Iron-binding ligands and their role in the ocean biogeochemistry of iron

Environmental Chemistry

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 221-232

  Hunter, Keith A ^a   Boyd, Philip W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Biogeochemistry; Iron; Ligands; Methods to improve bioavailability; Speciation.

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; DEEP WATER; HISTORICAL RECORD; IRON; LIGAND; MIXED LAYER; OCEAN; OXYGENATION; SIDEROPHORE; SPECIATION (CHEMISTRY);

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CYANOBACTERIA; EUKARYOTA;

EID: 34547987021     PISSN: 14482517     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/EN07012     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. J. H. Martin, R. M. Gordon, S. E. Fitzwater, Iron in Antarctic waters. Nature 1990, 345, 156. doi:10.1038/345156A0
2. J. H. Martin, S. E. Fitzwater, R. M. Gordon, Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in Antarctic waters. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 1990, 4, 5.
3. J. H. Martin, S. E. Fitzwater, Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic. Nature 331, 1988, 341. doi:10.1038/331341A0
4. J. H. Martin, S. E. Fitzwater, R. M. Gordon, We still say iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the subarctic Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96, 20699.
5. J. H. Martin, W. W. Broenkow, S. E. Fitzwater, R. M. Gordon, Yes it does: a reply to the comment by Banse. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1990, 35, 775.
6. K. Banse, Does iron really limit phytoplankton production in the offshore arctic Pacific? Limnol. Oceanogr. 1990, 35, 772.
7. K. Banse, Iron, nitrate uptake by phytoplankton and mermaids. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96, 20701.
8. T. D. Jickells, Z. An, A. R. Baker, G. Bergametti, N. Brooks, P. W. Boyd, R. A. Duce, K. A. Hunter, et al., Global iron connections - desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry and climate. Science 2005, 308, 67. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.1105959
9. G. Aylward, T. Findlay, SI Chemical Data, 3rd edn 1994 (Wiley and Sons: Milton, QId).
10. M. Saito, D. Sigman, F. Morel, The bioinorganic chemistry of the ancient ocean: the co-evolution of cyanobacterial metal requirements and biogeochemical cycles at the Archean/Proterozoic boundary? Inorg. Chim. Acta 2003, 356, 308. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(03)00442-0
11. P. Parekh, M. J. Follows, E. A. Boyle, Modeling the global ocean iron cycle. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 2004, 18, GB1002. doi:10.1029/2003GB002061
12. P. Parekh, M. J. Follows, E. A. Boyle, Decoupling of iron and phosphate in the global ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 2005, 19, GB2020. doi:10.1029/2004GB002280
13. 2 concentrations. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 1999, 13, 727. doi:10.1029/1999GB900034
14. D. E. Archer, K. Johnson, A model of the iron cycle in the ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 2000, 14, 269. doi:10.1029/ 1999GB900053
15. K. A. Hunter, M. W. Leonard, Colloid stability and aggregation in estuaries: 1. Aggregation kinetics of riverine dissolved iron after mixing with seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52, 1123. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90266-9
16. K. A. Hunter, Kinetics and Mechanism of Iron Colloid Aggregation in Estuaries (Ed. R. Beckett) 1990, p. 45 (Plenum: New York).
