MR imaging of myocardial infarction

Radiographics

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 1383-1412

  Rajiah, Prabhakar ^a   Desai, Milind Y ^b   Kwon, Deborah ^b   Flamm, Scott D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF CLEVELAND   (United States)

^b LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; FEMALE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HUMAN; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; REPRODUCIBILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING;

AGED; ALGORITHMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, CINE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 84884360131     PISSN: 02715333     EISSN: 15271323     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1148/rg.335125722     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Ryan TJ, Antman EM, Brooks NH, et al. 1999 Update: ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34(3):890-911.
2. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD; Joint ESC/AC CF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefnition of Myocardial Infarction. Universal defnition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50 (22):2173-2195.
3. Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrish TB, et al. Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation 1999;100(19):1992-2002.
4. Rehwald WG, Fieno DS, Chen EL, Kim RJ, Judd RM. Myocardial magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent concentrations after reversible and irreversible ischemic injury. Circulation 2002;105 (2):224-229.
5. Schwitter J, Wacker CM, van Rossum AC, et al. MR-IMPACT: comparison of perfusion-cardiac magnetic resonance with single-photon emission computed tomography for the detection of coronary artery disease in a multicentre, multivendor, randomized trial. Eur Heart J 2008;29(4):480-489.
6. Kellman P, Arai AE. Imaging sequences for first pass perfusion: a review. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2007;9(3):525-537.
7. Abdel-Aty H, Zagrosek A, Schulz-Menger J, et al. Delayed enhancement and T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging differentiate acute from chronic myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004;109(20):2411-2416.
8. Abdel-Aty H, Simonetti O, Friedrich MG. T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007;26(3):452-459.
9. Kellman P, Aletras AH, Mancini C, McVeigh ER, Arai AE. T2-prepared SSFP improves diagnostic confdence in edema imaging in acute myocardial infarction compared to turbo spin echo. Magn Re-son Med 2007;57(5):891-897.
10. Aletras AH, Kellman P, Derbyshire JA, Arai AE. ACUT2E TSE-SSFP: a hybrid method for T2-weighted imaging of edema in the heart. Magn Reson Med 2008;59(2):229-235.
11. Huang TY, Liu YJ, Stemmer A, Poncelet BP. T2 measurement of the human myocardium using a T2-prepared transient-state TrueFISP sequence. Magn Reson Med 2007;57(5):960-966.
12. Giri S, Chung YC, Merchant A, et al. T2 quan-tifcation for improved detection of myocardial edema. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2009;11:56.
13. Hamdan A, Asbach P, Wellnhofer E, et al. A prospective study for comparison of MR and CT imaging for detection of coronary artery stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4(1):50-61.
14. Bogaert J, Francone M. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pericardial diseases. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2009;11:14.
15. Simpson RM, Keegan J, Firmin DN. MR assessment of regional myocardial mechanics. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013;37(3):576-599.
16. Nagel E, Stuber M, Lakatos M, Scheidegger MB, Boesiger P, Hess OM. Cardiac rotation and relaxation after anterolateral myocardial infarction. Coron Artery Dis 2000;11(3):261-267.
17. Kramer CM, Lima JA, Reichek N, et al. Regional differences in function within noninfarcted myocardium during left ventricular remodeling. Circulation 1993;88(3):1279-1288.
18. Kim RJ, Albert TS, Wible JH, et al. Performance of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging with gadoversetamide contrast for the detection and assessment of myocardial infarction: an international, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized trial. Circulation 2008;117(5):629-637.
19. Ricciardi MJ, Wu E, Davidson CJ, et al. Visualization of discrete microinfarction after percutaneous coronary intervention associated with mild creatine kinase-MB elevation. Circulation 2001;103(23): 2780-2783.
20. Wagner A, Mahrholdt H, Holly TA, et al. Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study. Lancet 2003;361(9355): 374-379.
21. Kim HW, Farzaneh-Far A, Kim RJ. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with myocardial infarction: current and emerging applications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;55(1):1-16.
22. Larson DM, Menssen KM, Sharkey SW, et al. "False-positive" cardiac catheterization laboratory activation among patients with suspected ST-seg-ment elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA 2007; 298(23):2754-2760.
23. Wang K, Asinger RW, Marriott HJ. ST-segment elevation in conditions other than acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003;349(22):2128-2135.
