Post-depositional processes: What really happens to new atmospheric iron in the ocean's surface?

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 859-870

  Bressac, Matthieu ^a,b   Guieu, Cécile ^b  

^a ACRI ST   (France)

^b LABORATOIRE D OCÉANOGRAPHIE DE VILLEFRANCHE   (France)

Author keywords

adsorption; aggregation; atmospheric dissolved iron; dissolved organic matter; scavenging

Indexed keywords

ADSORPTION; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; CARBON; DISSOLUTION; DUST; IRON; IRON COMPOUNDS; SCAVENGING; SEAWATER;

ARTIFICIAL SEEDING; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONDITIONS; BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; DISSOLVED IRON; DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTERS; IRON DISTRIBUTION; SETTLING PARTICLES; SURFACE SEAWATER;

AGGLOMERATION;

EID: 84883173666     PISSN: 08866236     EISSN: 19449224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/gbc.20076     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Agrawal, Y. C., and, H. C. Pottsmith, (2000), Instruments for particle size and settling velocity observations in sediment transport, Mar. Geol., 168, 89-114, doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00044-X. (Pubitemid 30617213)
2. Agrawal, Y. C., A. Whitmire, O. A. Mikkelsen, and, H. C. Pottsmith, (2008), Light scattering by random shaped particles and consequences on measuring suspended sediments by laser diffraction, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C04023, doi: 10.1029/2007JC004403.
3. Aumont, O., E. Maier-Reimer, S. Blain, and, P. Monfray, (2003), An ecosystem model of the global ocean including Fe, Si, P colimitations, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17 (2), 1060, doi: 10.1029/2001GB001745.
4. 234Th in coastal water during a spring bloom, Cont. Shelf Res., 25 (9), 1133-1141, doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2004.12.013. (Pubitemid 40440950)
5. Azetsu-Scott, K., and, U. Passow, (2004), Ascending marine particles: Significance of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in the upper ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49 (3), 741-748, doi: 10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0741. (Pubitemid 38730118)
6. de Baar, H. J. W., and, J. T. M. de Jong, (2001), Distributions, sources and sinks of iron in seawater, in Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater, IUPAC series on analytical and physical chemistry of environmental systems, vol. 7, edited by, D. Turner, and, K. A. Hunter, pp. 123-254, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
7. Babin, M., D. Stramski, G. M. Ferrari, H. Claustre, A. Bricaud, G. Obolensky, and, N. Hoepffner, (2003), Variations in the light absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles, and dissolved organic matter in coastal waters around Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (C7), 3211, doi: 10.1029/2001JC000882.
8. Baker, A. R., and, P. L. Croot, (2010), Atmospheric and marine controls on aerosol iron solubility in seawater, Mar. Chem., 120, 4-13, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2008.09.003.
9. Baker, A. R., and, T. D. Jickells, (2006), Mineral particle size as a control on aerosol iron solubility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17608, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026557.
10. Beauvais, S., (2003), Etude des Particules Expolymeriques Tranparentes (TEP) en milieu marin. Dynamique et rôle dans le cycle du carbone, PhD thesis, 256 pp., U. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.
11. Bishop, J. K. B., E. R. Davis, and, J. T. Sherman, (2002), Robotic Observations of Dust Storm Enhancement of Carbon Biomass in the North Pacific, Science, 298, 817-821, doi: 10.1126/science.1074961. (Pubitemid 35231532)
12. Boehme, J., and, M. Wells, (2006), Fluorescence variability of marine and terrestrial colloids: Examining size fractions of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Damariscotta River estuary, Mar. chem., 101, 95-103, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2006.02.01. (Pubitemid 43766480)
13. Bonnet, S., and, C. Guieu, (2004), Dissolution of atmospheric iron in seawater, Geophy. Res. Lett., 31, L03303, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018423.
14. Bonnet, S., and, C. Guieu, (2006), Atmospheric forcing on the annual iron cycle in the western Mediterranean Sea: A 1-year survey, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C9010, doi: 10.1029/2005JC003213.
15. Bonnet, S., et al. (2008), Nutrient limitation of primary productivity in the Southeast Pacific (BIOSOPE cruise), Biogeosciences, 5, 215-225, doi: 10.5194/bg-5-215-2008. (Pubitemid 351303274)
