Regulatory elements in the viral genome

Virology

Volumn 445, Issue 1-2, 2013, Pages 197-204

  Bernard, Hans Ulrich ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cis responsive elements; Regulation of gene expression of papillomaviruses; Transcription factors; Transcription of papillomaviruses

Indexed keywords

CCAAT DISPLACEMENT PROTEIN; CCAAT ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA; CCAAT ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN BETA; ESTROGEN; HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 3ALPHA; MYC PROTEIN; NUCLEAR FACTOR I; OCTAMER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1; PROTEIN C MYB; PROTEIN P53; RNA POLYMERASE II; STAT5 PROTEIN; TATA BINDING PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA 3; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NFAT; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX5; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SP1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TEF 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YY1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS PROTEIN; WT1 PROTEIN;

3' UNTRANSLATED REGION; 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ARTICLE; BETAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; BINDING SITE; BOVINE PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 1; CHROMATIN; DNA STRUCTURE; E6 GENE; E7 GENE; ENHANCER REGION; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 16; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 18; LONG CONTROL REGION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MATRIX ATTACHMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN PURIFICATION; REGULATORY DNA SEQUENCE; SILENCER ELEMENT; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION SITE; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS REPLICATION;

CIS-RESPONSIVE ELEMENTS; REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION OF PAPILLOMAVIRUSES; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TRANSCRIPTION OF PAPILLOMAVIRUSES;

ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; BINDING SITES; CAPSID PROTEINS; DNA, VIRAL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, VIRAL; GENOME, VIRAL; HUMANS; ONCOGENE PROTEINS, VIRAL; PROMOTER REGIONS, GENETIC; REGULATORY SEQUENCES, NUCLEIC ACID; REPLICATION ORIGIN; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE;

EID: 84884354251     PISSN: 00426822     EISSN: 10960341     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.035     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Ai W., Toussaint E., Roman A. CCAAT displacement protein binds to and negatively regulates human papillomavirus type 6 E6, E7, and E1 promoters. J. Virol. 1999, 73:4220-4229.
2. Ai W., Narahari J., Roman A. Yin yang 1 negatively regulates the differentiation-specific E1 promoter of human papillomavirus type 6. J. Virol. 2000, 74:5198-5205.
3. Andersen B., Weinberg W.C., Rennekampff O., McEvilly R.J., Bermingham J.R., Hooshmand F., Vasilyev V., Hansbrough J.F., Pittelkow M.R., Yuspa S.H., Rosenfeld M.G. Functions of the POU domain genes Skin-1a/I and Tst-1/Oct-6/SCIP in epidermal differentiation. Genes Dev. 1997, 11:1873-1884.
4. Apt D., Chong T., Liu Y., Bernard H.U. Nuclear factor I and epithelial cell-specific transcription of human papillomavirus type 16. J.Virol. 1993, 67:4455-4463.
5. Apt D., Liu Y., Bernard H.U. Cloning and functional analysis of spliced isoforms of human nuclear factor I-X: interference with transcriptional activation by NFI/CTF in a celltype specific manner. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994, 22:3825-3833.
6. Apt D., Watts R.M., Suske G., Bernard H.U. High Sp1/Sp3 ratios in epithelial cells during epithelial differentiation and cellular transformation correlate with the activation of the HPV-16 promoter. Virology 1996, 224:281-291.
7. Baker C., Calef C. Human Papillomaviruses 1995 Compendium. pIII-3-III-20 1995, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA. G. Myers, H.U. Bernard, H. Delius, C. Baker, J. Icenogle, A. Halpern, C. Wheeler (Eds.).
8. Baldwin A., Pirisi L., Creek K.E. NFI-Ski interactions mediate transforming growth factor beta modulation of human papillomavirus type 16 early gene expression. J. Virol. 2004, 78:3953-3964.
9. Baldwin A., Hypes M.K., Pirisi L., Creek K.E. NFI is an essential positive transcription factor for human papillomavirus type 16 early gene expression. Open Virol. J. 2007, 1:33-38.
