메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 25-46

African Americans, European Americans and pathological stereotypes: An African-centered perspective

Author keywords

African americans; Attitudes; Culture; Ethnic differences; Prejudice; Race; Stereotypes

Indexed keywords


EID: 84882939142     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (22)

References (82)
  • 1
    • 33744793512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The words have changed but the ideology remains the same: Misogynistic lyrics in rap music
    • Adams, T. M. and Fuller, D. B. (2006). The words have changed but the ideology remains the same: Misogynistic lyrics in rap music. Journal of Black Studies, 36(6), 938-957.
    • (2006) Journal of Black Studies , vol.36 , Issue.6 , pp. 938-957
    • Adams, T.M.1    Fuller, D.B.2
  • 2
    • 0002139209 scopus 로고
    • Mental disorder among African-Americans
    • Akbar, N. (1981). Mental disorder among African-Americans. Black Books Bulletin, 7(2).
    • (1981) Black Books Bulletin , vol.7 , Issue.2
    • Akbar, N.1
  • 3
    • 0026513275 scopus 로고
    • Vaginal douching among women of reproductive age in the United States: 198
    • Aral S. O., Mosher W. D., and Cates, W. J. (1992) Vaginal douching among women of reproductive age in the United States: 198. American Journal of Public Health, 82(2), 210-214.
    • (1992) American Journal of Public Health , vol.82 , Issue.2 , pp. 210-214
    • Aral, S.O.1    Mosher, W.D.2    Cates, W.J.3
  • 4
    • 76449107162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining the effect of negative Turkish stereotypes on evaluative workplace outcomes in Germany
    • Baltes, B.B. and Rudolph, C. W. (2010). Examining the effect of negative Turkish stereotypes on evaluative workplace outcomes in Germany. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(2), 148-158.
    • (2010) Journal of Managerial Psychology , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 148-158
    • Baltes, B.B.1    Rudolph, C.W.2
  • 5
    • 26444459341 scopus 로고
    • In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis
    • Brewer, M. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.
    • (1979) Psychological Bulletin , vol.86 , pp. 307-324
    • Brewer, M.1
  • 6
    • 0002170424 scopus 로고
    • Ethnic stereotypes
    • Bringham, J. (1971). Ethnic stereotypes. Psychological Bulletin, 76(1), 16-38.
    • (1971) Psychological Bulletin , vol.76 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-38
    • Bringham, J.1
  • 7
    • 77950206122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conquering stereotypes in research on race and gender
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01163.x
    • Bryson, B. and Davis, A. (2010). Conquering stereotypes in research on race and gender. Sociological Forum, 25(1). 161-166. doi: 10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01163.x
    • (2010) Sociological Forum , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 161-166
    • Bryson, B.1    Davis, A.2
  • 8
    • 73549125443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prejudice Reduction through Multicultural Education: Connecting Multiple Literatures
    • Camicia, S. P. (2007). Prejudice Reduction through Multicultural Education: Connecting Multiple Literatures. Social Studies Research and Practice, 2(2), 219-227.
    • (2007) Social Studies Research and Practice , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 219-227
    • Camicia, S.P.1
  • 9
    • 0034625460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, United States, 1999
    • Centers for Disease Control
    • Centers for Disease Control (2000). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, United States, 1999. Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 49(SS05), 1-96.
    • (2000) Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries , vol.49 , Issue.SS05 , pp. 1-96
  • 10
    • 0031215307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonconscious behavioral confirmation processes: The self-fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation
    • Chen, M. and Bargh, J. A. (1997). Nonconscious behavioral confirmation processes: The self-fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 541-560.
    • (1997) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 541-560
    • Chen, M.1    Bargh, J.A.2
  • 11
    • 84895305543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The law heard around the world
    • Cloud, J., and Altman, A. (2012). The law heard around the world. Time, 179(14), 36-39.