16. Bopp, L., K. E. Kohfeld, C. Le Quéré, and, O. Aumont, (2003), Dust impact on marine biota and atmospheric CO2 during glacial periods, Paleoceanography, 18, 1046, doi: 10.1029/2002PA000810.
17. Boyd, P. W., and, E. R. Abraham, (2001), Iron-mediated changes in phytoplankton photosynthetic competence during SOIREE, Deep Sea Res. II, 48, 2529-2550, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00007-8. (Pubitemid 32592788)
18. Boyd, P. W., and, M. J. Ellwood, (2010), The biogeochemical cycle of iron in the ocean, Nat. Geosci., 3, 675-682, doi: 10.1038/ngeo964.
19. Boyd, P. W., et al. (2007), Mesoscale iron enrichment experiments 1993-2005: Synthesis and future directions, Science, 315, 612-617, doi: 10.1126/science.1131669. (Pubitemid 46214699)
20. Boyd, P. W., E. Ibisanmi, S. G. Sander, K. A. Hunter, and, G. A. Jackson, (2010a), Remineralization of upper ocean particles: Implications for iron biogeochemistry, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55 (3), 1271-1288, doi: 10.4319/lo.2010.55. 3.1271.
21. Boyd, P. W., D. S. Mackie, and, K. A. Hunter, (2010b), Aerosol iron deposition to the surface ocean-Modes of iron supply and biological responses, Mar. Chem., 120, 128-143, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2009.01.008.
22. Boye, M., A. P. Aldrich, C. M. G. van den Berg, J. T. M. de Jong, M. Veldhuis, and, H. J. W. de Baar, (2003), Horizontal gradient of the chemical speciation of iron in surface waters of the northeast Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 80, 129-143, doi: 10.1016/S0304-4203(02)00102-0. (Pubitemid 36229824)
23. Bressac, M., C. Guieu, D. Doxaran, F. Bourrin, G. Obolensky, and, J. M. Grisoni, (2012), A mesocosm experiment coupled with optical measurements to assess the fate and sinking of atmospheric particles in clear oligotrophic waters, Geo-Mar. Lett., 32, 153-164, doi: 10.1007/s00367-011-0269-4.
24. Bruland, K. W., R. P. Franks, G. A. Knauer, and, J. H. Martin, (1979), Sampling and analytical methods for the determination of copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel at the nanogram per liter level in sea-water, Anal. Chim. Acta, 105, 233-245, doi: 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83754-5. (Pubitemid 9139552)
25. Buck, K. N., and, K. W. Bruland, (2007), The physicochemical speciation of dissolved iron in the Bering Sea, Alaska, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 1800-1808, doi: 10.4319/lo.2007.52.5.1800. (Pubitemid 47612109)
26. Cheize, M., G. Sarthou, P. L. Croot, E. Bucciarelli, A. C. Baudoux, and, A. R. Baker, (2012), Iron organic speciation determination in rainwater using cathodic stripping voltammetry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 736, 45-54, doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.011.
27. Chin, W. C., M. V. Orellana, and, P. Verdugo, (1998), Spontaneous assembly of marine dissolved organic matter into polymer gels, Nature, 391, 568-572, doi: 10.1038/35345. (Pubitemid 28157594)
28. Croot, P. L., and, M. Johansson, (2000), Determination of iron speciation by cathodic stripping voltammetry in seawater using the competing ligand 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-p-cresol (TAC), Electroanalysis, 12, 565-576, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(200005)12:8<565::AID-ELAN565>3.0.CO;2-L.
29. Croot, P. L., P. Streu, and, A. R. Baker, (2004), Short residence time for iron in surface seawater impacted by atmospheric dry deposition from Saharan dust events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23S08, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020153.
30. Cullen, J. T., B. A. Bergquist, and, J. W. Moffett, (2006), Thermodynamic characterization of the partitioning of iron between soluble and colloidal species in the Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 98, 295-303, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2005.10.007. (Pubitemid 43049928)
31. Curran, K. J., P. S. Hill, T. G. Milligan, O. A. Mikkelsen, B. A. Law, X. Durrieu de Madron, and, F. Bourrin, (2007), Settling velocity, effective density, and mass composition of suspended sediment in a coastal bottom boundary layer, Gulf of Lions, France, Cont. Shelf Res., 27, 1408-1421, doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2007.01.014. (Pubitemid 46824017)
32. Desboeufs, K. V., R. Losno, and, J. L. Colin, (2001), Factors influencing aerosol solubility during cloud processes, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3529-3537, doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00472-6. (Pubitemid 32577358)