17. K. Hunter, M. Leonard P. Carpenter, D. Smith, Aggregation of iron colloids in estuaries: a heterogenous kinetics study using continuous mixing of river and sea waters. Colloids Surf, A 1997, 120, 111. doi:10.1016/S0927-7757(96)03719-3
18. E. R. Sholkovitz, The flocculation of dissolved Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Ni, Co and Cd during estuarine mixing. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1978, 41, 77. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(78)90043-2
19. E. R. Sholkovitz, E. A. Boyle, N. B. Price, The removal of dissolved humic acids and iron during estuarine mixing. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1978, 40, 130. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(78)90082-1
20. E. A. Boyle, J. M. Edmond, E. R. Sholkovitz, The mechanism of iron removal in estuaries. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1977, 41, 1313. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(77)90075-8
21. P. E. Biscaye, R. F. Anderson, Fluxes of particulate matter on the slope of the southern Middle Atlantic Bight. Deep-Sea Res. A 1994, 41, 459. doi:10.1016/0967-0645(94)90032-9
22. P. E. Biscaye, R. F. Anderson, B. L. Deck, Fluxes of particles and constituents to the eastern United States continental slope and rise: SEEP-I. Cont. Shelf Res. 1988, 8, 855. doi:10.1016/0278-4343(88) 90080-5
23. P. E. Biscaye, C. N. Flagg, P. G. Falkowski, The Shelf Edge Exchange experiment, SEEP-II: an introduction to hypotheses, results and conclusions. Deep-Sea Res. A 1994, 41, 231. doi:10.1016/0967-0645(94) 90022-1
24. T. Jickells, L. Spokes, Atmospheric iron inputs to the oceans, in The Biogeochemistry of Iron in the Ocean (Eds D. Turner, K. A. Hunter) 2001, pp. 85 (John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, UK).
25. L. J. Spokes, T. D. Jickells, Factors controlling the solubility of aerosol trace metals in the atmosphere and on mixing into seawater. Aquat. Geochem. 1996, 1, 355. doi:10.1007/BF00702739
26. A. R. Baker, T. D. Jickells, M. Witt, K. L. Linge, Trends in the solubility of iron, aluminium, manganese and phosphorus in aerosol collected over the Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2006, 98, 43. doi:10.1016/J.MARCHEM.2005.06.004
27. K. A. Barbeau, Photochemistry of organic iron(III) complexing ligands in oceanic systems. Photochem. Photobiol. 2006, 82, 1505. doi:10.1562/2006-06-16-IR-935
28. M. Chen, R. Dei, W.-X. Wang, L. Guo, Marine diatom uptake of iron bound with natural colloids of different origins. Mar. Chem. 2003, 81, 177. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(03)00032-X
29. M. Chen, W. Wang, Bioavailability of natural colloid-bound iron to marine plankton: Influences of colloidal size and aging. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2001, 46, 1956.
30. R. Chester, M. J. Hughes, A chemical technique for the separation of ferro-manganese minerals, carbonate minerals and adsorbed trace elements from plagic sediments. Chem. Geol. 1967, 2, 249. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(67)90025-3
31. K. K. Turekian, The fate of metals in the oceans. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1977, 41, 1139. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(77)90109-0
32. K. J. Orians, K. W. Bruland, Dissolved aluminium in the central North Pacific. Nature 1985, 316, 427. doi:10.1038/316427A0
33. K. J. Orians, K. W. Bruland, Dissolved gallium in the open ocean. Nature 1988, 332, 717. doi:10.1038/332717A0
34. J. Riley, R. Chester, Introduction to Marine Chemistry 1971, p. 465 (Academic Press: London).
35. P. J. Statham, C. R. German, D. P. Connelly, Iron(II) distribution and oxidation kinetics in hydrothermal plumes at the Kairei and Edmond vent sites, Indian Ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 236, 588. doi:10.1016/J.EPSL.2005.03.008
36. C. C. Patterson, D. M. Settle, The Reduction of Orders of Magnitude Errors in Lead Analysis of Biological Materials and Natural Waters by Controlling External Sources of Industrial Pb Contamination Introduced During Sample Collection, Handling and Analysis (Ed. D. M. La Fleur) 1976, p. 321 (N.B.S.: Washington).
37. D. R. Turner, K. A. Hunter, H. De Baar, Introduction: The Iron Paradox, in The Biogeochemistry of Iron in the Ocean (Eds K. A. Hunter, D. Turner) 2001 (John Wiley and Sons: New York).