10. Bauknecht T., Angel P., Royer H.D., zur Hausen H. Identification of a negative regulatory domain in the human papillomavirus type 18 promoter: interaction with the transcriptional repressor YY1. EMBO J. 1992, 11:4607-4617.
11. Bauknecht T., Jundt F., Herr I., Oehler T., Delius H., Shi Y., Angel P., zur Hausen H. A switch region determines the cell type-specific positive or negative action of YY1 on the activity of the human papillomavirus type 18 promoter. J. Virol. 1995, 69:1-12.
12. Bauknecht T., See R.H., Shi Y. A novel C/EBP beta-YY1 complex controls the cell-type-specific activity of the human papillomavirus 18 upstream regulatory region. J. Virol. 1996, 70:7695-7705.
13. Bauknecht T., Shi Y. Overexpression of C/EBPbeta represses human papillomavirus type 18 upstream regulatory region activity in HeLa cells by interfering with the binding of TATA-binding protein. J. Virol. 1998, 72:2113-2124.
14. Baumruker T., Sturm R., Herr W. OBP100 binds remarkably degenerate octamer motifs through specific interactions with flanking sequences. Genes Dev. 1988, 2:1400-1414.
15. Bodily J.M., Meyers C. Genetic analysis of the human papillomavirus type 31 differentiation-dependent late promoter. J. Virol. 2005, 79:3309-3321.
16. Bodily J.M., Mehta K.P.M., Cruz L., Meyers C., Laimins L.A. The E7 open reading frame acts in cis and in trans to mediate differentiation-dependent activities in the human papillomavirus type 16 life cycle. J. Virol. 2011, 85:8852-8862.
17. Bromberg-White J.L., Meyers C. The upstream regulatory region of human papillomavirus type 31 is insensitive to glucocorticoid induction. J. Virol. 2002, 76:9702-9715.
18. Bromberg-White J.L., Meyers C. Comparison of the basal and glucocorticoid-inducible activities of the upstream regulatory regions of HPV18 and HPV31 in multiple epithelial cell lines. Virology 2003, 306:197-202.
19. Butz K., Hoppe-Seyler F. Transcriptional control of human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogene expression. Composition of the HPV type 18 upstream regulatory region. J. Virol. 1993, 67:6476-6486.
20. Carson A., Khan S.A. Characterization of transcription factor binding to human papillomavirus type 16 DNA during cellular differentiation. J. Virol. 2006, 80:4356-4362.
21. Chan W.K., Chong T., Bernard H.U., Klock G. Two AP1 sites in the long control region of human papillomavirus type 16 lead to phorbolester stimulation of the viral E6/E7 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990, 18:763-769.
22. Chan W.K., Klock G., Bernard H.U. Progesterone and glucocorticoid response elements occur in the long control regions of several human papillomaviruses involved in anogenital neoplasia. J. Virol. 1989, 63:3261-3269.
23. Chen Z., van Doorslaer K., DeSalle R., Wood C.E., Kaplan J.R., Wagner J.D., Burk R.D. Genomic diversity and interspecies host infection of alpha12 Macaca fascicularis papillomaviruses (MfPVs). Virology 2009, 393:304-310.
24. Chong T., Chan W.K., Bernard H.U. Cooperative activation of the enhancer of human papillomavirus 16 by nuclear factor I, AP1, steroid receptors and a possibly novel transcription factor, PVF: a model for the composition of genital papillomavirus enhancers. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990, 18:465-470.
25. Chong T., Apt D., Gloss B., Isa M., Bernard H.U. The enhancer of human papillomavirus-16: binding sites for the ubiquitous transcription factors oct-1, NFA, TEF-2, NFI and AP1 participate in the epithelial specific transcription. J. Virol. 1991, 65:5933-5943.
26. Chung S.H., Franceschi S., Lambert P.F. Estrogen and ERalpha: culprits in cervical cancer?. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2010, 21:504-511.
27. Cripe T.P., Haugen T.H., Turk J.P., Tabatabai F., Schmid P.G., Dürst M., Gissmann L., Roman A., Turek L.P. Transcriptional regulation of the human papillomavirus-16 E6-E7 promoter by a keratinocyte-dependent enhancer, and by viral E2 transactivator and repressor gene products: implications for cervical carcinogenesis. EMBO J. 1987, 6:3401-3409.