    • (2012) Time , vol.179 , Issue.14 , pp. 36-39
    • Cloud, J.1    Altman, A.2
  • 12
    • 0003417401 scopus 로고
    • Toxic wastes and race in the United States
    • Commission for Racial Justice, New York: United Church of Christ. Retrieved from
    • Commission for Racial Justice. (1987). Toxic wastes and race in the United States. New York: United Church of Christ. Retrieved from http://www.ucc.org/about-us/archives/pdfs/toxwrace87.pdf.
    • (1987)
  • 13
    • 84965584710 scopus 로고
    • Inclusion of Black Studies in Gerontology Courses: Uncovering and transcending stereotypes
    • Conway-Turner, K. (1995). Inclusion of Black Studies in Gerontology Courses: Uncovering and transcending stereotypes. Journal of Black Studies, 25(5), 577-588.
    • (1995) Journal of Black Studies , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 577-588
    • Conway-Turner, K.1
  • 14
    • 84970305777 scopus 로고
    • The Thomas and Cross models of psychological nigrescence: A review
    • Cross, W. E. (1978). The Thomas and Cross models of psychological nigrescence: A review. The Journal of Black Psychology, 5, 13-31.
    • (1978) The Journal of Black Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 13-31
    • Cross, W.E.1
  • 15
    • 78049449621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studying is lame when he got game: racial stereotypes and the discouragement of Black student-athletes from schoolwork
    • Czopp, A. M. (2010). Studying is lame when he got game: racial stereotypes and the discouragement of Black student-athletes from schoolwork. Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal, 13(4), 485-498.
    • (2010) Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 485-498
    • Czopp, A.M.1
  • 16
    • 3943070022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation of sex-role stereotypes in African Americans
    • Dade, L. R. and Sloan, L. R. (2000). An investigation of sex-role stereotypes in African Americans. Journal of Black Studies, 30(5), 676-690.
    • (2000) Journal of Black Studies , vol.30 , Issue.5 , pp. 676-690
    • Dade, L.R.1    Sloan, L.R.2
  • 17
    • 33749616597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shades of Threat: Racial identity as a moderator of stereotype threat
    • Davis, C., Aronson, J., and Salinas, M. (2006). Shades of Threat: Racial identity as a moderator of stereotype threat. Journal of Black Psychology, 32(4), 399-417.
    • (2006) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 399-417
    • Davis, C.1    Aronson, J.2    Salinas, M.3
  • 18
    • 25144451557 scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components
    • Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
    • (1989) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.56 , pp. 5-18
    • Devine, P.G.1
  • 19
    • 21344461648 scopus 로고
    • Are Racial Stereotypes Really Fading? The Princeton Trilogy Revisited
    • Devine, P. G. and Elliot, A. J. (1995). Are Racial Stereotypes Really Fading? The Princeton Trilogy Revisited. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(11), 1139-1150.
    • (1995) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.21 , Issue.11 , pp. 1139-1150
    • Devine, P.G.1    Elliot, A.J.2
  • 21
    • 0034366106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and the misrepresentation of victimization on local television news
    • Dixon T. L. and Linz, D. (2000). Race and the misrepresentation of victimization on local television news. Communication Research. 27(5), 547-573.
    • (2000) Communication Research. , vol.27 , Issue.5 , pp. 547-573
    • Dixon, T.L.1    Linz, D.2
  • 22
    • 0002549211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the nature of contemporary prejudice: The causes, consequences and challenges of aversive racism
    • In J. Eberhardt & S. Fiske (Eds.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
    • Dovidio, J. and Gaertner, S. (1998). On the nature of contemporary prejudice: The causes, consequences and challenges of aversive racism. In J. Eberhardt & S. Fiske (Eds.), Confronting racism: The problem and the response (p. 3-32). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    • (1998) Confronting racism: The problem and the response , pp. 3-32
    • Dovidio, J.1    Gaertner, S.2
  • 23
    • 84895300898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Christian Post. N. America. Retrieved from
    • Downs, R. (2012). Santorum Accused of Making =Racist' Welfare Comment in Iowa. The Christian Post. N. America. Retrieved from http://www.christianpost.com/news/ santorum-accused-of-making-racist-welfare-comment-in-iowa-66378/
    • (2012)
    • Downs, R.1
  • 24
    • 77950270952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On boundaries
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01162.x
    • Epstein, C. F. (2010), On boundaries. Sociological Forum, 25, 148-160. doi: 10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01162.x
    • (2010) Sociological Forum , vol.25 , pp. 148-160
    • Epstein, C.F.1
  • 25
    • 64549105762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study in African American candidates for high-profile statewide office
    • Frederick, K. A. and Jeffries, J. L. (2009). Study in African American candidates for high-profile statewide office. Journal of Black Studies. 39(5), 689-718.