33. Duce, R. A., and, N. W. Tindale, (1991), Atmospheric transport of iron and its deposition in the ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1715-1726, doi: 10.4319/lo.1991.36.8.1715. (Pubitemid 23374788)
34. Engel, A., S. Thoms, U. Riebesell, E. Rochelle-Newall, and, I. Zondervan, (2004), Polysaccharide aggregation as a potential sink of marine dissolved organic carbon, Nature, 428, 929-932, doi: 10.1038/nature02453. (Pubitemid 38560304)
35. 2 in the ocean, Nature, 387, 272-275, doi: 10.1038/387272a0. (Pubitemid 27220759)
36. Fan, S. M., W. J. Moxim, and, H. Levy II, (2006), Aeolian input of bioavailable iron to the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07602, doi: 10.1029/2005GL024852.
37. Floge, S. A., and, M. L. Wells, (2007), Variation in colloidal chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Damariscotta Estuary, Maine, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 32-45. (Pubitemid 46972120)
38. Fung, I. Y., S. K. Meyn, I. Tegen, S. C. Doney, J. G. John, and, J. K. B. Bishop, (2000), Iron supply and demand in the upper ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14 (1), 281-295, doi: 10.1029/1999GB900059.
39. Gledhill, M., and, K. N. Buck, (2012), The organic complexation of iron in the marine environment: a review, Frontiers in Microbiology, 3, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00069.
40. Guieu, C., M. D. Loye-Pilot, C. Ridame, and, C. Thomas, (2002), Chemical characterization of the Saharan dust end-member: Some biogeochemical implications for the western Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (D15), 4258, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000582.
41. Guieu, C., et al. (2010), Large clean mesocosms and simulated dust deposition: a new methodology to investigate responses of marine oligotrophic ecosystems to atmospheric inputs, Biogeosciences, 7, 2765-2784, doi: 10.5194/bg-7-2765-2010.
42. 59Fe-labeled hematite, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 1739-1747.
43. Hunter, K. A., and, P. W. Boyd, (2007), Iron-binding ligands and their role in the ocean biogeochemistry of iron, Environ. Chem., 4, 221-232, doi: 10.1071/EN07012. (Pubitemid 47274658)
44. Hutchins, D. A., A. E. Witter, A. Butler, and, G. W. Luther III, (1999), Competition among marine phytoplankton for different chelated iron species, Nature, 400, 858-861, doi: 10.1038/23680. (Pubitemid 29406718)
45. Jickells, T. D., et al. (2005), Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate, Science, 308, 67-71, doi: 10.1126/science.1105959. (Pubitemid 40470998)
46. Johnson, K. S., K. H. Coale, V. A. Elrod, and, N. W. Tindale, (1994), Iron photochemistry in seawater from the equatorial Pacific, Mar. Chem., 46, 319-334, doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(94)90029-9.
47. Johnson, K. S., R. M. Gordon, and, K. H. Coale, (1997), What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean?, Mar. Chem., 57, 137-161, doi: 10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00043-1. (Pubitemid 27369724)
48. Johnson, K., et al. (2007), Developing Standards for dissolved Iron in Seawater, EOS Transactions, 88, 131-132. (Pubitemid 46523001)
49. Jones, R. I., P. J. Shaw, and, H. De Haan, (1993), Effects of dissolved humic substances on the speciation of iron and phosphate at different pH and ionic strength, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 1052-1059, doi: 10.1021/es00043a003. (Pubitemid 23178624)
50. Journet, E., K. V. Desboeufs, S. Caquineau, and, J. L. Colin, (2008), Mineralogy as a critical factor of dust iron solubility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07805, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031589.
51. Kieber, R. J., S. A. Skrabal, B. J. Smith, and, J. D. Willey, (2005), Organic complexation of Fe (II) and its impact on the redox cycling of iron in rain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39 (6), 1576-1583. (Pubitemid 40387711)
52. Liu, X., and, F. J. Millero, (2002), The solubility of iron in seawater, Mar. Chem., 77, 43-54, doi: 10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00074-3. (Pubitemid 34067573)
53. Luo, C., N. Mahowald, T. Bond, P. Y. Chuang, P. Artaxo, R. Siefert, Y. Chen, and, J. Schauer, (2008), Combustion iron distribution and deposition, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB1012, doi: 10.1029/2007GB002964.
54. Mahowald, N. M., A. R. Baker, G. Bergametti, N. Brooks, R. A. Duce, T. D. Jickells, N. Kubilay, J. M. Prospero, and, I. Tegen, (2005), Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB4025, doi: 10.1029/2004GB002402.
55. Mahowald, N. M., et al. (2009), Atmospheric Iron Deposition: Global Distribution, Variability, and Human Perturbations, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 245-278, doi: 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163727.