38. A. R. Bowie, E. P. Achterberg, P. L. Croot, H. J. W. de Baar, P. Laan, J. W. Moffett, S. Ussher, P. J. Worsfold A community-wide intercomparison exercise for the determination of dissolved iron in seawater. Mar. Chem. 2006, 98, 81. doi:10.1016/J.MARCHEM.2005.07.002
39. K. Johnson, E. Boyle, K. Bruland, K. Coale, C. Measures, J. Moffett, A. Aguilar, K. Barbeau, et al., The SAFE Iron Intercomparison Cruise: An International Collaboration. EOS Trans. AGU, Ocean Science Meeting Supplement 2006, 86, Abstract OS11N.
40. K. Johnson, R. Gordon, K. Coale, What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean? Mar. Chem. 1997, 57, 137. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00043-1
41. K. Johnson, R. Gordon, K. Coale, What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean? Authors' closing comments. Mar. Chem. 1997, 57, 181. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00047-9
42. E. Boyle, What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean? - A comment. Mar. Chem. 1997, 57, 163. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00044-3
43. G. Luther III, J. Wu, What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean? - A comment. Mar. Chem. 1997, 57, 173. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00046-7
44. W. Sunda, Control of dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean, a comment. Mar. Chem. 1997, 57, 169. doi:10.1016/S0304- 4203(97)00045-5
45. M. Boye, C. van den Berg, J. de Jong, H. Leach, P. L. Croot, H. J. W. de Baar, Organic complexation of iron in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 2001, 48, 1477. doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00099-6
46. W. Landing, C. I. Measures, C. Buck, M. Brown, in ASLO/TOS Ocean Research Conference; SS5.03 The biogeochemical cycling of iron in the ocean - from genes to gyres: Honolulu, 2004.
47. B. A. Bergquist, E. A. Boyle, Dissolved iron in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 2006, 20, GB1015. doi:10.1029/2005GB002505
48. M. Chen, W.-X. Wang, L. Guo, Phase partitioning and solubility of iron in natural seawater controlled by dissolved organic matter. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 2003, 18, GB4013.
49. H. Tani, J. Nishioka, K. Kuma, H. Takata, Y. Yamashita, E. Tanoue, T. Midorikawa, Iron(III) hydroxide solubility and humic-type fluorescent organic matter in the deep water column of the Okhotsk Sea and the northwestern North Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I 2003, 50, 1063. doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00098-0
50. S. Nakabayashi, K. Kuma, K. Sasaoka, S. Saitoh, M. Mochizuki, N. Shiga, M. Kusakabe, Variation in iron(III) solubility and iron concentration in the northwestern North Pacific Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2002, 47, 885.
51. S. Nakabayashi, M. Kusakabe, K. Kuma, I. Kudo, Vertical distributions of iron(III) hydroxide solubility and dissolved iron in the northwestern North Pacific Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28, 4611. doi:10.1029/2001GL013591
52. K. Kuma, Y. Isoda, S. Nakabayashi, Control on dissolved iron concentrations in deep waters in the western North Pacific: iron(III) hydroxide solubility. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108, 3289. doi:10.1029/2002JC001481
53. K. Kuma, A. Katsumoto, H. Kawakami, F. Takatori, K. Matsunaga, Spatial variability of Fe(III) hydroxide solubility in the water column of the northern North Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I 1998, 45, 91. doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00067-8
54. K. Kuma, A. Katsumoto, J. Nishioka, K. Matsunaga, Size-fractionated iron concentrations and Fe(III) hydroxide solubilities in various coastal waters. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 1998, 47, 275. doi:10.1006/ECSS.1998.0355
55. K. Kuma, J. Nishioka, K. Matsunaga, Controls on iron(III) hydroxide solubility in seawater: the influence of pH and natural organic chelators. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1996, 41, 396.
56. K. W. Bruland E. L. Rue, Analytical methods for the determination of concentrations and speciation of iron, in The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater (Eds D. R. Turner, K. A. Hunter) 2001, p. 255 (John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, UK).