    • (2009) Journal of Black Studies , vol.39 , Issue.5 , pp. 689-718
    • Frederick, K.A.1    Jeffries, J.L.2
  • 26
    • 84871353357 scopus 로고
    • The United Independent Compensatory Code/System/Concept A Textbook/Workbook for Thought, Speech and/or Action for Victims of Racism (White Supremacy)
    • Unpublished manuscript
    • Fuller, N. (1984). The United Independent Compensatory Code/System/Concept A Textbook/Workbook for Thought, Speech and/or Action for Victims of Racism (White Supremacy). Unpublished manuscript.
    • (1984)
    • Fuller, N.1
  • 27
    • 0030329003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and poverty in America: Public misperceptions and the American news media
    • Gilens, M. (1996). Race and poverty in America: Public misperceptions and the American news media. Public Opinion Quarterly. 60(4), 515-541.
    • (1996) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.60 , Issue.4 , pp. 515-541
    • Gilens, M.1
  • 28
    • 35148898245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contours and etiology of Whites' attitudes toward Black-White interracial marriage
    • Golebiowska, E. (2007). The contours and etiology of Whites' attitudes toward Black-White interracial marriage. Journal of Black Studies, 38(2), 268-287.
    • (2007) Journal of Black Studies , vol.38 , Issue.2 , pp. 268-287
    • Golebiowska, E.1
  • 30
    • 0348247899 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of African Americans: An historical perspective
    • In Reginald Jones (ed), New York: Harper and Row
    • Guthrie, R. (1991). The psychology of African Americans: An historical perspective. In Reginald Jones (ed). Black Psychology (p. 41-52). New York: Harper and Row.
    • (1991) Black Psychology , pp. 41-52
    • Guthrie, R.1
  • 31
    • 0004043367 scopus 로고
    • Even the rat was white: A historical view of psychology
    • New York: Harper and Row
    • Guthrie, R. (1976). Even the rat was white: A historical view of psychology. New York: Harper and Row.
    • (1976)
    • Guthrie, R.1
  • 32
    • 24944469596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Euro-Americanization of race: Alien perspective of African Americans vis-à-vis trivialization of skin color
    • Hall, R. (2005). The Euro-Americanization of race: Alien perspective of African Americans vis-à-vis trivialization of skin color. Journal of Black Studies, 36(1), 116-128.
    • (2005) Journal of Black Studies , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 116-128
    • Hall, R.1
  • 33
    • 0041352173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ball curve: Calculated racism and the stereotype of African American men
    • Hall, R. (2001). The ball curve: Calculated racism and the stereotype of African American men. Journal of Black Studies, 32(1), 10-119.
    • (2001) Journal of Black Studies , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 10-119
    • Hall, R.1
  • 34
    • 84979335869 scopus 로고
    • Stereotype-based expectancies: Effects on information processing and social behavior
    • Hamilton D., Sherman, S. J., and Ruvolo, C. M. (1990). Stereotype-based expectancies: Effects on information processing and social behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 36-60.
    • (1990) Journal of Social Issues , vol.46 , pp. 36-60
    • Hamilton, D.1    Sherman, S.J.2    Ruvolo, C.M.3
  • 35
    • 0001263491 scopus 로고
    • Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments
    • Hamilton, D. and Gifford, R. K. (1976). Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 392-407.
