (1997)
81. Sheri Lynn Johnson, Race and the Decision to Detain a Suspect, 93 YALE L.J. 214, 257 (1983).
82. David A. Harris, The Stories, the Statistics, and the Law: Why "Driving While Black" Matters, 84 MINN. L. REV. 265, 298-305 (1999).
83. Diedtra Henderson, Distrust Overshadows Drug's Promise, BOSTON GLOBE, May 16, 2005, at C1
84. Ronald Bailey, Commentary, When Medicine That Discriminates Is Good: Using Race and Ethnicity to Improve Health Care Is Anything But Racist, CHI. SUN-TIMES, Dec. 18, 2005, at 2B.
85. Richard E. Chaisson et al., Race, Sex, Drug Use, and Progression of Human Immu nodeficiency Virus Disease, 333 NEW ENG. J. MED. 751, 751 (1995).
86. Richard D. Moore et al., Racial Differences in the Use of Drug Therapy for HIV Disease in an Urban Community, 330 NEW ENG. J. MED. 763, 767 (1994).
87. Clarence C. Gravlee et al., Skin Color, Social Classification, and Blood Pressure in Southeastern Puerto Rico, 95 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 2191, 2191 (2005).
88. Troy Duster, Race and Reification in Science, 307 SCIENCE 1050, 1050 (2005).
89. David R. Williams & Selina A. Mohammed, Discrimination and Racial Disparities in Health: Evidence and Needed Research, 32 J. BEHAV. MED. 20, 27 (2009)
90. Elizabeth Brondolo et al., Race, Racism and Health: Disparities, Mechanisms, and Interventions, 32 J. BEHAV. MED. 20, 21 (2009)
91. Yin Paradies, A Systematic Review of Empirical Research on Self-Reported Racism and Health, 35 INT'L J. EPIDEMIOLOGY 888, 891-92 (2006).
92. Shawn O. Utsey et al., Effect of Ethnic Group Membership on Ethnic Identity, Race-Related Stress, and Quality of Life, 8 CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOL. 366, 368 (2002).
93. Deidre Franklin-Jackson & Robert T. Carter, The Relationships Between Race-Related Stress, Racial Identity, and Mental Health for Black Americans, 33 J. BLACK PSYCHOL. 5, 6 (2007)
94. Hope Landrine et al., Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethnic Discrimination in Health Research, 29 J. BEHAV. MED. 79, 79, 88 (2006)
95. Editorial, Census, Race and Science, 24 NATURE GENETICS 97, 97-98 (2000).