57. C. M. G. Van den Berg, Evidence for organic complexation of iron in seawater. Mar. Chem. 1995, 50, 139. doi:10.1016/0304- 4203(95)00032-M
58. E. L. Rue, K. W. Bruland Complexation of iron(III) by natural organic ligands in the central North Pacific as determined by a new ligand equilibration/adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric method. Mar. Chem. 1995, 50, 117. doi:10.1016/0304-4203(95)00031-L
59. E. L. Rue, K. W. Bruland The role of organic complexation on ambient iron chemistry in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the response of a mesoscale iron addition experiment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1997, 42, 901.
60. J. Wu, G. W. Luther III, Complexation of Fe(III) by natural organic ligands in the northwest Atlantic Ocean by a competitive ligand method and a kinetic approach. Mar. Chem. 1995, 50, 159. doi:10.1016/0304-4203(95)00033-N
61. R. H. Byrne, D. R. Kester, Solubility of hydrous ferric oxide and iron speciation in seawater. Mar. Chem. 1976, 4, 255. doi:10.1016/0304-4203(76)90012-8
62. K. Kuma, S. Nakabayashi, Y. Suzuki, K. Matsunaga, Dissolution rate and solubility of colloidal hydrous ferric oxide in seawater. Mar. Chem. 1992, 38, 133. doi:10.1016/0304-4203(92)90072-I
63. X. Liu, F. Millero, The solubility of iron in seawater. Mar. Chem. 2002, 77, 43. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00074-3
64. A. J. Watson, Iron in the oceans: influences on biology, geochemistry and climate. Progr. Environ. Sci. 1999, 1, 345.
65. 2. Nature 2000, 407, 730. doi:10.1038/35037561
66. C. G. Trick, Hydroxamate-siderophore production and utilization by marine eubacteria. Curr. Microbiol. 1989, 18, 375. doi:10.1007/BF01571131
67. B. J. McMorran, H. M. C. S. Kumara, K. Sullivan, I. L. Lamont, Involvement of a transformylase enzyme in siderophore synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiology 2001, 147, 1517.
68. R. T. Reid A. Butler, Investigation of the mechanism of iron acquisition by the marine bacterium Alteromonas luteoviolaceus: characterization of siderophore production. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1991, 36, 1783.
69. C. G. Trick, R. J. Andersen, A. Gillain, P. J. Harrison, Prorocentrin: an extracellular siderophore produced by the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum. Science 1983, 219, 306. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.219. 4582.306
70. C. G. Trick, R. J. Andersen, N. M. Price, A. Gillam, P. J. Harrison, Examination of hydroxamate-siderophore production by neritic eukaryotic marine phytoplankton. Mar. Biol. 1983, 75, 9. doi:10.1007/ BF00392625
71. M. G. Haygood R D. Holt, A. Butler, Aerobactin production by a planktonic marine Vibrio sp. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1993, 38, 1091.
72. H. M. Macrellis, C. G. Trick, E. L. Rue, G. Smith, K. W. Bruland, Collection and detection of natural iron-binding ligands from seawater. Mar. Chem. 2001, 76, 175. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00061-5
73. K. Barbeau, E. L. Rue, K. W. Bruland A. Butler, Photochemical cycling of iron in the surface ocean mediated by microbial iron(III)-binding ligands. Nature 2001, 413, 409. doi:10.1038/35096545
74. M. Boye, C. van den Berg, Iron availability and the release of iron-complexing ligands by Emiliania huxleyii. Mar. Chem. 2000, 70, 277. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00032-3
75. B. Holmen, W. Casey, Hydroxamate ligands, surface chemistry and the mechanism of ligand-promoted dissolution of goethite (alpha-FeOOH). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60, 4403. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(96) 00278-5
76. D. Hutchins, A. Witter, A. Butler, G. I. Luther, Competition among marine phytoplankton for different chelated iron species. Nature 1999, 400, 858. doi:10.1038/23680
77. K. A. Hunter, K. A. Kim, P. L. Croot, Trace Metal-phytoplankton interactions in marine systems, in Perspectives in Environmental Chemistry (Ed. D. Macalady) 1997, p. 414 (Oxford University Press: Oxford).