    • (1976) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 392-407
    • Hamilton, D.1    Gifford, R.K.2
  • 36
    • 0002439892 scopus 로고
    • Toward a Model of the White Racial Identity Development
    • In J. E. Helms (Ed.), Westport, CT: Greenwood Press
    • Helms, J. E. and Carter, R. T. (1990). Toward a Model of the White Racial Identity Development. In J. E. Helms (Ed.), Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice, (49-66). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
    • (1990) Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice , pp. 49-66
    • Helms, J.E.1    Carter, R.T.2
  • 37
    • 84895357507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • James Cameron's Avatar is a stylish film marred by its racist subtext. The Telegraph Blogs
    • December, Retrieved from
    • Heaven, W. (2009, December). James Cameron's Avatar is a stylish film marred by its racist subtext. The Telegraph Blogs. Retrieved from http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/ willheaven/100020488/james-camerons-avatar-is-a-stylish-film-marred-by-its-racist-subtext/
    • (2009)
    • Heaven, W.1
  • 38
    • 79956291549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conceptualizing racism in its subtle form
    • Ikenobe, P. (2010). Conceptualizing racism in its subtle form. Journal of Theory in Social Behavior, 41(2), 161-181.
    • (2010) Journal of Theory in Social Behavior , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 161-181
    • Ikenobe, P.1
  • 39
    • 85040435183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding Explicit and Implicit Attitudes: A Comparison of Racial Group and Candidate Preferences in the 2008 Election
    • Conference proceedings from the American Political Science Association. Retrieved from
    • Iyengar , S., Hahn, K., Dial, C., and Banaji, M. (2009). Understanding Explicit and Implicit Attitudes: A Comparison of Racial Group and Candidate Preferences in the 2008 Election. Conference proceedings from the American Political Science Association. Retrieved from http://pcl.stanford.edu/research/2010/iyengar-understanding.pdf.
    • (2009)
    • Iyengar, S.1    Hahn, K.2    Dial, C.3    Banaji, M.4
  • 40
    • 84972876950 scopus 로고
    • Violent attitudes and deferred academic aspirations: Deleterious effects of exposure to rap music
    • Johnson, J., Jackson, L., and Gatto, L. (1995). Violent attitudes and deferred academic aspirations: Deleterious effects of exposure to rap music. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1&2), 27-41.
    • (1995) Basic and Applied Social Psychology , vol.16 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 27-41
    • Johnson, J.1    Jackson, L.2    Gatto, L.3
  • 41
    • 84956703161 scopus 로고
    • The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness
    • Jost, J. T. and Banaji, M. B. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27.
    • (1994) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 1-27
    • Jost, J.T.1    Banaji, M.B.2
  • 42
    • 0029374389 scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes and ethnocentrism: Diverging interethnic perceptions of African American and White American youth
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.460
    • Judd, C. M., Park, B., Ryan, C. S., Brauer, M., and Kraus, S. (1995). Stereotypes and ethnocentrism: Diverging interethnic perceptions of African American and White American youth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 460-481. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.460.
    • (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 460-481
    • Judd, C.M.1    Park, B.2    Ryan, C.S.3    Brauer, M.4    Kraus, S.5
  • 43
    • 34547146631 scopus 로고
    • Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures
    • Katz, I. and Hass, R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 55, 893-905.
    • (1988) Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , vol.55 , pp. 893-905
    • Katz, I.1    Hass, R.G.2
  • 44
    • 0001124785 scopus 로고
    • Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.40.3.414
    • Kinder, D. and Sears, D. (1981). Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 40, 414-431, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.40.3.414
    • (1981) Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 414-431
    • Kinder, D.1    Sears, D.2
  • 45
    • 0029286997 scopus 로고
    • Maintaining stereotypes in the face of disconfirmation: Constructing grounds for sub-typing deviants
    • Kunda, Z. and Oleson, K. C. (1995). Maintaining stereotypes in the face of disconfirmation: Constructing grounds for sub-typing deviants. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 565-579.