24. Assomull RG, Lyne JC, Keenan N, et al. The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients presenting with chest pain, raised troponin, and unobstructed coronary arteries. Eur Heart J 2007; 28(10):1242-1249.
25. Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC White Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53(17):1475-1487.
26. Pilgrim TM, Wyss TR. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome: a systematic review. Int J Cardiol 2008;124 (3):283-292.
27. Taylor AM, Dymarkowski S, Verbeken EK, Bogaert J. Detection of pericardial infammation with late-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: initial results. Eur Radiol 2006;16(3):569-574.
28. Moon JC, McKenna WJ, McCrohon JA, Elliott PM, Smith GC, Pennell DJ. Toward clinical risk assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41(9):1561-1567.
29. Patel MR, Cawley PJ, Heitner JF, et al. Detection of myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis. Circulation 2009;120(20):1969-1977.
30. Cheong BY, Muthupillai R, Nemeth M, et al. The utility of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging for identifying nonischemic myocardial f-brosis in asymptomatic patients with biopsy-proven systemic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2009;26(1):39-46.
31. Litmanovich D, Bankier AA, Cantin L, Raptopou-los V, Boiselle PM. CT and MRI in diseases of the aorta. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;193(4):928-940.
32. Stein PD, Chenevert TL, Fowler SE, et al. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for pulmonary embolism: a multicenter prospective study (PIOPED III). Ann Intern Med 2010;152 (7):434-443, W142-W143.
33. Tandri H, Saranathan M, Rodriguez ER, et al. Noninvasive detection of myocardial fbrosis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy using delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45(1):98-103.
34. Kwong RY, Schussheim AE, Rekhraj S, et al. Detecting acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2003;107(4):531-537.
35. Cury RC, Shash K, Nagurney JT, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance with T2-weighted imaging improves detection of patients with acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department. Circulation 2008;118(8):837-844.
36. Gheorghiade M, Sopko G, De Luca L, et al. Navigating the crossroads of coronary artery disease and heart failure. Circulation 2006;114(11):1202-1213.
37. White JA, Patel MR. The role of cardiovascular MRI in heart failure and the cardiomyopathies. Cardiol Clin 2007;25(1):71-95, vi.
38. McCrohon JA, Moon JC, Prasad SK, et al. Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated car-diomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 2003;108(1):54-59.
39. Cummings KW, Bhalla S, Javidan-Nejad C, Bierhals AJ, Gutierrez FR, Woodard PK. A pattern-based approach to assessment of delayed enhancement in nonischemic cardiomyopathy at MR imaging. Ra-dioGraphics 2009;29(1):89-103.
40. van Dockum WG, ten Cate FJ, ten Berg JM, et al. Myocardial infarction after percutaneous translu-minal septal myocardial ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: evaluation by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43(1):27-34.
41. Raff GL, O'Neill WW, Gentry RE, et al. Micro-vascular obstruction and myocardial function after acute myocardial infarction: assessment by using contrast-enhanced cine MR imaging. Radiology 2006;240(2):529-536.
42. Friedrich MG, Abdel-Aty H, Taylor A, Schulz-Menger J, Messroghli D, Dietz R. The salvaged area at risk in reperfused acute myocardial infarction as visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51(16):1581-1587.
43. Aletras AH, Tilak GS, Natanzon A, et al. Retrospective determination of the area at risk for reperfused acute myocardial infarction with T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: histopathological and displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) functional validations. Circulation 2006;113(15):1865-1870.
44. Eitel I, Desch S, Fuernau G, et al. Prognostic sig-nifcance and determinants of myocardial salvage assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in acute reperfused myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55(22):2470-2479.
45. Croisille P, Kim HW, Kim RJ. Controversies in cardiovascular MR imaging: T2-weighted imaging should not be used to delineate the area at risk in ischemic myocardial injury. Radiology 2012;265(1): 12-22.
46. Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, et al. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2000;343(20):1445-1453.
47. Choi KM, Kim RJ, Gubernikoff G, Vargas JD, Parker M, Judd RM. Transmural extent of acute myocardial infarction predicts long-term improvement in contractile function. Circulation 2001;104 (10):1101-1107.
48. Rogers WJ Jr, Kramer CM, Geskin G, et al. Early contrast-enhanced MRI predicts late functional recovery after reperfused myocardial infarction. Circulation 1999;99(6):744-750.