28. Cuthill S., Sibbet G.J., Campo M.S. Characterization of a nuclear factor, papillomavirus enhancer binding factor-1, that binds the long control region of human papillomavirus type 16 and contributes to enhancer activity. Mol. Carcinog. 1993, 8:96-104.
29. Demeret C., Yaniv M., Thierry F. The E2 transcriptional repressor can compensate for Sp1 activation of the human papillomavirus 18 early promoter. J. Virol. 1994, 68:7075-7082.
30. Demeret C., Deschaintes C., Yaniv M., Thierry F. Different mechanisms contribute to the E2-mediated transcriptional repression of human papillomavirus type 18 viral oncogenes. J. Virol. 1997, 71:9343-9349.
31. Dollard S.C., Broker T.R., Chow L.T. Regulation of the human papillomavirus type 11 E6 promoter by viral and host transcription factors in primary human keratinocytes. J. Virol. 1993, 67:1721-1726.
32. Dong G., Broker T.R., Chow L.T. Human papillomavirus type 11 E2 proteins repress the homologous E6 promoter by interfering with the binding of host transcription factors to adjacent elements. J. Virol. 1994, 68:1115-1127.
33. Dostatni N., Lambert P.F., Sousa R., Ham J., Howley P.M., Yaniv M. The functional BPV-1 E2 trans-activating protein can act as a repressor by preventing formation of the initiation complex. Genes Dev. 1991, 5:1657-1671.
34. Garcia-Carranca A., Thierry F., Yaniv M. Interplay of viral and cellular proteins along the long control region of human papillomavirus type 18. J. Virol. 1988, 62:4321-4330.
35. Gloss B., Bernard H.U., Seedorf K., Klock G. The upstream regulatory region of the human papillomavirus-16 contains an E2 protein independent enhancer, which is specific for cervical carcinoma cells and regulated by glucocorticoid hormones. EMBO J. 1987, 6:3735-3743.
36. Gloss B., Chong T., Bernard H.U. Numerous nuclear proteins bind the long control region of human papillomavirus type 16: a subset of 6 of 23 DNAseI-protected segments coincides with the location of the cell-type-specific enhancer. J. Virol. 1989, 63:1142-1152.
37. Gloss B., Yeo-Gloss M., Meisterernst M., Rogge L., Winnacker E.L., Bernard H.U. Clusters of nuclear factor I binding sites identify enhancers of several papillomaviruses but alone are not sufficient for enhancer function. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989, 17:3519-3533.
38. Gloss B., Bernard H.U. The E6/E7 promoter of human papillomavirus type 16 is activated in the absence of E2 proteins by a sequence-aberrant Sp1 distal element. J. Virol. 1990, 64:5577-5584.
39. Gronostajski R.M. Role of the NFI/CTF gene family in transcription and development. Gene 2000, 249:31-45.
40. Gunasekharan V., Hache G., Laimins L. Differentiation-dependent changes in levels of C/EBPbeta repressors and activators regulate human papillomavirus type 31 late gene expression. J. Virol. 2012, 86:5393-5398.
41. Hadaschik D., Hinterkeuser K., Oldak M., Pfister H.J., Smola-Hess S. The papillomavirus E2 proteins bins to and synergizes with C/EBP factors involved in keratinocyte differentiation. J. Virol. 2003, 77:5253-5265.
42. Haugen T.H., Lace M.J., Ishiji T., Sameshima A., Anson J.R., Turek L.P. Cellular factors are required to activate bovine papillomavirus-1 early gene transcription and to establish viral plasmid persistence but are not required for cellular transformation. Virology 2009, 389:82-90.
43. Hubert W.G., Kanaya T., Laimins L.A. DNA replication of human papillomavirus type 31 is modulated by elements of the upstream regulatory region that lie 5' of the minimal origin. J. Virol. 1999, 73:1835-1845.