    • (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.68 , pp. 565-579
    • Kunda, Z.1    Oleson, K.C.2
  • 46
    • 78651070297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avatar [Motion Picture]
    • (Producer), (Director) United States: Twentieth Century Fox Films Corporation
    • Landau, J. (Producer) and Cameron, J. (Director). (2009). Avatar [Motion Picture]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox Films Corporation.
    • (2009)
    • Landau, J.1    Cameron, J..2
  • 47
    • 0000318916 scopus 로고
    • Communication stereotypes: Is interracial communication possible?
    • Leonard, R. and Locke, D.C. (1993). Communication stereotypes: Is interracial communication possible? Journal of Black Studies, 23(3), 332-343.
    • (1993) Journal of Black Studies , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 332-343
    • Leonard, R.1    Locke, D.C.2
  • 48
    • 0031475436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable?
    • Lepore, L. and Brown R. (1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 275-287.
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 275-287
    • Lepore, L.1    Brown, R.2
  • 49
    • 43249161274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hurricane Katrina's impact on African Americans and European Americans' endorsement of the protestant work ethic
    • Levy, S. (2006). Hurricane Katrina's impact on African Americans and European Americans' endorsement of the protestant work ethic. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policies, 6(1), 75-85.
    • (2006) Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policies , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 75-85
    • Levy, S.1
  • 50
    • 0020405276 scopus 로고
    • Myths and strengths of the black family: A historical and sociological contribution to family therapy
    • Lyles, M.R. and Carter, J.H. (1982). Myths and strengths of the black family: A historical and sociological contribution to family therapy. Journal of the National Medical Association, 73(11), 1119-1123.
    • (1982) Journal of the National Medical Association , vol.73 , Issue.11 , pp. 1119-1123
    • Lyles, M.R.1    Carter, J.H.2
  • 52
    • 84937284872 scopus 로고
    • African perceptions of Americans of African and European descent
    • McAndrew, F. T. and Akande, A. (1995). African perceptions of Americans of African and European descent. Journal of Social Psychology, 135(5), 649-655.
    • (1995) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.135 , Issue.5 , pp. 649-655
    • McAndrew, F.T.1    Akande, A.2
  • 53
    • 2942615714 scopus 로고
    • White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack
    • Winter, Wellesly, MA: Independent School Wellesley College Center for Research on Women
    • McIntosh, P. (Winter, 1990). White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack. Wellesly, MA: Independent School Wellesley College Center for Research on Women.
    • (1990)
    • McIntosh, P.1
  • 55
    • 84935464511 scopus 로고
    • Minority Coping Responses and School Experience
    • Ogbu, J. (1991). Minority Coping Responses and School Experience. Journal of Psychohistory, 18, 434-456.
    • (1991) Journal of Psychohistory , vol.18 , pp. 434-456
    • Ogbu, J.1
  • 56
    • 84895369942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tulsa Race Riot
    • Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921
    • Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. (2001). Tulsa Race Riot. .
    • (2001)
  • 57
    • 84862663500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foundations for an African American Psychology
    • In Neville, H. A., Tynes, B. M., and Utsey, S. O. (eds), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
    • Parham, T. (2009). Foundations for an African American Psychology. In Neville, H. A., Tynes, B. M., and Utsey, S. O. (eds). Handbook of African American Psychology (Chapter 1). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    • (2009) Handbook of African American Psychology (Chapter 1)
    • Parham, T.1
  • 58
    • 33845899742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ally McBeal and her homies: The reification of white stereotypes of the other
    • Patton, T. O. (2001). Ally McBeal and her homies: The reification of white stereotypes of the other. Journal of Black Studies, 32(2), 229-260.