49. Wu KC, Zerhouni EA, Judd RM, et al. Prognostic signifcance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myo-cardial infarction. Circulation 1998;97(8):765-772.
50. Nijveldt R, Hofman MB, Hirsch A, et al. Assessment of microvascular obstruction and prediction of short-term remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: cardiac MR imaging study. Radiology 2009;250(2):363-370.
51. Beek AM, Kühl HP, Bondarenko O, et al. Delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of regional functional improvement after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Car-diol 2003;42(5):895-901.
52. Wu E, Ortiz JT, Tejedor P, et al. Infarct size by contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance is a stronger predictor of outcomes than left ventricular ejection fraction or end-systolic volume index: prospective cohort study. Heart 2008;94(6):730-736.
53. Orn S, Manhenke C, Anand IS, et al. Effect of left ventricular scar size, location, and transmurality on left ventricular remodeling with healed myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2007;99(8):1109-1114.
54. Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ, Viergever EP, et al. Scar tissue on contrast-enhanced MRI predicts left ventricular remodelling after acute infarction. Heart 2007;93(3):375-376.
55. Bello D, Fieno DS, Kim RJ, et al. Infarct morphology identifes patients with substrate for sustained ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45(7):1104-1108.
56. Schmidt A, Azevedo CF, Cheng A, et al. Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifes enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2007;115(15):2006-2014.
57. Kwon DH, Halley CM, Carrigan TP, et al. Extent of left ventricular scar predicts outcomes in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients with signifcantly reduced systolic function: a delayed hyperenhancement cardiac magnetic resonance study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2(1):34-44.
58. Cheong BY, Muthupillai R, Wilson JM, et al. Prognostic signifcance of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging: survival of 857 patients with and without left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2009;120(21):2069-2076.
59. Roes SD, Kelle S, Kaandorp TA, et al. Comparison of myocardial infarct size assessed with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and left ventricular function and volumes to predict mortality in patients with healed myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2007;100(6):930-936.
60. Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Parker M, et al. Relationship of contractile function to transmural extent of infarction in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42(3):505-512.
61. Reimer KA, Jennings RB. The "wavefront phenomenon" of myocardial ischemic cell death. II. Transmural progression of necrosis within the framework of ischemic bed size (myocardium at risk) and collateral fow. Lab Invest 1979;40(6):633-644.
62. Fieno DS, Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lomasney JW, Klocke FJ, Judd RM. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of myocardium at risk: distinction between reversible and irreversible injury throughout infarct healing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36(6):1985-1991.
63. Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V, et al. Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2002;105(4):539-542.
64. Bondarenko O, Beek AM, Hofman MB, et al. Standardizing the defnition of hyperenhancement in the quantitative assessment of infarct size and myocardial viability using delayed contrast-enhanced CMR. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2005;7 (2):481-485.
65. Amado LC, Gerber BL, Gupta SN, et al. Accurate and objective infarct sizing by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in a canine myocardial infarction model. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44(12): 2383-2389.
66. Heiberg E, Ugander M, Engblom H, et al. Automated quantifcation of myocardial infarction from MR images by accounting for partial volume effects: animal, phantom, and human study. Radiology 2008;246(2):581-588.
67. Hsu LY, Ingkanisorn WP, Kellman P, Aletras AH, Arai AE. Quantitative myocardial infarction on delayed enhancement MRI. Part II: Clinical application of an automated feature analysis and combined thresholding infarct sizing algorithm. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006;23(3):309-314.
68. Kannel WB, Abbott RD. Incidence and prognosis of unrecognized myocardial infarction: an update on the Framingham study. N Engl J Med 1984;311 (18):1144-1147.
69. Kwong RY, Chan AK, Brown KA, et al. Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2006;113(23): 2733-2743.
70. Barbier CE, Bjerner T, Johansson L, Lind L, Ahl-ström H. Myocardial scars more frequent than expected: magnetic resonance imaging detects potential risk group. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48(4):765-771.
71. Beek AM, Nijveldt R, van Rossum AC. Intramyo-cardial hemorrhage and microvascular obstruction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;26(1):49-55.
72. Ganame J, Messalli G, Dymarkowski S, et al. Impact of myocardial haemorrhage on left ventricular function and remodelling in patients with reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2009;30 (12):1440-1449.