78. K. Hunter, P. Boyd, Biogeochemistry of trace metals in the ocean. Mar. Freshwater Res. 1999, 50, 739. doi:10.1071/MF99070
79. K. W. Bruland Complexation of zinc by natural organic ligands in the central north Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1989, 32, 269.
80. J. R. Donat, K. W. Bruland A comparison of two voltammetric techniques for determining zinc speciation in northeast Pacific Ocean waters. Mar. Chem. 1990, 28, 301. doi:10.1016/0304-4203(90)90050-M
81. M. J. Ellwood, C. M. G. Van den Berg, Zinc speciation in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2000, 68, 295. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00085-7
82. K. W. Bruland Complexation of cadmium by natural organic ligands in the central north Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1992, 37,1008.
83. K. H. Coale, K. W. Bruland, Copper complexation in the northeast Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1988, 33, 1084.
84. K. H. Coale, K. W. Bruland Spatial and temporal variability in copper complexation in the north Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. 1990, 37, 317. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(90)90130-N
85. J. R. Donat, K. A. Lao, K. W. Bruland Speciation of dissolved copper and nickel in South San Francisco Bay: a multi-method approach. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994, 284, 547. doi:10.1016/0003-2670(94)85061-5
86. J. W. Moffett, C. Dupont, Cu complexation by organic ligands in the sub-arctic NW Pacific and Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. I 2007, 54, 586. doi:10.1016/J.DSR.2006.12.013
87. M. A. Saito, J. W. Moffett, Complexation of cobalt by natural organic ligands in the Sargasso Sea as determined by a new high-sensitivity electrochemical cobalt speciation method suitable for open ocean work. Mar. Chem. 2001, 75, 49. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00025-1
88. J. Wu, E. A. Boyle, W. G. Sunda, L.-S. Wen, Soluble and colloidal iron in the oligotrophic north Atlantic and north Pacific. Science 2001, 293, 847. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.1059251
89. M. Boye, A. Aldrich, C. M. G. van den Berg, J. T. M. de Jong, H. Nirmaier, M. Veldhuis, K. R. Timmermans, H. J. W. de Baar, The chemical speciation of iron in the north-east Atlantic Ocean. Deep-SeaRes. Pt. 12006, 53, 667. doi:10.1016/J.DSR.2005.12.015
90. K. N. Buck, M. C. Lohan, C. J. M. Berger, K. W. Bruland Dissolved iron speciation in two distinct river plumes and an estuary: Implications for riverine iron supply. Limnol. Oceanogr: 2007, 52, 843.
91. M. R. Town, M. Filella, Dispelling the myths: Is the existence of L1 and L2 ligands necessary to explain metal ion speciation in natural waters? Limnol. Oceanogr. 2000, 45, 1341.
92. K. A. Hunter, Comment on "Measuring marine iron(III) complexes by CLE-AdSV". Environ. Chem. 2005, 2, 85. doi:10.1071/EN05030
93. C. M. G. van den Berg, Organic iron complexation is real, the theory is used incorrectly. Comment on "Measuring marine iron(ni) complexes by CLE-AdSV". Environ. Chem. 2005, 2, 88. doi:10.1071/EN05029
94. R. M. Town, H. P. van Leeuwen, Reply to comments on "Measuring marine iron(III) complexes by CLE-AdSV". Environ. Chem. 2005, 2, 90. doi:10.1071/EN05032
95. R. M. Town, H. P. van Leeuwen, Measuring marine iron(III) complexes by CLE-AdSV". Environ. Chem. 2005, 2, 80. doi:10.1071/EN05021
96. P. Falkowski, C. de Vargas, Shotgun sequencing in the sea: a blast from the past? Science Express 2004, www.scienceexpress.org [Verified 4 March 2004].