    • (2001) Journal of Black Studies , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 229-260
    • Patton, T.O.1
  • 59
    • 42949115882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social identity contingencies: How diversity cues signal threat or safety for African Americans in mainstream institutions
    • Purdie-Vaughns, V., Steele, C. M., Davies, P. G., Ditlmann, R., and Crosby, J. (2008). Social identity contingencies: How diversity cues signal threat or safety for African Americans in mainstream institutions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(4), 615-630.
    • (2008) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.94 , Issue.4 , pp. 615-630
    • Purdie-Vaughns, V.1    Steele, C.M.2    Davies, P.G.3    Ditlmann, R.4    Crosby, J.5
  • 60
    • 0039501045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World's Great Men of Color, Volume II: Europe, South and Central America, the West Indies, and the United States
    • New York: Touchstone
    • Rogers, J.A. (1996). World's Great Men of Color, Volume II: Europe, South and Central America, the West Indies, and the United States. New York: Touchstone.
    • (1996)
    • Rogers, J.A.1
  • 61
    • 0032347896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The treatment of persons of color in local television news: Ethnic blame discourse or realistic group conflict?
    • Romer, D., Jamieson, K. H., and de Coteau, N. J. (1998). The treatment of persons of color in local television news: Ethnic blame discourse or realistic group conflict? Communication Research, 25(3), 286-305.
    • (1998) Communication Research , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 286-305
    • Romer, D.1    Jamieson, K.H.2    de Coteau, N.J.3
  • 62
    • 84895327331 scopus 로고
    • Strengths of a black family: The black community's perspective
    • September
    • Royse, D. and Turner, G. (1980, September). Strengths of a black family: The black community's perspective. National Association of Social Workers, 408-409.
    • (1980) National Association of Social Workers , pp. 408-409
    • Royse, D.1    Turner, G.2
  • 63
    • 79960033288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural vibrancy; Exploring the preferences of African American children toward culturally relevant and non-culturally relevant lessons
    • doi: 10.1007/s11256-010-0170-x
    • Sampson, D. and Garrison, D. (2011). Cultural vibrancy; Exploring the preferences of African American children toward culturally relevant and non-culturally relevant lessons. Urban Review, 43, 279-309. doi: 10.1007/s11256-010-0170-x
    • (2011) Urban Review , vol.43 , pp. 279-309
    • Sampson, D.1    Garrison, D.2
  • 64
    • 12944318461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications
    • 4th Edition. Pearson
    • Shiraev, E. B. and Levy, D. A. (2010). Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications, 4th Edition. Pearson.
    • (2010)
    • Shiraev, E.B.1    Levy, D.A.2
  • 66
    • 0029411777 scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans
    • Steele, C. M. and Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797-811.
    • (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.69 , Issue.5 , pp. 797-811
    • Steele, C.M.1    Aronson, J.2
  • 67
    • 64549144694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decalage: A thematic interpretation of cultural difference in the African diaspora
    • Storr, J. (2009). Decalage: A thematic interpretation of cultural difference in the African diaspora. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 665-688.
    • (2009) Journal of Black Studies , vol.39 , Issue.5 , pp. 665-688
    • Storr, J.1
  • 68
    • 0002814246 scopus 로고
    • Social psychology of intergroup relations
    • Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33(1), 1-39.
    • (1982) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-39
    • Tajfel, H.1
  • 69
    • 0034279766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychometric analysis of racial differences on the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory
    • Thomas J., Turkheimer E., and Oltmanns T.F. (2000). Psychometric analysis of racial differences on the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory. Assessment, 7(3), 247-258.
    • (2000) Assessment , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 247-258
    • Thomas, J.1    Turkheimer, E.2    Oltmanns, T.F.3
  • 70
    • 84895231147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unacceptable GOP Mailing Projects Racist Stereotypes on Obama
    • October 16, Think Progress, posted at 12:41 PM on October 16, 2008. Retrieved from
    • Terkel, A. (2008, October 16). Unacceptable GOP Mailing Projects Racist Stereotypes on Obama. Think Progress, posted at 12:41 PM on October 16, 2008. Retrieved from http://www.alternet.org/story/103322//.