44. Ishiji T., Lace M.J., Parkkinen S., Anderson R.D., Haugen T.H., Cripe J.P., Xiao J.H., Davidson I., Chambon P., Turek L.P. Transcriptional enhancer factor (TEF)-1 and its cell-specific coactivator activate the human papillomavirus-16 E6 and E7 oncogene transcription in keratinocyte and cervical carcinoma cells. EMBO J. 1992, 11:2271-2281.
45. Kalantari M., Calleja-Macias I.E., Tewari D., Hagmar B., Barrera-Saldana H.A, Wiley D.J., Bernard H.U. Conserved methylation patterns of human papillomavirus-16 DNA in asymptomatic infection and cervical neoplasia. J. Virol. 2004, 78:12762-12772.
46. Kanaya T., Kyo S., Laimins L.A. The 5' region of the human papillomavirus type 31 upstream regulatory region acts as an enhancer, which augments viral early expression through the action of YY1. Virology 1997, 237:159-169.
47. Krüppel U., Müller-Schiffmann A., Baldus S.E., Smola-Hess S., Steger G. E2 and the coactivator p300 can cooperate in activation of the human papillomavirus type 16 early promoter. Virology 2008, 377:151-159.
48. Kukimoto I., Kanda T. Displacement of YY1 by differentiation-specific transcription factor hSkn-1a activates the P670 promoter of human papillomavirus type 16. J. Virol. 2001, 75:9302-9311.
49. Kukimoto I., Takeuchi T., Kanda T. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta binds to and activates the P670 promoter of human papillomavirus type 16. Virology 2006, 346:98-107.
50. Kyo S., Inoue M., Nishio Y., Nakanishi K., Akira S., Inoue H., Yutsudo M., Tanizawa O., Hakura A. NF-IL6 represses early gene expression of human papillomavirus type 16 through binding to the noncoding region. J. Virol. 1993, 67:1058-1066.
51. Kyo S., Klumpp D.J., Inoue M., Kanaya T., Laimins L.A. Expression of AP1 during cellular differentiation determines human papillomavirus E6/E7 expression in stratified epithelial cells. J. Gen. Virol. 1997, 78:401-411.
52. Lace M.J., Yamakawa Y., Ushikai M., Anson J.R., Haugen T.H., Turek L.P. Cellular factor YY1 downregulates the human papillomavirus 16 E6/E7 promoter, p97, in vivo and in vitro from a negative element overlapping the transcription initiation site. J. Gen. Virol. 2009, 90:2402-2412.
53. Li R., Knight J., Bream G., Stenlund A., Botchan M. Specific recognition nucleotides and their DNA context determine the affinity of E2 protein for 17 binding sites in the BPV-1 genome. Genes Dev. 1989, 3:510-526.
54. Lung M.S., Mak W.M., Murray V. The use of a human papillomavirus 18 promoter for tissue-specific expression in cervical carcinoma cells. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 2011, 16:477-492.
55. Mack D.H., Laimins L.A. A keratinocyte-specific transcription factor, KRF-1, interacts with AP-1 to activate expression of human papillomavirus type 18 in squamous epithelial cells. PNAS 1991, 88:9102-9106.
56. Maytin E.V., Habener J.F. Transcription factors C/EBPalpha, E/EBPbeta and CHOP (Gadd153) expressed during the differentiation program of keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1998, 110:238-246.
57. Medina-Martinez O., Morales-Peza N., Yaniv M., Garcia-Carranca A., Thierry F. A single element mediates glucocorticoid hormone response of HPV18 with no functional interactions with AP1 or hbrm. Virology 1996, 217:392-396.
58. Mitrani-Rosenbaum S., Tsvieli R., Tur-Kaspa R. Oestrogene stimulates differential transcription of human papillomavirus type 16 in SiHa cervical carcinoma cells. J. Gen. Virol. 1989, 70:2227-2232.
59. Mittal R., Tsutusmi K., Pater A., Pater M.M. Human papillomavirus type 16 expression in cervical keratinocytes: role of progesterone and glucocorticoid hormones. Obstet. Gynecol. 1993, 81:5-12.