73. Greenwood JP, Maredia N, Younger JF, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CE-MARC): a prospective trial. Lancet 2012;379(9814):453-460.
74. Tsukiji M, Nguyen P, Narayan G, et al. Peri-infarct ischemia determined by cardiovascular magnetic resonance evaluation of myocardial viability and stress perfusion predicts future cardiovascular events in patients with severe ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2006;8(6):773-779.
75. Neizel M, Korosoglou G, Lossnitzer D, et al. Impact of systolic and diastolic deformation indexes assessed by strain-encoded imaging to predict persistent severe myocardial dysfunction in patients after acute myocardial infarction at follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56(13):1056-1062.
76. Bax JJ, Poldermans D, Elhendy A, Boersma E, Rahimtoola SH. Sensitivity, specifcity, and predictive accuracies of various noninvasive techniques for detecting hibernating myocardium. Curr Probl Cardiol 2001;26(2):147-186.
77. Baer FM, Voth E, Schneider CA, Theissen P, Schi-cha H, Sechtem U. Comparison of low-dose dobutamine-gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography with [18F] fuorodeoxyglucose in patients with chronic coronary artery disease: a functional and morphological approach to the detection of residual myocardial viability. Circulation 1995;91(4):1006-1015.
78. Kühl HP, Beek AM, van der Weerdt AP, et al. Myocardial viability in chronic ischemic heart disease: comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with (18)F-fuorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41(8):1341-1348.
79. Bauer RW, Kerl JM, Fischer N, et al. Dual-energy CT for the assessment of chronic myocardial infarction in patients with chronic coronary artery disease: comparison with 3-T MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;195(3):639-646.
80. Bax JJ, Wijns W, Cornel JH, Visser FC, Boersma E, Fioretti PM. Accuracy of currently available techniques for prediction of functional recovery after revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction due to chronic coronary artery disease: comparison of pooled data. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30(6):1451-1460.
81. Lardo AC, Cordeiro MA, Silva C, et al. Contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography viability imaging after myocardial infarction: characterization of myocyte death, microvascular obstruction, and chronic scar. Circulation 2006;113(3):394-404.
82. Buckley O, Di Carli M. Predicting beneft from revascularization in patients with ischemic heart failure: imaging of myocardial ischemia and viability. Circulation 2011;123(4):444-450.
83. Hamilton-Craig C, Seltmann M, Ropers D, Achen-bach S. Myocardial viability by dual-energy delayed enhancement computed tomography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4(2):207-208.
84. Bleeker GB, Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ, et al. Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocar-diographic improvement after cardiac resynchroni-zation therapy. Circulation 2006;113(7):969-976.
85. Figueras J, Cortadellas J, Soler-Soler J. Left ventricular free wall rupture: clinical presentation and management. Heart 2000;83(5):499-504.
86. Tikiz H, Balbay Y, Atak R, Terzi T, Genç Y, Kütük E. The effect of thrombolytic therapy on left ventricular aneurysm formation in acute myocardial infarction: relationship to successful reperfusion and vessel patency. Clin Cardiol 2001;24(10):656-662.
87. Glower DG, Lowe EL. Left ventricular aneurysm. In: Edmunds LH, ed. Cardiac surgery in the adult. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1997; 677.
88. Konen E, Merchant N, Gutierrez C, et al. True versus false left ventricular aneurysm: differentiation with MR imaging-initial experience. Radiology 2005;236(1):65-70.
89. Heatlie GJ, Mohiaddin R. Left ventricular aneu-rysm: comprehensive assessment of morphology, structure and thrombus using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Clin Radiol 2005;60(6):687-692.
90. Zurick AO, Bolen MA, Kwon DH, et al. Pericardial delayed hyperenhancement with CMR imaging in patients with constrictive pericarditis undergoing surgical pericardiectomy: a case series with histo-pathological correlation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4(11):1180-1191.
91. Fuster V, Halperin JL. Left ventricular thrombi and cerebral embolism. N Engl J Med 1989;320(6): 392-394.
92. Srichai MB, Junor C, Rodriguez LL, et al. Clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics of left ventricular thrombus: a comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, transthoracic echocardiography, and transesophageal echocar-diography with surgical or pathological validation. Am Heart J 2006;152(1):75-84.