    • (2008)
    • Terkel, A.1
  • 71
    • 44649175635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haile Gerima: In search of an Africana Cinema
    • Turner, D. D. and Kamdibe, M. (2008). Haile Gerima: In search of an Africana Cinema. Journal of Black Studies, 38(6), 968-991.
    • (2008) Journal of Black Studies , vol.38 , Issue.6 , pp. 968-991
    • Turner, D.D.1    Kamdibe, M.2
  • 72
    • 84895365358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consumer Expenditures in 2000, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report 958 (also Table 51)
    • U.S. Department of Labor, Retrieved from
    • U.S. Department of Labor. (2002). Consumer Expenditures in 2000, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report 958 (also Table 51). Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/cex.
    • (2002)
  • 73
    • 77649182976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crime in the United States
    • U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
    • U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2007). Crime in the United States. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
    • (2007)
  • 74
    • 32144461010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stigma, race, and disease in 20th century America
    • Wailoo, K. (2006). Stigma, race, and disease in 20th century America. The Lancet, 367(9509), 531-3.
    • (2006) The Lancet , vol.367 , Issue.9509 , pp. 531-533
    • Wailoo, K.1
  • 75
    • 0003633896 scopus 로고
    • The Isis (Yssis) Papers
    • Third World Press
    • Welsing, F. (1991 ). The Isis (Yssis) Papers. Third World Press.
    • (1991)
    • Welsing, F.1
  • 76
    • 84869083797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Role of Ethnic Identity in Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in African Americans
    • Psychiatry Research. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.049
    • Williams, M. T., Chapman, L. K., Wong, J., and Turkheimer, E. (2012). The Role of Ethnic Identity in Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in African Americans. Psychiatry Research. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.049.
    • (2012)
    • Williams, M.T.1    Chapman, L.K.2    Wong, J.3    Turkheimer, E.4
  • 77
    • 35548967494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and Explanation of Racial Differences on Contamination Measures
    • Williams, M. T. and Turkheimer, E. (2007). Identification and Explanation of Racial Differences on Contamination Measures, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 3041-3050.
    • (2007) Behaviour Research and Therapy , vol.45 , Issue.12 , pp. 3041-3050
    • Williams, M.T.1    Turkheimer, E.2
  • 78
    • 79951800248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racism Learned at an Early Age Through Racial Scripting
    • Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse
    • Williams, R. L. (2007). Racism Learned at an Early Age Through Racial Scripting. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.
    • (2007)
    • Williams, R.L.1
  • 79
    • 2742524650 scopus 로고
    • Understanding Black Adolescent Male Violence Its Remediation and Prevention
    • AWIS Lecture Series
    • Wilson, A. N. (1991). Understanding Black Adolescent Male Violence Its Remediation and Prevention. AWIS Lecture Series.
    • (1991)
    • Wilson, A.N.1
  • 80
    • 27644532697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black womanhood: Essence and its treatment of stereotypical images of Black women
    • Woodard, J. B. and Mastin, T. (2005). Black womanhood: Essence and its treatment of stereotypical images of Black women. Journal of Black Studies, 36(2), 264-281.
    • (2005) Journal of Black Studies , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 264-281
    • Woodard, J.B.1    Mastin, T.2
  • 81
    • 6844237268 scopus 로고
    • The Psychopathic Racial Personality
    • Chicago: Third World Press
    • Wright, B. E. (1984). The Psychopathic Racial Personality. Chicago: Third World Press.
    • (1984)
    • Wright, B.E.1
  • 82
    • 33846070554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contingent self-esteem and race: Implications for the Black self-esteem Advantage
    • Zeigler-Hill, V. (2007). Contingent self-esteem and race: Implications for the Black self-esteem Advantage. Journal of Black Psychology, 33(1), 51-74.
    • (2007) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-74
    • Zeigler-Hill, V.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.