56. Maloney, K. O., D. P. Morris, C. O. Moses, and, C. L. Osburn, (2005), The role of iron and dissolved organic carbon in the absorption of ultraviolet radiation in humic lake water, Biogeochemistry, 75, 393-407, doi: 10.1007/s10533-005-1675-3. (Pubitemid 41598644)
57. Matsuoka, A., A. Bricaud, R. Benner, J. Para, R. Sempéré, L. Prieur, S. Bélanger, and, M. Babin, (2012), Tracing the transport of colored dissolved organic matter in water masses of the Southern Beaufort Sea: Relationship with hydrographic characteristics, Biogeosciences, 9, 925-940, doi: 10.5194/bg-9-925-2012.
58. Maurice, P. A., S. E. Cabaniss, J. Drummond, and, E. Ito, (2002), Hydrogeochemical controls on the variations in chemical characteristics of natural organic matter at a small freshwater wetland, Chem. Geol., 187, 59-77, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00016-5. (Pubitemid 34763341)
59. Mendez, J., C. Guieu, and, J. Adkins, (2010), Atmospheric input of manganese and iron to the ocean: Seawater dissolution experiments with Saharan and North American dusts, Mar. Chem., 120, 34-43, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2008. 08.006.
60. Millero, F. J., (1998), Solubility of Fe(III) in seawater, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 154, 323-329, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00179-9.
61. Mills, M. M., C. Ridame, M. Davey, J. La Roche, and, R. J. Geider, (2004), Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic, Nature, 429, 292-294, doi: 10.1038/nature02550. (Pubitemid 38684813)
62. Moore, J. K., and, O. Braucher, (2008), Sedimentary and mineral dust sources of dissolved iron to the world ocean, Biogeosciences, 5, 631-656, doi: 10.5194/bg-5-631-2008. (Pubitemid 351667785)
63. Moore, J. K., S. C. Doney, and, K. Lindsay, (2004), Upper ocean ecosystem dynamics and iron cycling in a global three-dimensional model, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB4028, doi: 10.1029/2004GB002220.
64. Mopper, K., Z. Feng, S. B. Bentjen, and, R. F. Chen, (1996), Effects of cross-flow filtration on the absorption and fluorescence properties of seawater, Mar. Chem., 55, 53-74, doi: 10.1016/S0304-4203(96)00048-5. (Pubitemid 27025146)
65. Moulin, C., C. E. Lambert, F. Dulac, and, U. Dayan, (1997), Control of atmospheric export of dust from North Africa by the North Atlantic Oscillation, Nature, 387, 691-694, doi: 10.1038/42679.
66. Moxim, W. J., S.-M. Fan, and, H. Levy II, (2011), The meteorological nature of variable soluble iron transport and deposition within the North Atlantic Ocean basin, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D03203, doi: 10.1029/2010JD014709.
67. Nierop, K. G. J. J., B. Jansen, and, J. M. Verstraten, (2002), Dissolved organic matter, aluminium and iron interactions: precipitation induced by metal/carbon ratio, pH and competition, Sci. Total Environ., 300, 201-211, doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00254-1. (Pubitemid 35430180)
68. Ooki, A., J. Nishioka, T. Ono, and, S. Noriki, (2009), Size dependence of iron solubility of Asian mineral dust particles, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03202, doi: 10.1029/2008JD010804.
69. Parekh, P., M. J. Follows, and, E. A. Boyle, (2004), Modeling the global ocean iron cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB1002, doi: 10.1029/2003GB002061.
70. Passow, U., (2000), Formation of transparent exopolymer particles, TEP, from dissolved precursor material, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 192, 1-11, doi: 10.3354/meps192001. (Pubitemid 30112701)
71. Passow, U., (2002), Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in aquatic environments, Prog. Oceanogr., 55, 287-333, doi: 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00138-6. (Pubitemid 35464708)
72. Passow, U., R. F. Shipe, A. Murray, D. K. Pak, M. A. Brzezinski, and, A. L. Alldredge, (2001), The origin of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and their role in the sedimentation of particulate matter, Cont. Shelf Res., 21, 327-346, doi: 10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00101-1. (Pubitemid 32192122)
73. Reynolds, R. A., D. Stramski, V. M. Wright, and, S. Woźniak, (2010), Measurements and characterization of particle size distributions in coastal waters, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C08024, doi: 10.1029/2009JC005930.
74. Rue, E. L., and, K. W. Bruland, (1995), Complexation of iron(III) by natural organic ligands in the Central North Pacific as determined by a new competitive ligand equilibration/adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric method, Mar. Chem., 50, 117-138, doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(95)00031-L. (Pubitemid 26463192)