60. Mohr I.J., Clark R., Sun S., Androphy E.J., MacPherson P., Botchan M.R. Targeting the E1 replication protein to the papillomavirus origin of replication by complex formation with the E2 transactivator. Science 1990, 250:1694-1699.
61. Narahari J., Fisk J.C., Melendy T., Roman A. Interactions of the cellular CCAAT displacement protein and human papillomavirus E2 protein with the viral origin of replication can replicate DNA replication. Virology 2006, 350:302-311.
62. O'Connor M., Bernard H.U. Oct-1 activates the epithelial specific enhancer of human papillomavirus type 16 via a synergistic interaction with NFI at a conserved composite regulatory element. Virology 1995, 207:77-88.
63. O'Connor M.J., Tan S.H., Tan C.H., Bernard H.U. YY1 represses human papillomavirus type 16 transcription by quenching AP-1 activity. J. Virol. 1996, 70:6529-6539.
64. O'Connor M.J., Stünkel W., Zimmermann H., Koh C.H., Bernard H.U. A novel YY1-independent silencer represses the activity of the human papillomavirus 16 enhancer. J. Virol. 1998, 72:10083-10092.
65. O'Connor M.J., Stünkel W., Koh C.H., Zimmermann H., Bernard H.U. The differentiation-specific factor CDP/Cut represses transcription and replication of human papillomaviruses. J. Virol. 2000, 74:401-410.
66. Oldak M., Tolzmann L., Wnorowski A., Podgorska M.J., Silling S., Lin R., Hiscott J., Müller C.S.L., Vogt T., Smola H., Smola S. Differential regulation of human papillomavirus type 8 by interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7. J. Virol. 2011, 85:178-188.
67. Ottinger M., Smith J.A., Schweiger M.R., Robbins D., Powell M.L.C., You J., Howley P.M. Cell type specific transcription al activities among different papillomavirus long control regions and their regulation by E2. Virology 2009, 395:161-171.
68. Parker J.N., Zhao W., Askins K.J., Broker T.R., Chow L.T. Mutational analyses of differentiation-dependent human papillomavirus type 18 enhancer elements in epithelial raft cultures of neonatal foreskin keratinocytes. Cell Growth Differ. 1997, 8:751-762.
69. Pater M.M., Hughes G.A., Hyslop D.E., Nakshatri H., Pater A. Glucocorticoid-dependent oncogenic transformation by type 16 but not type 11 human papillomavirus DNA. Nature 1988, 335:832-835.
70. Pattison S., Skalnik D.G., Roman A. CCAAT displacement protein, a regulator of differentiation-specific gene expression, binds a negative regulatory element within the 5' end of the human papillomavirus long control region. J. Virol. 1997, 71:2013-2022.
71. Pjanic M., Pjanic P., Schmid C., Ambrosini G., Gaussin A., Plasari G., Mazza C., Bucher P., Mermod N. Nuclear factor 1 revealed as family of promoter binding transcription factors. BMC Genet 2011, 12:181.
72. Ralph W.M., Liu K., Auburn K.J. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta represses human papillomavirus 11 upstream regulatory region expression through a promoter proximal YY1-binding site. J. Gen. Virol. 2006, 87:51-59.
73. Remm M., Brain R., Jenkins J.R. The E2 binding sites determine the efficiency of replication for the origin of human papillomavirus type 18. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992, 20:6015-6021.
74. Roggenbuck B., Larsen P.M., Fey S.J., Bartsch D., Gissmann L., Schwarz E. Human papillomavirus type 18 E6star, E6 and E7 protein synthesis in cell-free translation systems and comparison of E6 and E7 in vitro translation products to protein immunoprocipitated from human epithelial cells. J. Virol. 1991, 65:5068-5072.
75. Russell J., Botchan M.R. Cis-acting components of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA replication: linker substitution analysis of the HPV type 11 origin. J. Virol. 1995, 69:651-660.
76. Sailaja G., Watts R.M., Bernard H.U. Many different papillomaviruses have low transcriptional activity in spite of strong epithelial specific enhancers. J. Gen. Virol. 1999, 80:1715-1724.