93. Weinsaft JW, Kim HW, Shah DJ, et al. Detection of left ventricular thrombus by delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magneticresonance: prevalence and markers in patients with systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52(2):148-157.
94. Mollet NR, Dymarkowski S, Volders W, et al. Visualization of ventricular thrombi with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with ischemic heart disease. Circulation 2002;106 (23):2873-2876.
95. Keeley EC, Hillis LD. Left ventricular mural thrombus after acute myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol 1996;19(2):83-86.
96. Bursi F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL. Mitral regurgitation after myocardial infarction: a review. Am J Med 2006;119(2):103-112.
97. Kumar A, Abdel-Aty H, Kriedemann I, et al. Contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging of right ventricular infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48(10):1969-1976.
98. Lazar EJ, Goldberger J, Peled H, Sherman M, Frishman WH. Atrial infarction: diagnosis and management. Am Heart J 1988;116(4):1058-1063.
99. Clough RE, Schaeffter T, Taylor PR. Magnetic resonance imaging for aortic dissection. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010;39(4):514; author reply 514-515.
100. Kluge A, Luboldt W, Bachmann G. Acute pulmonary embolism to the subsegmental level: diagnostic accuracy of three MRI techniques compared with 16-MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;187(1):W7-W14.
101. Kim WY, Danias PG, Stuber M, et al. Coronary magnetic resonance angiography for the detection of coronary stenoses. N Engl J Med 2001;345(26):1863-1869.
102. Sakuma H, Ichikawa Y, Chino S, Hirano T, Makino K, Takeda K. Detection of coronary artery stenosis with whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48(10):1946-1950.
103. Liu X, Bi X, Huang J, Jerecic R, Carr J, Li D. Contrast-enhanced whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography at 3.0 T: comparison with steady-state free precession technique at 1.5 T. Invest Radiol 2008;43(9):663-668.
104. Kim WY, Stuber M, Börnert P, Kissinger KV, Manning WJ, Botnar RM. Three-dimensional black-blood cardiac magnetic resonance coronary vessel wall imaging detects positive arterial remodeling in patients with nonsignifcant coronary artery disease. Circulation 2002;106(3):296-299.
105. Kim WY, Astrup AS, Stuber M, et al. Subclinical coronary and aortic atherosclerosis detected by magnetic resonance imaging in type 1 diabetes with and without diabetic nephropathy. Circulation 2007;115(2):228-235.
106. Korosoglou G, Weiss RG, Kedziorek DA, et al. Noninvasive detection of macrophage-rich atherosclerotic plaque in hyperlipidemic rabbits using "positive contrast" magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52(6):483-491.
107. Ibrahim T, Makowski MR, Jankauskas A, et al. Serial contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates regression of hyper-enhancement within the coronary artery wall in patients after acute myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2(5):580-588.
108. Holloway C, Clarke K. Is MR spectroscopy of the heart ready for humans? Heart Lung Circ 2010;19(3):154-160.
109. Weiss RG, Bottomley PA, Hardy CJ, Gerstenblith G. Regional myocardial metabolism of high-energy phosphates during isometric exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1990;323(23):1593-1600.
110. Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, et al. Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature 2001;410(6829):701-705.
111. Hirsch A, Nijveldt R, van der Vleuten PA, et al. Intracoronary infusion of autologous mono-nuclear bone marrow cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary PCI: pilot study of the multicenter HEBE trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2008;71(3):273-281.
112. Tendera M, Wojakowski W, Ruzyllo W, et al. REGENT Investigators. Intracoronary infusion of bone marrow-derived selected CD34+CXCR4w- cells and non-selected mononuclear cells in patients with acute STEMI and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: results of randomized, multicentre Myocardial Regeneration by Intra-coronary Infusion of Selected Population of Stem Cells in Acute Myocardial Infarction (REGENT) trial. Eur Heart J 2008;30(11):1313-1321.
113. Janssens S, Dubois C, Bogaert J, et al. Autologous bone marrow-derived stem-cell transfer in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367(9505):113-121.
114. Meyer GP, Wollert KC, Lotz J, et al. Intracoronary bone marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: eighteen months' follow-up data from the randomized, controlled BOOST (BOne marrOw transfer to enhance ST-elevation infarct regeneration) trial. Circulation 2006;113(10):1287-1294.