75. Spokes, L. J., T. D. Jickells, and, B. Lim, (1994), Solubilisation of aerosol trace metals by cloud processing: A laboratory study, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 3281-3287, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90056-6.
76. Sunda, W. G., and, S. A. Huntsman, (1995), Iron uptake and growth limitation in oceanic and coastal phytoplankton, Mar. Chem., 50, 189-206, doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(95)00035-P. (Pubitemid 26463204)
77. Ternon, E., C. Guieu, M.-D. Loye-Pilot, N. Leblond, E. Bosc, B. Gasser, J.-C. Miquel, and, J. Martin, (2010), The impact of Saharan dust on the particulate export in the water column of the North Western Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 7, 809-826, doi: 10.5194/bg-7-809-2010.
78. Tian, F., R. D. Frew, S. Sander, K. A. Hunter, and, M. J. Ellwood, (2006), Organic iron(III) speciation in surface transects across a frontal zone: The Chatham Rise, New Zealand, Mar. Freshw. Res., 57, 533-544, doi: 10.1071/MF05209. (Pubitemid 44091487)
79. Turner, A., G. E. Millward, and, A. O. Tyler, (1994), The distribution and chemical composition of particles in a macrotidal estuary, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 38, 1-17, doi: 10.1006/ecss.1994.1001. (Pubitemid 24399628)
80. Uitz, J., D. Stramski, A. C. Baudoux, R. A. Reynolds, V. M. Wright, J. Dubranna, and, F. Azam, (2010), Variations in the optical properties of a particle suspension associated with viral infection of marine bacteria, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 2317-2330, doi: 10.4319/lo.2010.55.6.2317.
81. Verdugo, P., A. L. Alldredge, F. Azam, D. L. Kirchman, U. Passow, and, P. H. Santschi, (2004), The oceanic gel phase: A bridge in the DOM-POM continuum, Mar. Chem., 92, 67-85, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.017. (Pubitemid 39568987)
82. Wagener, T., E. Pulido-Villena, and, C. Guieu, (2008), Dust iron dissolution in seawater: Results from a one-year time-series in the Mediterranean Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L16601, doi: 10.1029/2008GL034581.
83. Wagener, T., C. Guieu, and, N. Leblond, (2010), Effects of dust deposition on iron cycle in the surface Mediterranean Sea: Results from a mesocosm seeding experiment, Biogeosciences, 7, 3769-3781, doi: 10.5194/bg-7-3769-2010.
84. Wells, M. L., and, E. G. Goldberg, (1993), Colloid aggregation in seawater, Mar. Chem., 41, 353-358, doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(93)90267-R. (Pubitemid 23379047)
85. Wen, L. S., P. H. Santschi, and, D. Tang, (1997), Interactions between radioactively labeled colloids and natural particles: Evidence for colloidal pumping, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 2867-2878, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(97) 00139-7.
86. Witter, A. E., and, G. W. Luther III, (1998), Variation in Fe-organic complexation with depth in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean as determined using a kinetic approach, Mar. Chem., 62, 241-258, doi: 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00044-9. (Pubitemid 28494422)
87. Wu, J., and, G. W. Luther III, (1995), Complexation of Fe(III) by natural organic ligands in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean by a competitive ligand equilibration method and a kinetic approach, Mar. Chem., 50, 159-177, doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(95)00033-N.
88. Wu, J. F., E. Boyle, W. Sunda, and, L. S. Wen, (2001), Soluble and colloidal iron in the oligotrophic North Atlantic and North Pacific, Science, 293, 847-849, doi: 10.1126/science.1059251. (Pubitemid 32743971)
89. Wuttig, K., T. Wagener, M. Bressac, A. Dammshäuser, P. Streu, C. Guieu, and, P. L. Croot, (2013), Impacts of dust deposition on dissolved trace metal concentrations (Mn, Al and Fe) during a mesocosm experiment, Biogeosciences, 10 (4), 2583-2600, doi: 10.5194/bg-10-2583-2013.
90. Yacobi, Y. Z., J. J. Alberts, M. Takacs, and, M. McElvaine, (2003), Absorption spectroscopy of colored dissolved organic carbon in Georgia (USA) rivers: The impact of molecular size distribution, J. Limnol., 62, 41-46. (Pubitemid 37030490)
91. Ye, Y., C. Völker, and, D. Wolf-Gladrow, (2009), A model of Fe speciation and biogeochemistry at the Tropical Eastern North Atlantic Time-Series Observatory site, Biogeosciences, 6, 2041-2061, doi: 10.5194/bg-6-2041-2009.
92. Zhuang, G., and, R. A. Duce, (1993), The adsorption of dissolved iron on marine aerosol particles in surface waters of the open ocean, Deep Sea Res. I, 40, 1413-1429, doi: 10.1016/0967-0637(93)90120-R. (Pubitemid 24392693)