97. A. Quigg, Z. Finkel, A. Irwin, Y. Rosenthal, Y-H. Ho, J. Reinfelder, O. Schofield F. Morel, et al., The evolutionary inheritance of elemental stoichiometry in marine phytoplankton. Nature 2003, 425, 291. doi:10.1038/NATURE01953
98. Z. V. Finkel, A. Quigg, J. A. Raven, J. R. Reinfelder, O. E. Schofield P. G. Falkowski, Irradiance and the elemental stoichiometry of marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr: 2006, 51, 2690.
99. J. E. Bauer, E. R. M. Druffel, D. M. Wolgast, S. Griffin, Temporal and regional variability in sources and cycling of DOC and POC in the northwest Atlantic continental shelf and slope. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II 2002, 49, 4387. doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00123-6
100. 13C, and C/N in sinking particulate organic matter at a deep time series station in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 2004, 18, GB4015. doi:10.1029/2004GB002221
101. C. Bjerrum, D. E. Canfield, T. Kiørboe, G. A. Jackson, From dissolved organic carbon to marine snow in the prokaryote dominated Precambrian oceans. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68, A787.
102. R. Raiswell, M. Tranter, L. G. Benning, M. Siegert, R. De'ath, P. Huybrechts, T. Payne, Contributions from glacially derived sediment to the global iron (oxyhydr)oxide cycle: implications for iron delivery to the oceans. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70, 2765. doi:10.1016/J.GCA.2005.12.027
103. S. Blain, B. Queguiner, L. Armand, S. Belviso, B. Bombled, L. Bopp, A. Bowie, C. Brunet, Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean. Nature 2007, 446, 1070. doi:10.1038/NATURE05700
104. P. W. Boyd Biogeochemistry: iron findings. Nature 2007, 446, 989. doi:10.1038/446989A
105. D. C. Catling, M. W. Claire, How Earth's atmosphere evolved to an oxic state: a status report. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 237, 1. doi:10.1016/J.EPSL.2005.06.013
106. A. Anbar, A. Knoll, Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution: a bioinorganic bridge? Science 2002, 297, 1137. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE. 1069651
107. A. Kappler, C. Pasquero, K. O. Konhauser, D. K. Newman, Deposition of banded iron formations by anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria. Geology 2005, 33, 865. doi:10.1130/G21658.1
108. N. Dauphas, M. van Zuilen, M. Wadhwa, A. M. Davis, B. Marty, P. E. Janney, Clues from Fe isotope variations on the origin of early Archean BIFs from Greenland. Science 2004, 306, 2077. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.1104639
109. L. Kump, OCEAN SCIENCE: ironing out biosphere oxidation. Science 2005, 307, 1058. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.1107482
110. A. Butler, Acquisition and utilization of transition metal ions by marine organisms. Science 1998, 281, 207. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE. 281.5374.207
111. J. La Roche, P. W. Boyd R. M. L. McRay, R. J. Geider, Flavodoxin as an in situ marker for iron stress in phytoplankton. Nature 1996, 382, 802. doi:10.1038/382802A0
112. R. F. Strzepek, P. J. Harrison, Photo synthetic architecture differs in coastal and oceanic diatoms. Nature 2004, 431, 689. doi:10.1038/NATURE02954
113. J. W. Moffett, L. Brand Production of strong, extracellular Cu chelators by marine cyanobacteria in response to Cu stress. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1996, 41, 388.
114. J. W. Moffett, Temporal and spatial variability of copper complexation by strong chelators in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 1995, 42, 1273. doi:10.1016/0967-0637(95)00060-J
115. J. H. Martin, G. A. Knauer, D. M. Karl, W. W. Broenkow, VERTEX: carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II 1987, 34, 267. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(87)90086-0
116. P. L. Croot, A. R. Bowie, R. D. Frew, M. T. Maldonado, J. A. Hall, K. A. Safi, J. La Roche, P. W. Boyd, C. S. Law, Retention of dissolved iron and Fe(II) in an iron induced Southern Ocean phytoplankton bloom. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28, 3425. doi:10.1029/2001GL013023
117. K. Fennel, M. R. Abbott, Y. H. Spitz, J. G. Richman, D. M. Nelson, Impacts of iron control on phytoplankton production in the modern and glacial Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II 50, 2003, 833. doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00596-9
118. W. S. Broecker, T. H. Peng, Tracers in the Sea 1982, p. 98 (Vol. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory: New York).
