Contingent self-esteem and race: Implications for the black self-esteem advantage

Journal of Black Psychology

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 51-74

  Zeigler Hill, Virgil ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI   (United States)

Author keywords

Contingent self esteem; Fragile self esteem; Race; Self esteem

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846070554     PISSN: 00957984     EISSN: 15524558     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095798406295096     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
2. Baldwin, J. A. (1979). Theory and research concerning the notion of Black self-hatred: A review and reinterpretation. Journal of Black Psychology, 5, 51-77.
3. Banks, W. C., Stitt, K. R., & Curtis, H. A. (1977). Perceived objectivity and the effects of evaluative reinforcement upon compliance and self-evaluation in Blacks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 452-463.
4. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
5. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
6. Blaine, B., & Crocker, J. (1995). Religiousness, race, and psychological well-being: Exploring social psychological mediators. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1031-1041.
7. Blaskovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 115-160). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
8. Bosson, J. K., Brown, R. P., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity, 2, 169-187.
9. Boykin, A. W., & Toms, F. D. (1985). Black child socialization: A conceptual framework. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 33-51). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
10. Cartwright, D. (1950). Emotional dimensions of group life. In M. L. Raymert (Ed.), Feelings and emotions (pp. 439-447). New York: McGraw-Hill.
11. Clark, K. (1965). Dark ghetto. New York: Harper & Row.
12. Clark, K., & Clark, M. (1950). Emotional factors in racial identification and preference in Negro children. In M. Grossack (Ed.), Mental health and segregation (pp. 128-142). New York: Springer.
13. Cohen, G. L., Steele, C. M., & Ross, L. D. (1999). The mentor's dilemma: Providing critical feedback across the racial divide. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1302-1318.
14. Collins, L. H. (2002). Self-esteem inoculation: Protecting girls from the effects of sexism. In L. H. Collins, M. R. Dunlap, & J. C. Chrisler (Eds.), Charting a new course for feminist psychology (pp. 139-166). New York: Praeger.
15. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribner.
16. Crocker, J., Karpinski, A., Quinn, D. M., & Chase, S. K. (2003). When grades determine self-worth: Consequences of contingent self-worth for male and female engineering and psychology majors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 507-516.
17. Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. K. (2003). Level of self-esteem and contingencies of self-worth: Unique effects on academic, social, and financial problems in college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 701-712.
18. Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 894-908.
19. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608-630.
20. Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 392-414.
21. Crocker, J., Sommers, S. R., & Luhtanen, R. K. (2002). Hopes dashed and dreams fulfilled: Contingencies of self-worth and graduate school admissions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1275-1286.
22. Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108, 593-623.
23. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1995). Human agency: The basis for true self-esteem. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 31-50). New York: Plenum.
24. Demo, D. H. (1985). The measurement of self-esteem: Refining our methods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1490-1502.
25. Erikson, E. (1956). The problem of ego-identity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 4, 56-121.
26. Goodman, L. A. (1960). On the exact variance of products. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 55, 708-713.
27. Gray-Little, B., & Hafdahl, A. R. (2000). Factors influencing racial comparisons of self-esteem: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 26-54.
28. Grier, W. H., & Cobbs, P. M. (1968). Black rage. New York: Basic Books.
29. Harter, S. (1986). Processes underlying the construction, maintenance, and enhancement of the self-concept in children. In J. Suls & A. W. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 3, pp. 136-182). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
30. Harter, S. (1998). The development of self-representations. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 553-617). New York: John Wiley.
31. Hathaway, W. L., & Pargament, K. I. (1990). Intrinsic religiousness, religious coping, and psychosocial competence: A covariance structure analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29, 423-441.
32. Hathaway, W. L., & Pargament, K. I. (1991). The religious dimensions of coping: Implications for prevention and promotion. Prevention in Human Services, 9, 65-92.
33. Hughes, D., & Chen, L. (1997). When and what parents tell children about race: An examination of race-related socialization among African American families. Applied Developmental Science, 1, 200-214.
34. Johnson, R. (1957). Negro reactions to minority group status. In M. L. Barron (Ed.), American minorities: A textbook of reading in intergroup relations (pp. 192-214). New York: Knopf.
35. Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review, 5, 602-619.
36. Kardiner, A., & Ovesey, L. (1962). The mark of oppression: Explorations in the personality of the American Negro. New York: Meridian Books.
37. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 233-265). New York: McGraw-Hill.
38. Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 1-26.
39. Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Barclay, L. C. (1989). Stability and level of self-esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 1013-1023.
40. Luhtanen, R. K., & Crocker, J. (2005). Alcohol use in college students: Effects of level of self-esteem, narcissism, and contingencies of self-worth. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19, 99-103.
41. Marsh, H. W., Barnes, J., Cairns, L., & Tidman, M. (1984). Self-Descriptive Questionnaire: Age and sex effects in the structure and level of self-concept for preadolescent children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 940-956.
42. Marsh, H. W., Parker, J., & Barnes, J. (1985). Multidimensional adolescent self-concepts: Their relationship to age, sex, and academic measures. American Educational Research Journal, 22, 422-444.
43. McCarthy, J. D., & Yancey, W. L. (1971). Uncle Tom and Mr. Charlie: Metaphysical pathos in the study of racism and personal disorganization. American Journal of Sociology, 76, 648-672.
44. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
45. Nobles, W. (1976). Extended self: Rethinking the so-called Negro self-concept. Journal of Black Psychology, 2, 15-24.
46. Park, L. E., Crocker, J., & Mickelson, K. D. (2004). Attachment styles and contingencies of self-worth. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1243-1254.
47. Pettigrew, T. (1964). Profile of the Negro American. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
48. Phinney, J. S., & Chavira, V. (1995). Parental ethnic socialization and adolescent coping with problems related to ethnicity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5, 31-53.
49. Phinney, J. S., Ferguson, D. L., & Tate, J. D. (1997). Intergroup attitudes among ethnic minority adolescents: A causal model. Child Development, 68, 955-969.
50. Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., Tracy, J. L., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2002). Global self-esteem across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 17, 423-434.
51. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
52. Silber, E., & Tippett, J. S. (1965). Self-esteem: Clinical assessment and measurement validation. Psychological Reports, 16, 1017-1071.
53. Simmons, R. G. (1978). Blacks and high self-esteem: A puzzle. Social Psychology, 41, 54-57.
54. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1982 (pp. 290-312). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
55. Stevenson, H. C. (1995). Relationship of adolescent perceptions of racial socialization to racial identity. Journal of Black Psychology, 21, 49-70.
56. Tafarodi, R. W., & Ho, C. (2003). In defense of insecurity: Comment. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 77-79.
57. Thomas, A. J., & Speight, S. L. (1999). Racial identity and racial socialization attitudes of African American parents. Journal of Black Psychology, 25, 152-170.
58. Twenge, J. M., & Crocker, J. (2002). Race and self-esteem: Meta-analyses comparing Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians and comment on Gray-Little and Hafdahl (2000). Psychological Bulletin, 128, 371-408.
59. U.S. Census Bureau. (2001). Statistical abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
60. Zeigler-Hill, V. (2006a). Contingent self-esteem and the interpersonal circumplex: The interpersonal pursuit of self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 713-723.
61. Zeigler-Hill, V. (2006b). Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability. Journal of Personality, 74, 119-143.
62. Zeigler-Hill, V., Clark, C. B., & Pickard, J. (2006). Narcissistic subtypes and contingent self-esteem: Do all narcissists pursue self-esteem in the same way? Unpublished manuscript.