77. Sen E., Alam S., Meyers C. Genetic and biochemical analysis of cis-regulatory elements within the keratinocyte enhancer region of the human papillomavirus type 31 upstream regulatory region during different stages of the viral life cycle. J. Virol. 2004, 78:612-629.
78. Sichero L., Franco E.L., Villa L.L. Different P105 promoter activity among natural variants of human papillomavirus type 18. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 191:739-742.
79. Sichero L., Sobrinho J.S., Villa L.L. Identification of novel cellular transcription factors that regulate early promoters of human papillomavirus types 18 and 16. J. Infect. Dis. 2012, 206:867-874.
80. Steger, G., Pfister, H., 2007. Transcription and gene expression of epidermodysplasia-verruciformis associated human papillomavirus types. In: B. Norrild (Ed.), Human PapillomaVirus Gene Regulation and Transformation, Transworld Research Network, Kerala, India, pp. 183-201.
81. Struyk L., van der Meijden E., Minnaar R., Fontaine V., Meijer I., ter Schegget J. Transcription regulation of human papillomavirus type 16 LCR by different c/EBPbeta isoforms. Mol. Carcinog. 2000, 28:42-50.
82. Stünkel W., Bernard H.U. The chromatin structure of the long control region of human papillomavirus type 16 represses viral oncoprotein expression. J. Virol. 1999, 73:1918-1930.
83. Stünkel W., Huang Z., Tan S.H., O'Connor M., Bernard H.U. Nuclear matrix attachment regions of human papillomavirus-16 repress or activate the E6 promoter depending on the physical state of the viral DNA. J. Virol. 2000, 74:2489-2501.
84. Swift F.V., Bhat K., Younghusband H.B., Hamada H. Characterization of a cell type-specific enhancer found in the human papilloma virus type 18 genome. EMBO J. 1987, 6:1339-1344.
85. Tan S.H., Gloss B., Bernard H.U. The viral E2 protein displaces Sp1 from a proximal promoter element during negative regulation of the human papillomavirus-16 E6 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992, 20:251-256.
86. Tan S.H., Leong L.E.C., Walker P.A., Bernard H.U. The human papillomavirus type 16 transcription factor E2 binds with low cooperativity to two flanking binding sites and represses the E6 promoter through displacement of Sp1 and TFIID. J. Virol. 1994, 68:6411-6420.
87. Tan S.H., Bartsch D., Schwartz E., Bernard H.U. Nuclear matrix attachment regions of human papillomavirus type 16 point toward conservation of these genomic elements in all genital papillomaviruses. J. Virol. 1998, 72:3610-3622. 1998.
88. Tan S.H., Baker C.C., Stünkel W., Bernard H.U. A transcriptional initiator overlaps with a conserved YY1 site in the long control region of human papillomavirus type 16. Virology 2003, 305:486-501.
89. Thierry F., Spyrou G., Yaniv M., Howley P. Two AP1 sites binding junB are essential for human papillomavirus type 18 transcription in keratinocytes. J. Virol. 1992, 66:3740. -374.
90. Wang H., Liu K., Yuan F., Berdichevsky L., Taichman L.B., Auburn K. C/EBPbeta is a negative regulator of human papillomavirus type 11 in keratinocytes. J. Virol. 1996, 70:4839-4844.
91. Welter J.F., Eckert R.L. Differential expression of the fos and jun family members c-fos, fosB, Fra-1, Fra-2, c-jun, junB and junD during human epidermal keratinocyte differentiation. Oncogene 1995, 11:2681-2687.
92. Weyn C., Vanderwinden J.M., Rasschaert J., Englert Y., Fontaine V. Regulation of human papillomavirus type 16 early gene expression in trophoblastic and cervical cells. Virology 2011, 412:146-155.
93. Wooldridge T.R., Laimins L.A. Regulation of human papillomavirus type 31 gene expression during the differentiation-dependent life cycle through histone modifications and transcription factor binding. Virology 2008, 374:371-380.
94. Zhao W., Chow L.T., Broker T.R. Transcription activities of human papillomavirus type 11 E6 promoter-proximal elements in raft and submerged cultures of foreskin keratinocytes. J. Virol. 1997, 71:8832-8840.