119. I. Prentice, The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide, in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis 2001, p. 881 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).
120. W. G. Sunda, S. Huntsman, Iron uptake and growth limitation in oceanic and coastal phytoplankton. Mar. Chem. 1995, 50, 189. doi:10.1016/0304-4203(95)00035-P
121. E. Rue, K. Bruland, The role of organic complexation on ambient iron chemistry in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the response of a mesoscale iron addition experiment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1997, 42, 901.
122. E. Ibisanmi, K. A. Hunter, Unpublished data. 2007.
123. J. T. Cullen, B. A. Bergquist, J. W. Moffett, Thermodynamic characterization of the partitioning of iron between soluble and colloidal species in the Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2006, 98, 295. doi:10.1016/J.MARCHEM.2005.10.007
124. M. Gledhill, C. M. G. van den Berg, Determination of complexation of Iron(III) with natural organic complexing ligands in seawater using cathodic stripping voltammetry. Mar. Chem. 1994, 47, 41. doi:10.1016/0304-4203(94)90012-4
125. R. F. Nolting, L. J. A. Gerringa, M. J. W. Swagerman, K. R. Timmermans, H. J. W. de Baar, Fe(III) speciation in the high nutrient, low chlorophyll Pacific region of the Southern Ocean. Mar. Chem. 1998, 62, 335. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00046-2
126. F. Tian, R. D. Frew, S. G. Sander, K. A. Hunter, M. J. Ellwood Organic Fe(III) speciation in surface transects across a frontal zone: The Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Mar. Freshwater Res. 2006, 57, 533. doi:10.1071/MF05209
127. M. Boye, A. Aldrich, C. van den Berga, J. de Jong, M. Veldhuis, H. de Baar, Horizontal gradient of the chemical speciation of iron in surface waters of the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2003, 80, 129. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(02)00102-0
128. M. Boye, J. Nishioka, P. L. Croot, P. Laan, K. R. Timmermans, H. J. W. de Baar, Major deviations of iron complexation during 22 days of a mesoscale iron enrichment in the open Southern Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2005, 96, 257. doi:10.1016/J.MARCHEM.2005.02.002
129. P. L. Croot, K. Andersson, M. Ozturk, D. R. Turner, The distribution and speciation of iron along 6°E in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II 2004, 51, 2857. doi:10.1016/J.DSR2.2003.10.012
130. P. L. Croot, M. Johansson, Determination of iron speciation by cathodic Stripping voltammetry in seawater using the competing ligand 2-(2-Thiazolylazo)-p-cresol (TAC). Electroanalysis 2000, 12, 565. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(200005)12:8<565::AID- ELAN565>3.0.CO;2-L
131. A. E. Witter, G. W. Luther, Variation in Fe-organic complexation with depth in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean as determined using a kinetic approach. Mar. Chem. 1998, 62, 241. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00044- 9
132. A. E. Witter, D. A. Hutchins, A. Butler, G. W. Luther, Determination of conditional stability constants and kinetic constants for strong model Fe-binding ligands in seawater. Mar. Chem. 2000, 69, 1. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00087-0
133. A. E. Witter, B. L. Lewis, G. W. Luther III, Iron speciation in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II 2000, 47, 1517. doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00152-6
134. R. T. Powell, J. R. Donat, Organic complexation and speciation of iron in the south and equatorial Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. II 2001, 48, 2877. doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00022-4
135. R. T. Powell, A. Wilson-Finelli, Importance of organic Fe complexing ligands in the Mississippi River plume. Estuar. Coast, Shelf Sci. 2003, 58, 757. doi:10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00182-3
136. R. T. Powell, A. Wilson-Finelli, Photochemical degradation of organic iron complexing ligands in seawater. Aquat. Sci. 2003, 65, 367.